Showing papers on "Diffuser (thermodynamics) published in 1984"

Water saving shower head

Abstract: A self-cleaning, water saver shower head which will provide a maximum flow rate without regard to water pressure and which may be adjusted from a no flow condition to a fine mist to a spray to a heavy pulsating rinse stream. The device uses a cavitation inducing orifice at the inlet to the head and a second cavitation inducing set of orifices upstream of the outlet with an elongated mixing chamber therebetween. A plunger is disposed in the outlet downstream of the second cavitation inducing orifices to direct the water exiting the device against a diffuser sleeve to define the spray. Rotation of a sleeve which defines the outlet and carries the diffuser causes axial displacement of the plunger within the outlet to provide the desired spray. In an embodiment of this invention, instead of a no flow condition, a drip condition will be produced by rotating the sleeve to cause axial displacement of the plunger until a knurled flange seats at the outlet thereof. Serrations on the flange permit a drip of water to pass therethrough so that when the shower head is in the drip position, a stream of water will not be permitted therethrough, but the water behind the shower head will not rise to the temperature of the hot water.

Forced oscillation experiments in supercritical diffuser flows

Abstract: Low-frequency oscillations induced in ramjet inlets by combustion instabilities were simulated by mechanically modulating the exit area of a two-dimensional, supercritical diffuser at frequencies up to 330 Hz. Boundary layers were attached below a terminal shock Mach number of 1.27, and shock-induced separation occurred above this value up to the experimental limit of 1.35. Shock position histories were obtained and streamwise distributions of static/total dynamic pressures were determined both on the wall and within the flow for various shock strengths and frequencies. Excitation at the natural frequencies of the shock motion produced no obvious resonance effects. For weak shocks, the perturbations and their reflections from the shock are reasonably approximated by one-dimension al, acoustic considerations, but this description fails for strong shocks.

Numerical simulations of unsteady transonic flow in diffusers

Abstract: Forced and naturally occurring, self-sustaining oscillations of transonic flows in two-dimensional diffusers were computed using MacCormack's hybrid method. Depending upon the shock strengths and the area ratios, the flow was fully attached or separated by either the shock or the adverse pressure gradient associated with the enlarging diffuser area. In the case of forced oscillations, a sinusoidal plane pressure wave at frequency 300 Hz was prescribed at the exit. A sufficiently large amount of data were acquired and Fourier analyzed. The distrbutions of time-mean pressures, the power spectral density, and the amplitude with phase angle along the top wall and in the core region were determined. Comparison with experimental results for the forced oscillation generally gave very good agreement; some success was achieved for the case of self-sustaining oscillation despite substantial three-dimensionality in the test. An observation of the sequence of self-sustaining oscillations was given.

Hand held hair dryer

Abstract: A diffusion device is provided within or as an attachment to the nozzle of a hair dryer which provides a nearly constant air volume at varying velocities. A hair dryer improvement for varying the air flow output from the hair dryer nozzle. The improvement is a diffusion device which consists of a pair of vanes pivotally mounted downstream of the nozzle. Placement of the vanes in varying positions causes the output air flow to be either concentrated along the nozzle axis or diffused by causing varying portions of the air flow to be directed through the peripheral side wall of the diffusion device. Since the diffusion device offers very little obstruction to the air flow, the volume of air remains nearly constant for the varying diffuser vane positions.

Nozzle assembly for electrostatic spray guns

Abstract: An air atomizing nozzle assembly for electrostatic spray guns is disclosed The nozzle assembly includes a fluid tip through which liquid coating material is emitted, an air cap having openings through which pressurized air passes to atomize the liquid coating material emitted from the nozzle and having a pair of opposed air horns through which pressurized air passes to shape the atomized coating material into a flat fan spray pattern, and a retaining ring for securing the air cap to the gun barrel and fluid tip An annular diffuser is located within an internal chamber in the nozzle assembly which receives the pressurized fan-shaping air from a passageway passing through the barrel of the gun, redirects it, and equalizes the flow of the fan-shaping air to the opposed air horns The present invention is particularly useful in applications having low liquid coating material flow rates on the order of less than about 3 fluid ounces of material per minute

Effects of Small-Scale, High Intensity Inlet Turbulence on Flow in a Two-Dimensional Diffuser

Abstract: The flow through a 2D experimental diffuser with channel width 2.60 cm and divergence angle (2 theta) 9 or 20 deg is investigated experimentally for inlet Reynolds number 78,300 and velocity 43.9 m/s, with and without vertical rods to generate inlet turbulence in excess of the limits defined by Hoffmann (1981) and Hoffmann and Gonzales (1983). Measurements are obtained using a thermal wall-flow-direction probe and a single hot-wire velocity probe, and the results are presented graphically. Significant increases in the pressure-recovery coefficient of the diffuser (10 percent at 9 deg and 22 percent at 20 deg) are attributed to the action of turbulence to reduce distortion and delay separation, thus creating an altered flow condition with symmetrical velocity profiles.

