Showing papers on "Diesel engine published in 1988"

High Combustion Temperature for the Reduction of Particulate in Diesel Engines

Abstract: Experiments on the effects of temperature T and equivalence ratio Φ on soot formation at high pressures up to 5 MPa were conducted. Discussion of the trajectory in relation to both soot and NO formation region gives suggestion of a possibility of high temperature ― rich mixture combustion to reduce particulate formation in diesel engines

Diesel fuel from thermal decomposition of soybean oil

Abstract: Soybean oil was thermally decomposed and distilled in air or in nitrogen sparge with standard ASTM distillation apparatus. GC-MS analysis showed that approximately 75% of the products were made up of alkanes, alkenes, aromatics and carboxylic acids with carbon numbers ranging from 4 to more than 20. Fuel properties of the pyrolyzed materials were characterized and compared with those of the parent oil. The pyrolyzates had lower viscosities and higher cetane numbers than the parent vegetable oil. Thermally decomposed soybean oil shows promise as alternative fuel for the direct-injection diesel engine.

Diesel fuel derived from vegetable oils, III. Emission tests using methyl esters of used frying oil

Abstract: The preparation of methyl esters of used frying oil, available as waste from restaurants and households, is described. Fuel specifications of this fuel are given, and values for gaseous (HC, CO, NOx) and particulate emissions, measured with a vehicle powered by a turbocharged, direct injection diesel engine, are shown. The ester fuel shows slightly lower HC and CO emissions but increased NOx values compared with reference US-2D fuel. The particulate emissions, however, are significantly lower with used frying oil. Preliminary results of an engine road test are described.

The Application of Availability and Energy Balances to a Diesel Engine

Abstract: The maximum power that can be extracted from an engine operating at a given condition was determined by means of analyses based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics. These analyses were applied to a heavy-duty single-cylinder open-chamber diesel engine operated at constant speed. Over the range of operating conditions investigated, the second-law efficiency (ratio of brake power to maximum extractable power) of the engine, which increased with engine load, was found to vary from 22 to 50 percent. It was concluded that besides heat transfer, the combustion process was the most important source of irreversibility and accounted for 25 to 43 percent of the lost power.

Method for removal of nitrogen oxides from exhaust gas of diesel engine

Abstract: A method for the removal of nitrogen oxides from the exhaust gas of a diesel engine through catalytic reduction by the use of honeycomb catalyst in the presence of ammonia, which method comprises feeding ammonia into said exhaust gas proportionately to the product of the revolution number of said diesel engine multiplied by the torque of said diesel engine.

Application of Map Width Enhancement Devices to Turbocharger Compressor Stages

Abstract: Conventional centrifugal compressors as used in turbochargers can limit the operating range of the diesel engine. In response to this problem a range of compressor stages has been development with enhanced map width. This has been achieved through the use of an inducer recirculating bypass

Exhaust emission control device for a diesel engine

Abstract: An exhaust emission gas control device having a first filter trapping particulates contained in an exhaust gas, and a second filter removing offensive odor components in the exhaust gas. The first filter is a honeycomb type having a cordierite substrate on which τ-alumina is coated. The second filter is provided downstream of the first filter, and is formed by an ion-exchange of copper on a synthetic zeolite rich in silica to form copper ions thereon.

Soybean and Sunflower Oil Performance in a Diesel Engine

Abstract: THE performance of a direct injection diesel engine operating on mechanically expelled-unrefined soybean oil and sunflower oil blended with number 2 diesel fuel on a 25:75 v/v basis was evaluated. The power remained constant throughout 200 h of operation. Excessive carbon deposits on all combustion chamber parts precludes the use of these fuel blends, at least in this engine and under the specified EMA operating conditions.

Analysis and in-cylinder measurement of particulate radiant emissions and temperature in a direct-injection diesel engine

Abstract: In-cylinder flame temperature and particulate concentration were measured in a Cummins single cylinder NH diesel engine by means of an optical radiation probe using the two-color theory. The radiation probe consists of a specially designed trifurcated fiber optical bundle and a sapphire rod window. A self-cleaning window was designed, which stays clean under steady state full load conditions. The engine was operated at various conditions for both standard cooled and simulated mini-cooled configurations. The heat release rate data and exhaust emissions, NO, NO/sub x/, and CO are presented along with the radiant emission data. Increasing the coolant temperature gave slightly more exhaust soot production as well as in-cylinder soot production, because more late burning occurred at the higher coolant temperature. It is believed that increased late burning was caused by the delayed end of injection and lower injection rate perhaps due to thermal expansion effects in the injector. Experimental data were used to evaluate the potential radiation heat transfer. The averaged radiation flux to total heat flux ratio was approximately 11 percent, regardless the engine loads and speeds.

