Topic
Diethylene glycol
About: Diethylene glycol is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5083 publications have been published within this topic receiving 50480 citations. The topic is also known as: diglycol & dihydroxy diethyl ether.
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TL;DR: Investigations establish ADH as a candidate enzyme for mammalian metabolism of PEG and thus suggest that specific inhibitors of ADH may prove to be useful as tools to treat PEG poisoning.
Abstract: The present studies were undertaken to investigate the enzymology of a fatal toxic syndrome that resulted from the absorption and subsequent oxidation of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The presence of organic acids of PEG in the blood of poisoned patients and in an animal model suggested that the metabolism of PEG involved sequential oxidations by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase. A key question concerned the ability of ADH to initiate this pathway for oxidation of PEG. In the present studies the oxidation of PEG homologues by ADH was characterized. The polymer homologues of ethylene glycol from n = 1 to n = 8 were used as substrates. ADH catalyzed the oxidation of each of these PEGs. The oxidation of PEG was inhibited by the ADH inhibitor 4-methylpyrazole. With the exception of diethylene glycol, the Km decreased as the homologue number increased, and the Vmax decreased progressively through the series. The concentrations of PEG in the blood of poisoned humans and animals were 0.06 to 0.8 Km of ADH for all the PEG homologues above the triethylene glycol. These investigations establish ADH as a candidate enzyme for mammalian metabolism of PEG and thus suggest that specific inhibitors of ADH may prove to be useful as tools to treat PEG poisoning.
394 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the glass transition properties of cast starch films with varying concentrations of different components (glycerol, sorbitol, lactic acid sodium, urea, ethylene glycol, diethylene gels, PEG 200, glycerol diacetate).
Abstract: Sorption behaviour and calorimetric glass transition were measured on cast starch films plasticized with varying concentrations of different components (glycerol, sorbitol, lactic acid sodium, urea, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, PEG 200, glycerol diacetate). Precision analysis showed that the water level in samples conditioned at 57% relative humidity reached a minimum for a plasticizer content of 10–20% (dry basis). Starting from 14.8% of water (dry basis) as measured in the amorphous starch-water system, a minimum of 12.7 to 14.4% can be attained according to the type of plasticizer added. Glass transition, as determined on samples conditioned at a constant relative humidity (57%), depended on the type of plasticizer used, although general behaviour was broadly similar for all components except glycerol diacetate. Casting trials performed with this substance revealed an evident phase separation and Tg of starch did not appear really modified by its presence. For glycerol, sorbitol and lactic acid sodium, glass transition was measured with respect to plasticizer and water content. Couchman's relation was applied, which describes the Tg variation of the monophasic polymer—diluant system. The likelihood of phase separation for a high plasticizer level is considered.
391 citations
TL;DR: In this article, secondary structural, superparamagnetic Fe3O4 microparticles with an average diameter of 280 nm have been successfully synthesized by using a one-step hydrothermal method.
Abstract: Secondary structural, superparamagnetic Fe3O4 microparticles with an average diameter of 280 nm have been successfully synthesized by using a one-step hydrothermal method. The size of the primary nanograins has been controlled from 5.9 to 21.5 nm by varying the sodium acrylate/sodium acetate weight ratios. The magnetic properties of the Fe3O4 microparticles have been characterized at room temperature, whereas the saturation magnetization values of the Fe3O4 microparticles increase with increasing grain sizes. Magnetic resonance imaging reveals that Fe3O4 microparticle with larger grain size yields higher molar T2 relaxation rate. A plausible growth mechanism of the particles is proposed, and the role of sodium acrylate and sodium acetate for tuning the grain size of the particles has been discussed. Additionally, the size of the secondary structural Fe3O4 particles can also be continuously controlled from 6 to 170 nm by varying the volume ratio of ethylene glycol/diethylene glycol in a bisolvent system. T...
376 citations
TL;DR: It is important for the clinician to have a high degree of suspicion for these disorders in cases of high anion gap metabolic acidosis, acute renal failure, or unexplained neurologic disease so that treatment can be initiated early.
Abstract: Alcohol-related intoxications, including methanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and propylene glycol, and alcoholic ketoacidosis can present with a high anion gap metabolic acidosis and increased serum osmolal gap, whereas isopropanol intoxication presents with hyperosmolality alone. The effects of these substances, except for isopropanol and possibly alcoholic ketoacidosis, are due to their metabolites, which can cause metabolic acidosis and cellular dysfunction. Accumulation of the alcohols in the blood can cause an increment in the osmolality, and accumulation of their metabolites can cause an increase in the anion gap and a decrease in serum bicarbonate concentration. The presence of both laboratory abnormalities concurrently is an important diagnostic clue, although either can be absent, depending on the time after exposure when blood is sampled. In addition to metabolic acidosis, acute renal failure and neurologic disease can occur in some of the intoxications. Dialysis to remove the unmetabolized alcohol and possibly the organic acid anion can be helpful in treatment of several of the alcohol-related intoxications. Administration of fomepizole or ethanol to inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase, a critical enzyme in metabolism of the alcohols, is beneficial in treatment of ethylene glycol and methanol intoxication and possibly diethylene glycol and propylene glycol intoxication. Given the potentially high morbidity and mortality of these intoxications, it is important for the clinician to have a high degree of suspicion for these disorders in cases of high anion gap metabolic acidosis, acute renal failure, or unexplained neurologic disease so that treatment can be initiated early.
340 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the density, viscosity, refractive index for the sodium D-line, and speed of sound in binary mixtures of water with N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, n,Ndimethylacetamide, acetonitrile, ethylene glycol, diethylene glyco-col, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methoxyethanol, and 2-ethoxy-ethanol have been determined at 298.15 K over the whole range of
Abstract: The density, viscosity, refractive index for the sodium D-line, and speed of sound in binary mixtures of water with N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, acetonitrile, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methoxyethanol, and 2-ethoxyethanol have been determined at 298.15 K over the whole range of mixture compositions. From these results, the excess molar volume, deviations in viscosity, speed of sound, molar refractivity, and isentropic compressibility have been calculated. The computed results are fitted to the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation to estimate the adjustable parameters and standard deviations. The observed negative VE values are compared with the available literature results.
321 citations