Topic
Diesel particulate filter
About: Diesel particulate filter is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 9524 publications have been published within this topic receiving 131922 citations. The topic is also known as: DPF.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the chemical properties of particulate matter (PM) in diesel vehicle exhaust at a time when emission regulations, diesel technology development, and particle characterization techniques are all undergoing rapid change are examined.
820 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a conceptual model based on in-cylinder soot and combustion measurements was used to explain the trends seen in exhaust particulate emissions and showed that diesel engine emissions control involves multi-injection combustion strategies which are transforming the picture of diesel combustion rapidly into a series of low temperature, stratified charge, premixed combustion events where NO x formation is avoided by leaning the mixture or increasing air entrainment prior to ignition.
747 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the emissions from diesel engines and their control systems are reviewed and the legal restrictions on exhaust-gas emissions around the world and the effects of exhaust gas emissions on human health and environment are explained.
Abstract: Diesel engines have high efficiency, durability, and reliability together with their low-operating cost. These important features make them the most preferred engines especially for heavy-duty vehicles. The interest in diesel engines has risen substantially day by day. In addition to the widespread use of these engines with many advantages, they play an important role in environmental pollution problems worldwide. Diesel engines are considered as one of the largest contributors to environmental pollution caused by exhaust emissions, and they are responsible for several health problems as well. Many policies have been imposed worldwide in recent years to reduce negative effects of diesel engine emissions on human health and environment. Many researches have been carried out on both diesel exhaust pollutant emissions and aftertreatment emission control technologies. In this paper, the emissions from diesel engines and their control systems are reviewed. The four main pollutant emissions from diesel engines (carbon monoxide-CO, hydrocarbons-HC, particulate matter-PM and nitrogen oxides-NOx) and control systems for these emissions (diesel oxidation catalyst, diesel particulate filter and selective catalytic reduction) are discussed. Each type of emissions and control systems is comprehensively examined. At the same time, the legal restrictions on exhaust-gas emissions around the world and the effects of exhaust-gas emissions on human health and environment are explained in this study.
671 citations
Book•
01 Oct 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview of the history of catalytic components in diesel engines and their application in a variety of applications, such as catalytic converter, catalytic converters, and catalytic monoliths.
Abstract: Preface. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, FIRST EDITION. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, SECOND EDITION. I. FUNDAMENTALS. 1. Catalyst Fundamentals. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Catalyzed Verses Non-Catalyzed Reactions. 1.3 Catalytic Components. 1.4 Selectivity. 1.5 Promoters and their Effect on Activity and Selectivity. 1.6 Dispersed Model for Catalytic Component on Carrier: Pt on Al 2 O 3 . 1.7 Chemical and Physical Steps in Heterogeneous Catalysis. 1.8 Practical Significance of knowing the Rate-Limiting Step. 2. The Preparation of Catalytic Materials: Carriers, Active Components, and Monolithic Substrates. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Carriers. 2.3 Making the Finished Catalyst. 2.4 Nomenclature for Dispersed Catalysts. 2.5 Monolithic Materials as Catalyst Substrates. 2.6 Preparing Monolithic Catalysts. 2.7 Catalytic Monoliths. 2.8 Catalyzed Monoliths Nomenclature. 2.9 Precious Metal Recovery from Monolithic Catalysts. 3. Catalyst Characterization. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Physical Properties of Catalysts. 3.3 Chemical and Physical Morphology Structures of Catalytic Materials . 3.4 Techniques for Fundamental Studies. 4. Monolithic Reactors for Environmental Catalysis. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Chemical Kinetic Control. 