Filler means for charging containers

Abstract: The drawings and description disclose a liquid filler arrangement including upper and main bodies and a lower sleeve nozzle, with a diaphragm assembly mounted between the main and upper bodies and an inlet formed in the side of the main body. Combined valve and orifice mechanism is operatively positioned substantially at the juncture of the main body and the sleeve nozzle, and one of a diffuser, a lip seal, or a valve is located at the bottom end of the sleeve nozzle, each of which supports a column of liquid product, the diffuser and lip seal by capillary action, and the valve by virtue of being closed. Upon a measured volume of liquid product being pumped into the side inlet by a remote timed piston device, an equivalent measured volume is discharged from the sleeve nozzle through its diffuser or opened lip seal or valve into a container which may be mounted around the sleeve nozzle and filled as it is being pulled from around the sleeve nozzle by a suitable external arrangement.

Actuator for a heating/cooling diffuser

Abstract: A diffuser (20) is provided with three discharges (26) (27) (28). Two of the discharges (27) (28) are directed in one direction and, when installed, would be directed towards the outside wall (102) of the conditioned space. The other discharge (26) is directed in the opposite direction and would discharge into the interior of the conditioned space. Responsive to the temperature of the conditioned air being supplied, a thermally responsive actuator is in either one of two positions whereby either one of the two discharges in the one direction or the discharge in the opposite direction is blocked. This results in two discharges in one direction or one in each direction with the discharge area being the same in both instances.

Lateral fluid forces acting on a whirling centrifugal impeller in vaneless and vaned diffuser

Abstract: Fluid forces on a rotating centrifugal impeller in whirling motion were studied. A two dimensional impeller installed in a parallel-walled vaneless and vaned diffuser whirled on a circular orbit with various positive and negative angular velocities. It is shown that the fluid forces exert a damping effect on the rotor in most operating conditions, but become excitatory when the impeller operates at very low partial discharge while rotating far faster than the whirl speed. The fluid forces were expressed in terms of mass, damping and stiffness matrices. Impellers with the same geometry and whirl condition are calculated. Quantitative agreement is obtained especially in positive whirl.

Centrifugal compressor with adjustable diffuser

Abstract: A centrifugal gas compressor includes a centrifugal impeller and a diffuser with control vanes which pivot about their leading edges. The radially inward-facing surfaces of the control vanes are curves with a radius of curvature substantially equal to the radial spacing of the leading edges from the impeller rotation axis. In the closed vane position, each leading edge is overlaid by a trailing edge of an adjacent vane so that a closed annular wall blocks all outflow. One or more diffuser vanes may be fixedly positioned with respect to each control vane so as to pivot with the control vanes. The diffuser vanes are positioned radially outward from the control vanes and define respective gradually widening paths to diffuse the outflowing gas. As an alternative to diffuser vanes, the control vanes may be extended in length to define the widening paths between adjacent control vanes.

Process for producing mineral wool fibers while reducing the velocity of flowing media

Abstract: A method for the reduction of the velocity of dispersions of fine particles in gas is described, in which the dispersion is divided into a plurality of mass flows M which are conveyed each to a subsonic diffuser to reduce the velocity from V1 to V2, wherein the product of mass flow M and density velocity ration S1 V1 /S2 V2 is less than 10 kg/sec. The method is particularly useful in the manufacture of mineral wool, where the mineral wool fibers are first obtained being dispersed in a high velocity gas stream.