The Effect of Fumigation of Different Ethanol Proofs on a Turbocharged Diesel Engine

Abstract: Lower proof ethanol is shown to be a viable alternate fuel for diesel engines. This type of ethanol can be manufactured economically in small distillation plants from renewable grain supplies. The effect of fumigation of ethanol proofs with a multipoint injection system on a turbocharged direct injection diesel engine at 2,400 rpm and three loads was studied. The addition of the water in the lower proofs reduced the maximum rate of pressure rise and peak pressure from pure ethanol levels. Both of these values were significantly higher than those for diesel operation. HC and CO emissions increased several times over diesel levels at all loads and also with increased ethanol fumigation. NO emissions were reduced below diesel levels for lower proof ethanol at all loads. The tests at this rpm and load with a a multipoint ethanol injection system indicate that lower (100 or 125) proof provides optimum performance.

Heat Transfer With Insulated Combustion Chamber Walls and Its Influence on the Performance of Diesel Engines

Abstract: Recently great expectations were put into the insulation of combustion chamber walls. A considerable reduction in fuel consumption, a marked reduction of the heat flow to the cooling water, and a significant increase of exhaust gas energy were predicted. In the meantime there exists an increasing number of publications reporting on significant increase of fuel consumption with total or partial insulation of the combustion chamber walls. In [1] a physical explanation of this effect is given: Simultaneously with the decrease of the temperature difference between gas and wall as a result of insulation, the heat transfer coefficient between gas and wall increases rapidly due to increasing wall temperature, thus overcompensating for the decrease in temperature difference between gas and wall. Hence a modified equation for calculation of the heat transfer coefficient was presented [1]. In the paper to be presented here, recent experimental results are reported that confirm the effects demonstrated in [1], including the influence of the heat transfer coefficient, which depends on the wall temperature, on the performance of naturally aspirated and turbocharged engines.

Self-Ignition of Diesel Sprays and Its Dependence on Fuel Properties and Injection Parameters

Abstract: Autoallumage d'un jet de carburant diesel et influence des proprietes du carburant et des caracteristiques de l'injection

Review of Lubricant Contamination and Diesel Engine Wear

Abstract: the the misfortune of diesel engines and their operators that the engine oil is Lube oil contamination is a primary also a depository of solid, liquid and reason for engine wear. The wear gaseous impurities. High levels of processes promoted by oil contamination lubricant contamination cause wear of lead to diminished fuel efficiency, mechanical components as well as shorter useful oil service life, reduced breakdown of the lube oil. The result component life, and loss of engine is performance degradation, short oil performance. Contaminant particles service intervals, and reduced engine responsible for this damage are in the life. size range of the dynamic lubricant This paper is an endeavor to films separating moving engine component establish a framework for understanding surfaces: 10 microns and smaller. By the tribological associations between diesel engine components and lube oil opposing surfaces these harmful contamination. Because of the high particles focus the load onto a small levels of solid impurities found in area, degrading the surface. This paper engine oil, and new technologies for reviews the nature of lubricant controlling these materials, emphasis is contamination, the modes of lubrication, placed on particulate contamination. and the primary mechanisms of engine The fundamental relationship between wear. The correlation between contaminant particle size and contamination and wear of engine lubricating film thickness evolves from components, as well as several important discussions on the nature of oil studies quantifying the effect of contamination, modes of engine contamination on engine wear and lubrication, and mechanisms of component performance, are discussed. It is wear. With this essential concept in concluded that operating with clean lube mind, wear of diesel engine components oil, maintained by 10 micron filtration is then examined. This is followed by a (plo 275), results in a diesel engine review of several documented diesel having better fuel economy, longer oil engine wear studies, in which the effect change intervals, superior performance, of contamination is quantified by and greater durability. varying particle concentrations using different levels of filtration. In addition, a recent survey of engine oil The Diesel Engine is receiving contamination is presented which increasing attention as a power plant indicates the current contamination because of fuel efficiency and life levels present in most engines, as well durability advantages. Over seventy as improvements that can be attained. percent of the trucks manufactured today use diesel power. A key component to the successful operation of the diesel 2. DIESEL ENGINE LUBRICANT CONTAMINATION engine is the lubricating oil. Major functions of the diesel engine lube oil TYPES OF CONTAMINATION There are ‘J include: cooling, friction reduction, three categories of oil contaminants and prevention of adhesion between active in engine wear processes: component surfaces. It is , however , to 1. Solid particles, including wear Copyright 1988 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. ‘3 making simultaneous contact with