4.3 The Arrhenius Equation and Reaction Parameters. 4.4 Bulk Mass Transfer. 4.5 Reactor Bed Pressure Drop. 4.6 Summary. 5. Catalyst Deactivation. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Thermally Induced Deactivation. 5.3 Poisoning. 5.4 Washcoat Loss. 5.5 General Comments on Deactivation Diagnostics in Monolithic Catalysts for Environmental Applications. II. MOBILE SOURCE. 6. Automotive Catalyst. 6.1 Emissions and Regulations. 6.2 The Catalytic Reactions for Pollution Abatement. 6.3 The Physical Structure of the Catalytic Converter. 6.4 First-Generation Converters: Oxidation Catalyst (1976-1979). 6.5 NOx, CO and HC Reduction: The Second Generation: The Three Way Catalyst (1979 - 1986). 6.6 Vehicle Test Procedures (U.S., European and Japanese). 6.7 NOx, CO and HC Reduction: The Third Generation (1986 - 1992). 6.8 Palladium TWC Catalyst: The Fourth Generation (Mid-1990s). 6.9 Low Emission Catalyst Technologies. 6.10 Modern TWC Technologies for the 2000s. 6.11 Towards a Zero-Emission Stoichiometric Spark-Ignit Vehicle. 6.12 Engineered Catalyst Design. 6.13 Lean-Burn Spark-Ignited Gasoline Engines. 7. Automotive Substrates. 7.1 Introduction to Ceramic Substrates. 7.2 Requirements for Substrates. 7.3 Design Sizing of Substrates. 7.4 Physical Properties of Substrates. 7.5 Physical Durability. 7.6 Advances in Substrates. 7.7 Commercial Applications. 7.8 Summary. 8. Diesel Engine Emissions. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Worldwide Diesel Emission Standards. 8.3 NO x -Particulate Tradeoff. 8.4 Analytical Procedures for Particulates. 8.5 Particulate Removal. 8.6 NOX Reduction Technologies. 8.7 2007 Commercial System Designs (PM Removal Only). 8.8 2010 Commercial System Approaches under Development (PM and NO x Removal). 8.9 Retrofit and Off-Highway. 8.10 Natural Gas Engines. 9. Diesel Catalyst Supports and Particulate Filters. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Health Effects of Diesel Particulate Emissions. 9.3 Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Supports. 9.4 Design/Sizing of Diesel Particulate Filter. 9.5 Regeneration Techniques. 9.6 Physical Properties and Durability. 9.7 Advances in Diesel Filters. 9.8 Applications. 9.9 Summary. 10. Ozone Abatement within Jet Aircraft. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Ozone Abatement. 10.3 Deactivation. 10.4 Analysis of In-Flight Samples. 10.5 New Technology. III. STATIONARY SOURCES. 11. Volatile Organic Compounds . 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Catalytic Incineration. 11.3 Halogenated Hydrocarbons. 11.4 Food Processing. 11.5 Wood Stoves. 11.6 Process Design. 11.7 Deactivation. 11.8 Regeneration of Deactivated Catalysts. 12. Reduction of NO x . 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Nonselective Catalytic Reduction of NOx. 12.3 Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx. 12.4 Commercial Experience. 12.5 Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O). 12.6 Catalytically Supported Thermal Combustion. 13. Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbon Abatement from Gas Turbines. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Catalyst for CO Abatement. 13.3 Non-Methane Hydrocarbon (NMHC) Removal. 13.4 Oxidation of Reactive Hydrocarbons. 13.5 Oxidation of Unreactive Light Paraffins. 13.6 Catalyst Deactivation. 14. Small Engines. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Emissions. 14.3 EPA Regulations. 14.4 Catalyst for Handheld and Nonhandheld Engines. 14.5 Catalyst Durability. IV. NEW AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES. 15. Ambient Air Cleanup. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Premair (R) Catalyst Systems. 15.3 Other Approaches. 16. Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Generation. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Low-Temperature PEM Fuel Cell Technology. 16.3 The Ideal Hydrogen Economy. 16.4 Conventional Hydrogen Generation. 16.5 Hydrogen Generation from Natural Gas for PEM Fuel Cells. 16.6 Other Fuel Cell Systems. INDEX.
619 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an experimental investigation is conducted to evaluate the effects of using blends of n-butanol (normal butanol) with conventional diesel fuel, with 8, 16% and 24% (by volume) nbutanol, on the performance and exhaust emissions of a standard, fully instrumented, four-stroke, high-speed, direct injection (DI), Ricardo/Cussons ‘Hydra’ diesel engine located at the authors' laboratory.
537 citations