Free-running rotary induction system

Abstract: A fuel distribution system for a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine includes an intake manifold having a tubular inlet stack with an inlet including a mounting for a carburetor on the top thereof and a plurality of runner passages extending generally transverse to the bottom of the stack and to intake ports at each cylinder. The manifold includes a housing downstream of the stack providing a freely rotatable mounting for a shaft having a plurality of axial flow turbine blades thereon and a radial flow impeller is also mounted on the shaft, spaced from the turbine blades. The stack has a cylindrical interior wall section closely fitted to the turbine blades, defining therewith a ducted velocity turbine, and beneath the stack the housing surrounds the impeller and is connected to each of the runner passages, whereby all fuel/air mixture passes through the turbine and impeller. Usually the shaft is supported for rotation about a vertical axis, and a diffuser may be provided in the housing, being arranged in a generally horizontal circle surrounding the impeller to direct a flow of fuel/air mixture exciting the impeller radially outward through said runner passages. The impeller includes a surface extending through a curvature of approximately 90° and a plurality of impeller blades projecting from its surface to accept the flow of fuel/air mixture exiting the turbine and to change the direction of such flow while returning energy into such flow.

Scintillation in the Fresnel region behind a sub-fractal diffuser

Abstract: The results of a numerical computation of contrast versus propagation distance in the Fresnel region behind a diffuser with fractal slope are presented and discussed. Both corrugated and isotropic cases are examined for a range of values of the diffuser spectral index and it is found that, in the absence of a finite outer scale, the asymptotic value of the contrast at large distances is greater than that of gaussian speckle. The contrast plot is monotonic for ‘smoother’ scatterers but develops a weak peak as the fractal/sub-fractal marginal case is approached. The effect of a finite outer scale is examined briefly, and a comparison is made with published experimental data.

Fluid impeller diffuser and method of operation

Abstract: A rotary bladed impeller (1) is disposed at the transition between an entrance passageway (3) to an enlarged diameter diffusion duct (11) surrounding the impeller (1). An annular structure (5) is arranged upstream of the blade tips and projecting inwardly of the duct (11) to define the entrance passageway to guide fluid flowing therethrough within the rotary path of the blade tips. The duct (11) and structure (5) partly define an annular space (7) extending past the blade tips within the duct (11) within which is formed a blade tip driven annular vortex (6) turning so as to diffuse the flow passing through the impeller (1). The annular structure (5) may on its upstream surface be formed to serve as an inlet duct to the impeller without the need for extended inlet ducting, and the diffuser duct may be of other than circular cross-section, and also may be of short length e.g. between 20 and 50 % of the swept diameter of the impeller.

Heating/cooling diffuser

Abstract: A diffuser is provided with three discharges. Two of the discharges are directed in one direction and, when installed, would be directed towards the outside wall of the conditioned space. The other discharge is directed in the opposite direction and would discharge into the interior of the conditioned space. Responsive to the temperature of the conditioned air being supplied, either one of the two discharges in the one direction or the discharge in the opposite direction is blocked. This results in two discharges in one direction or one in each direction with the discharge area being the same in both instances.

Structure of self-excited oscillations in transonic diffuser flows

Abstract: Two-component laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) measurements were made in a supercritical, separated, transonic diffuser flow exhibiting self-excited oscillations. The velocity data were ensemble-averaged with respect to the shock oscillation phase, and maps of various flow quantities were generated. The time evolution of the fluctuating velocity field shows a large, rotating structure that originates near the upstream edge of the separation bubble and is convected downstream. The streamwise velocity fluctuation pattern for the self-excited oscillations resembles the oscillation pattern that occurs when the flow is mechanically excited at the downstream end. Velocity fluctuations calculated from ensemble-averaged core total and static pressure data show good agreement with the LDV data.

Valve with a device for the attenuation of acoustic vibrations self-excited by the working medium

Abstract: A valve includes a diffuser for the recovery of static pressure energy. The point of flow separation is stabilized by introducing, into the region where the flow separation point can occur, a volume of the working medium from a portion of the valve having a higher pressure than such region. By stabilizing the flow separation point against vibration, resulting noise is minimized.