Light and heavy vehicle technology

Abstract: The reciprocating piston petrol engine the diesel engine combustion chambers and processes engine lubrication engine cooling and vehicle heating carburation and fuel injection intake and exhaust systems diesel fuel injection systems forced induction ignition and starter systems engine emission control rotary piston and gas turbine engines friction clutches layshaft gearboxes fluid couplings and torque converters epicyclic gearboxes semi-automatic and automatic transmissions overdrive gears drive lines final drives and rear axles four-wheel steering systems hydraulic brake systems air brakes and auxillary retarders anti-lock brakes and traction control vehicle structure.

Apparatus and method for treating an exhaust gas from a diesel engine

Abstract: In an apparatus for treating an exhaust gas from a diesel engine, including a filter unit in an exhaust gas passage for the diesel engine, the filter unit having a honeycomb structure wherein a plurality of cells are divided by cell walls having a filtration function and extend in the same direction as one another, predetermined cells being closed at one end, and the remaining cells being closed at the other end; the improvement comprises: back washing gas flow generating means for generating a gas flow at appropriate intervals so as to pass through the cell walls in the direction opposite to the flow of the exhaust gas flow, and a recollecting unit for particulates, which is provided in the exhaust gas passage at a position upstream to the filter unit.

Filter for cleaning exhaust gases of diesel engines

Abstract: In a filter consisting of hollow cylindrical open-pore ceramic foam and an end plate made of gas-impermeable material, as an insert in a filter cup for cleaning exhaust gases of diesel engines, in which the exhaust gases flow through the active filter section essentially perpendicularly to the cylinder axis, a larger ceramic foam portion such as is used e.g. as an exhaust filter for a diesel engine for a truck or passenger service bus can be made from one piece only with increased requirements, because the necessary dimensional accuracy necessitates increased requirements, and hence the economy of using the ceramic foam is greatly impaired. Also, the back pressure increases considerably. In a filter of this type these disadvantages are avoided by providing a filter which includes two or more axially arranged ceramic foam cylinder elements between which is located a lamella made of gas-impermeable material with at least approximately the same diameter as the ceramic foam cylinder elements and with at least one opening in the ceramic foam cylinder-free region.

Design Choices For 1990's Low Emission Diesel Engines ISSN

Abstract: This paper represents an overview of some basic issues faced by the diesel engine designer looking to the 1990's. Important considerations for selecting 1990's fuel injection system, combustion chamber geometry, and charge air approach are discussed based on substantial testing. It is concluded there are a variety of 1990's choices requiring each manufacturer to consider their market, company goals and competitive pressures

Catalyst for the reduction of the ignition temperature of diesel soot

Abstract: This invention relates to a catalytic composite and a process for reducing the ignition temperature of diesel soot. The process comprises contacting an exhaust gas from a diesel engine, which exhaust contains diesel soot, with a catalytic composite. The composite comprises a sulfur resistant refractory inorganic oxide selected from the group consisting of titania, zirconia, silica, silica-alumina and alumina which has been treated to be sulfur resistant, i.e. alumina treated with titania, zirconia, etc. which has deposited thereon at least one catalytic element selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd and Rh. The inorganic oxide may be deposited on ceramic or metallic traps.

Engine and Constant Volume Bomb Studies of Diesel ignition and Combustion

Abstract: The importance of the ignition process is reflected in the fact that the only combustion property that is specified for diesel fuel is the ignition delay time as indicated by the cetane number The objective of the work described in this paper was to determine the relationship between the ignition process as it occurs in an actual engine, to ignition in a constant volume combustion bomb The ultimate goal is to develop a new procedure for rating the ignition and combustion quality of fuels for diesel engines The short-term goal, and an interim step in the development effort, is to establish the bomb approach for determining cetane number

Apparatus for treating particulate emission from diesel engine

Abstract: APPARATUS FOR TREATING PARTICULATE EMISSION FROM DIESEL ENGINE ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE: An apparatus which is disposed in an exhaust system of a diesel engine for treating particulate emissions contained in exhaust gas is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a splittable casing body including an inlet-side casing portion and an outlet-side casing portion, an inlet pipe secured to the inlet-side casing portion, an outlet pipe secured to the outlet-side casing portion, a partition plate detachably retained between the inlet- and outlet-side casing portions such as to divide the inside of the casing body into two compartments, and at least one filter assembly detachably mounted in an opening provided in the partition plate. The filter assembly is defined by a honeycomb-type ceramic filter which is accommodated in a metallic casing and surrounded by a cushioning material, and which has a catalyst carried on its internal passage wall. The catalyst enables a lowering in the combustion temperature of the particulate emissions. The ceramic filter is detachable from the partition plate together with the metallic casing in one unit. Accordingly, it is possible to replace the filter with ease and to vary appropriately the number of filters in accordance with the displacement volume of the engine concerned.

Oil change interval monitor

Abstract: An oil change interval monitor is provided which senses diesel engine variables such as oil temperature, fuel flow and the volume of oil added to the engine since the last oil change and combines these variables with values determined by known engine parameters to provide a continuously updated indication of the percentage of oil life used by the engine since the last oil change

Development of a Particulate Trap System for a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

Abstract: Concept feasibility of a burner-bypass particulate trap system for a heavy-duty diesel engine has been demonstrated. The success of this demonstration resulted from the development of a new method of controlling the thermal regeneration process which avoids melting, thermal cracking, and thermal fatigue of the cordierite ceramic trap element

Booster unit for diesel electric locomotive

Abstract: A booster unit for diesel electric locomotive having a frame-mounted diesel engine, a main traction generator and a series of traction motors connected to said generators is disclosed. It is comprised of a gas turbine mounted on the frame adjacent to the diesel engine, a high speed alternator connected directly with the turbine and a series of rectifiers connected at the output of the high speed alternator. The alternator and rectifiers form a high speed electric generator. A load control means connected at the output of the alternator is provided for controlling the output power thereof. The high speed generator is connected in parallel with the main traction generator such that the traction motors can be supplied with extra electrical power when required.

Diesel Engine Emissions Control for the 1990's

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to discuss emissions control needs for heavy duty diesel truck engines for the 1990's. This paper focuses on key technological advances in engine technology, fuels and lubricants, and aftertreatment needed to meet the more demanding future standards. An optimum solution will involve the cooperative efforts of EPA, the petroleum industry, truck manufacturers, engine and component manufacturers, as well as truck users. Diesel engine emissions control will be an important factor in providing best value truck engines for the 1990's.

Carbon-cleaning apparatus for diesel engines

Abstract: A carbon-cleaning apparatus (10) for diesel engines having an independent fuel-flow system including a diesel/chemical mixture fuel tank (34) adapted to be interconnected to a diesel engine at the engine's fuel injection, there being an electronic control and monitoring system (22) to operate the fuel-flow system during the cleaning operation of the engine.

Filter system for the removal of engine emission particulates

Abstract: A filter system for removing particulates from exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine, in particular a diesel engine, having at least one filter member formed by filter channels in the configuration of a honeycomb, and made of porous filter material, in which the region of the inlet openings of the filter channels open on the gas intake side, electrical resistance looped heating elements being arranged that are connected via a lead-in and a lead-out to a power supply. A positive positioning of the heating elements and their connections is assured and false contacts, such as short-circuits, are avoided. The resistance heating elements are connectd to a support element connected to the power supply, and the position of the support element can be adjusted three-dimensionally while maintaining a maximum distance of about 30 mm. from the surface of the filter member at its gas intake side.

Fuel Impingement in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine

Abstract: : High injection pressure impinging spray experiments and modeling were performed under simulated diesel engine conditions (pressure and density) at ambient temperature. A spray impinged normal to a small crown in the bowl of a simulated piston. High speed photography was used in the constant volume bomb to examine the effect of impingement on fuel mixing. The spray model which includes drop breakup, coalescence, impingement, and vaporization effects was used to predict fuel mixing in the bomb. The spray distributions predicted by the model are compared to the photographs obtained in the bomb. Reprints.

Diesel Starting: A Mathematical Model

Abstract: A mathematical model is developed to study the transient behavior of a four-stroke, single cylinder naturally-aspirated, DI diesel engine during cranking and starting. The model simulates the full thermodynamic cycle of the engine and includes detailed sub-models for the intake and exhaust gas flow processes, autoignition combustion, heat transfer, mechanical friction, blowby, and engine dynamics. The model considers the period of time from starter on until the engine reaches the idle speed