Pressure Oscillations in Liquid-Fueled Ramjet Engines

Abstract: Pressure oscillations in liquid-fueled ramjet engines have been studied both analytically and numerically within the low frequency range. We examine first the linear unsteady motions in coaxial-dump configurations. The flowfield in the dump combustor is approximated by division into three parts: a flow of reactants, a region containing combustion products, and a recirculation zone, separated by two infinitesimally thin sheets: the flame and the vortex sheets. The three zones are matched at these sheets by taking into account kinematic and conservation relations. The oscillatory field in the inlet is coupled to the field in the combustor at the dump plane to determine the complex frequencies characterizing the linear stability of the engine. Favorable comparison with the experimental data obtained at the California Institute of Technology has been obtained. Numerical analysis has been applied to investigate the nonlinear behavior of the shock wave in the inlet diffuser. Both viscous effects and the influences of injecting fuel/air mixture are accounted for. The response of a shock wave to various disturbances, including finite and large amplitude oscillations, has been studied in detail. The results obtained serve as a basis for analyzing the stability characteristics of the inlet flow. Numerical calculations have also been conducted for the pressure oscillations in side-dump ramjet engines. The flowfields have been constructed in two regions: the inlet section, including a region of fuel injection, and a dump combustor. Each region is treated separately and matched with the other at the dump plane. Following the calculation of the mean flowfield, the oscillatory characteristics of the engine are determined by its response to a disturbance imposed on the mean flow. Results for the frequencies and mode shapes have shown good agreement with the experimental data reported by the Naval Weapons Center, China Lake.

Experimental Study of the Flow Field Behind an Annular Turbine Nozzle Guide Vane With and Without Downstream Rotor

Abstract: Measurements of the three dimensional flow field in annular turbine nozzle guide vanes present an important step in the simulation of the real flow conditions in turbomachinery bladings. This paper seeks to determine whether the installation of a rotor closely behind a high hub-to-tip ratio cascade (DH/DT=0.8) is indispensable for establishing correct flow conditions at the cascade exit or whether the use of an axial diffuser of a certain length is sufficient. Also, an attempt is made to separate the possible effects of the rotor blades from that of the rotating rotor disc.The tests are carried out on a low speed, low aspect ratio, high turning nozzle guide vane. The flow is explored by means of a double head four-hole pressure probe and the results are presented in the form of contour plots and spanwise pitch-averaged distributions of losses, flow angles and static pressure.Copyright © 1984 by ASME

Vapor-phase growth apparatus

Abstract: PURPOSE:To improve the uniformity of the thickness of a compound semiconductor layer containing In, by placing a gas nozzle of an inlet pipe close to the substrate relative to that of the other pipe, attaching a gas diffuser to the former nozzle, and supplying the gas for the vapor-phase growth through both pipes. CONSTITUTION:H2 gas is introduced from the H2 bomb 21 through the mass flow 22 into the container containing an alkylated III-group element. The H2 gas carrying the vapor of the alkylation compound is passed through the inlet pipe 1 and a quartz pipe 8 and supplied to the reaction furnace 2. Separately, a raw material gas comprising the vapor of a V-group element is supplied from the bomb 24 through the mass flow 25 and inlet pipe 3 to the reaction furnace 2. The substrate 4 is heated together with the supporting table 5 made of graphite by the high-frequency coil 6 connected to the high-frequency electrical source 26. The III-group raw material gas is diffused with the gas diffuser 9 attached to the nozzle of the quartz pipe 8 and made to react uniformly with the V-group raw material gas filling the furnace 2 just in front of the substrate 4. An epitaxial growth giving a large-sized growth layer having uniform thickness can be attained by this process.

Experimental investigation of tangential blowing applied to a subsonic V/STOL inlet

Abstract: Engine inlets for subsonic V/STOL aircraft must operate over a wide range of conditions without the severe internal flow separation that can cause sudden changes in engine thrust, excessively high fan blade stresses, and possibly core-compressor stall. An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of tangential blowing to maintain attached flow at high inlet angles of attack. The inlet had a relatively thin lip (lip contraction ratio of 1.46). Two blowing slot locations were investigated: one on the lip and the other in the diffuser. The effect of two slot heights (0.0508 and 0.152 cm) and three slot circumferential extents, the largest being 120 deg, also was investigated. The results showed that both lip and diffuser blowing were effective in maintaining attached flow at high angles of attack. However, higher angle-of-attack capability was achieved with lip blowing than with diffuser blowing. This capability was achieved with the largest slot circumferential extent and either of the two slot heights. The tests were conducted in a low-speed wind tunnel at free-stream velocities between 18 and 62 m/sec and inlet angles of attack to 110 deg.

Low net positive suction head pumps

Abstract: A pump is disclosed for pumping a volatile fluid having a given vapor pressure. The pump of this invention comprises a pump housing comprising an inlet for introducing the liquid at a relatively low static pressure level into the pump housing and an outlet for discharging the liquid from the pump housing at a relatively high static pressure level. A fluid path extends from the inlet to the outlet. A booster stage impeller is rotatively mounted for drawing the fluid through the inlet and for pumping the fluid along the fluid path with an increased kinetic pressure. A diffuser is affixedly disposed within the pump housing to intercept the fluid directed along the fluid path by the booster stage impeller for converting the kinetic pressure imparted to the fluid into increased static pressure. A main stage impeller is rotatively driven by a pump motor at a relatively high speed to impart a relatively high static pressure to the fluid being introduced thereto and for discharging the fluid at a relatively high static pressure. A hydraulic coupler is disposed remotely from the fluid path for hydraulically coupling the main stage impeller and the booster stage impeller to rotate the booster stage impeller at a relatively low speed selected to maintain the low net positive suction pressure applied to the fluid at the inlet greater than the vapor pressure and to ensure that the low net positive suction head, as established by the main stage impeller upon the fluid introduced thereto, exceeds the vapor pressure.

Supply opening for air conditioning capable of varying quantity of airflow

Abstract: PURPOSE:To enable the arbitrary alteration and selection of sucking and jetting ports and the full-automatic performance of a full-scale supplying operation and supply quantity adjustment without manual handling, by using only one supply opening. CONSTITUTION:A supply opening A for air conditioning which is capable of varying the quantity of airflow can be varied for the direction of air supply according to the position of an internal cylinder damper 3. Thus, air is jetted, for instance, only from an upper air jetting port 2A and is supplied into a room through the outside section 7A of a diffuser 7, or otherwise, it is jetted only from a lower air jetting port 2B and supplied into the room through the inside section 7B of the diffuser 7. Moreover, when the cylinder damper 3 is moved so as to open both of the jetting ports 2A and 2B, air is jetted all at once from both of the ports 2A and 2B, and thus full-scale supply is conducted. The cylinder damper 3 is put by screwing on a threaded rod 4 disposed through a tubular body 1 along the axial direction thereof and can be moved for operation by the rotation of said threaded rod 4, while this rod 4 is moved vertically by a motor 6 which is controlled to drive by an indoor temperature detecting sensor 5.

Diffuser for centrifugal hydraulic machine

Abstract: PURPOSE: To recover the pressure sufficiently by controlling the secondary flow in lateral direction of flow path in diffuser then smoothing the flow distorted in lateral direction at the inlet of diffuser and decelerating thereby reducing the pressure loss. CONSTITUTION: Upon supply of flow distorted in lateral direction of the flow path of diffuser 7 from an impeller 4, the fluid at the sideboard 2 side having low flow angle is forcefully increased of the flow angle through a guide vane 12 to increase the speed component in radial direction thus to have sufficient kinetic energy for overcoming the pressure gradient in radial direction of the diffuser 7. Consequently, the fluid at the coreboard 3 side will flow to the sideboard 2 side and decelerated smoothly to the position separated by 1.2W1.3 times of the outerdiameter of the impeller 4 while being smoothed gradually. Since the guidevane 13 will guide such that the flow angle at the sideboard 2 side between said position of the outer diameter of the impeller 4 and the outlet of the diffuser 7 is brought to the design flow angle, the secondary flow from the coreboard 3 side to the sideboard 2 side is suppressed and decelerated smoothly thus to reduce the overall pressure loss. COPYRIGHT: (C)1986,JPO&Japio

Fluid diffuser and method for constructing the same

Abstract: Fluid diffuser and method for constructing the same are disclosed. The fluid diffuser including a pair of disks having opposite, facing surfaces of revolution with a common axis of symmetry for defining a fluid flow path. The cross-section of the fluid flow path normal to the direction of flow is constructed and arranged so that the cross-section varies continuously with the radial distance from the common axis of symmetry so as to provide uniform fluid flow velocities in plane and in section at the periphery of the diffuser. The method for manufacturing the fluid diffuser includes rigidly fastening together a plurality of elements shaped to conform to the shape of the inner surface of the diffuser so as to form a skeletal frame. Thereafter, a unitary sheet of resilient material is stretched on the frame to cover the same thus causing the material to define the desired surface, the stretch material being fastened by suitable means to the frame.

Solar-thermal drive for an MHD process

Abstract: In the present invention, a closed circuit is proposed for an MHD process at very high temperature. The heat is coupled into a cavity radiation receiver (1) by means of concentrated solar light, the transparent cover (8) of which receiver is cooled by a favourable guidance of the gas flow. The system gas is expanded in a nozzle (2) and the kinetic energy thus produced is converted into electrical energy in an MHD channel (3). A diffuser (4) and a pump (6) subsequently increase the pressure to the initial value again. A device (10) for doping with caesium atoms ensures sufficient conductivity of the system gas, and a metering device (11) for metering the gas with absorbent suspension particles improves the absorption properties in the cavity radiation receiver (1). The proposed system permits temperatures at which the MHD process can be used effectively and allows the use of a large temperature difference in order to increase the efficiency.

Device for simultaneous control of air flow and circulation speed for an air conditioning installation with variable air flow

Abstract: The device includes a pressure-reducing chamber arranged immediately upstream of an air conditioning diffuser. It includes a shutter which pivots about an axis and which tends to reduce the useful area of the diffuser in question, under the action of a counterweight. The air introduced into the chamber, by means of a normally open motorized damper, exerts on one of the faces of the shutter, a pressure which tends to oppose the effect of the counterweight and tends to increase the useful area of the diffuser. A sensor which serves as a stop during the opening of the shutter, reacts on the motorized damper to tend towards a balance of the forces applied on the shutter, for a particular area of diffusion defined by the position of the sensor. The displacement of the sensor, operated by an ambient thermostat for example, enables the variation of the airflow by changing the free area of circulation. The speed of circulation is practically constant and depends on the counterweight acting on the shutter.

Silencing line piece for sanitary installations

Abstract: A body (6) which has closed pores, consists of rubber-elastic material and is inserted into a flexible protective sleeve (5) which consists of gas-tight and waterproof material, is inserted in the annular flow channel (2b, 2c) of the line piece (1), which flow channel is constructed as a diffuser. The open edge of the protective sleeve (5), which is in the form of a sack, is attached to the hub (3b, 3c) of a retaining star (3) by means of a clamping screw (4, 4c). As a result of an elastic volume change of the pore body (6), the damping element (7) can damp pressure oscillations occurring in the water flow as a result of the flowing water and/or the occurrence of cavitation, and can hence reduce the corresponding sound level. … …

Optimal operation control method of centrifugal compressor

Abstract: PURPOSE:To improve efficiency of centrifugal compressor over entire operation range by making the vane angle at the vaned diffuser section variable and adjusting the angle in accordance to the operating condition CONSTITUTION:The flow angle alpha1 of compressed gas to be delivered from an impeller 2 toward the vaneless diffuser section 4 is calculated on the basis of following measurements (1)-(5) which are employed as inlet interface condition to calculate the gas flow condition at said section 4 on the basis of following measurement (6) thus to calculate the flow angle alpha3 at the inlet of vaned diffuser section 5 With reference to said alpha3, the vane angle beta2 of vaned diffuser vane 6 is regulated by a vane angle regulator (not shown) to obtain the ideal angle for said vane 6 or the incident angle for minimizing the heat loss The measurements include (1) gas weight flow G per unit time, (2) shroud side static pressure PS2 at the outlet of impeller, (3), (4) inlet outlet temperature, (5) rotation of impeller, (6) static pressure distribution (PS21-PS2n) in radial direction at the vaneless diffuser section 4

Computation of viscous flow in planar and axisymmetric ducts by an implicit marching procedure

Abstract: A streamwise marching procedure, approximately 200 times faster than a full Navier-Stokes procedure with comparable accuracy, is presented for solving problems of compressible viscous subsonic flow. Results are presented and compared with experimental data for the cases of developing turbulent flow in a circular pipe; turbulent flow in a two-dimensional S-duct; and turbulent flow in a typical subsonic diffuser. Prior to each main marching step, a preliminary marching step is taken in which the integral continuity equation and an uncoupled form of the streamwise momentum equation are solved simultaneously to obtain the viscous pressure correction. During the main marching step the equations for continuity, streamwise momentum, cross-flow momentum, and energy are solved simultaneously as a coupled system using an implicit finite-difference method, with the viscous pressure correction treated as a source term. The analysis may be used for flows with both favorable and adverse pressure gradients and to predict the location of flow separation.