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Showing papers on "Digital media published in 2000"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article is an attempt to provide feedback to both academic and commercial music software developers by showing how current DSP tools are being used by post-digital composers, affecting both the form and content of contemporary “non-academic“ electronic music.
Abstract: Over the past decade, the Internet has helped spawn a new movement in digital music. It is not academically based, and for the most part the composers involved are self-taught. Music journalists occupy themselves inventing names for it, and some have already taken root: glitch, microwave, DSP, sinecore, and microscopic music. These names evolved through a collection of deconstructive audio and visual techniques that allow artists to work beneath the previously impenetrable veil of digital media. The Negroponte epigraph above inspired me to refer to this emergent genre as “post-digital” because the revolutionary period of the digital information age has surely passed. The tendrils of digital technology have in some way touched everyone. With electronic commerce now a natural part of the business fabric of the Western world and Hollywood cranking out digital fluff by the gigabyte, the medium of digital technology holds less fascination for composers in and of itself. In this article, I will emphasize that the medium is no longer the message; rather, specific tools themselves have become the message. The Internet was originally created to accelerate the exchange of ideas and development of research between academic centers, so it is perhaps no surprise that it is responsible for helping give birth to new trends in computer music outside the confines of academic think tanks. A non-academic composer can search the Internet for tutorials and papers on any given aspect of computer music to obtain a good, basic understanding of it. University computer music centers breed developers whose tools are shuttled around the Internet and used to develop new music outside the university. Unfortunately, cultural exchange between nonacademic artists and research centers has been lacking. The post-digital music that Max, SMS, AudioSculpt, PD, and other such tools make possible rarely makes it back to the ivory towers, yet these non-academic composers anxiously await new tools to make their way onto a multitude of Web sites. Even in the commercial software industry, the marketing departments of most audio software companies have not yet fully grasped the post-digital aesthetic; as a result, the more unusual tools emanate from developers who use their academic training to respond to personal creative needs. This article is an attempt to provide feedback to both academic and commercial music software developers by showing how current DSP tools are being used by post-digital composers, affecting both the form and content of contemporary “non-academic“ electronic music.

372 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The design and operation of the The Observer Video-Pro system is described, illustrated with a case study from research on Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI).
Abstract: The Observer Video-Pro is a system for collecting, managing, analyzing, and presenting observational data. It integrates The Observer software with time code and multimedia hardware components. It extends the functionality of a conventional real-time event recording program in various ways. Observational data can be collected, reviewed, and edited with synchronized display of the corresponding video images. For optimal visual feedback during coding, one can display the video image in a window on the computer screen. Video playback from either a VCR or a digital media file can be controlled by the computer, allowing software-controlled jog, shuttle, and search functions. Besides a wide range of VCRs, The Observer Video-Pro supports all major digital video file formats. The software allows the user to summarize research findings in numerical, graphical, or multimedia format. One can create a time--event plot for a quick glance at the temporal structure of the observed process, or run specific analysis procedures and generate reports with statistics. An Event Summary function is available for exploratory and qualitative analysis. Video material can be summarized in a Video Play List, which allows on-screen summary presentations or the creation of highlight compilations on tape, CD, or other media. Video images can be captured and saved as disk files, for use as illustrations in documents, slides for presentations, and so forth. In this paper we describe the design and operation of the system, illustrated with a case study from research on Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI).

368 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose that changing technology influences journalism in at least four broad areas: (1) how journalists do their work; (2) the content of news; (3) the structure or organization of the newsroom; and (4) the relationships between or among news organizations, journalists and their many publics.
Abstract: This article proposes that changing technology influences journalism in at least four broad areas: (1) how journalists do their work; (2) the content of news; (3) the structure or organization of the newsroom; and (4) the relationships between or among news organizations, journalists and their many publics. Although new media such as the Internet, World Wide Web and digital video are perhaps the most visible examples of technologies that are transforming journalism, the history of journalism is in many ways defined by technological change. The article concludes with a proposed research agenda for the study of journalism and technological change.

357 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the relation between DRM and mobile e-commerce and the impact of watermarking on business models for m-commerce, and highlight the role of watermarks in digital media delivery.
Abstract: E-commerce has become a huge business and a driving factor in the development of the Internet. Online shopping services are well established and will, with the advent of evolved 2G and 3G mobile networks, soon be complemented by their wireless counterparts. Furthermore, online delivery of digital media, such as MP3 audio or video, is very popular today and will become an increasingly important part of e-commerce and mobile e-commerce (m-commerce). However, a major obstacle for digital media distribution and associated business is the possibility of unlimited consecutive copying in the digital domain, which threatens intellectual property rights (e.g., copyrights). Digital rights management systems are required to protect rights and business. DRM systems typically incorporate encryption, conditional access, copy control mechanisms, and media identification and tracing mechanisms. Watermarking is the technology used for copy control and media identification and tracing. Most proposed watermarking methods use a so-called spread spectrum approach: a pseudo-noise signal with small amplitude is added to the host signal, and later on detected using correlation methods. A secret key is used to ensure that the watermark can only be detected and removed by authorized parties. Thus, watermarking is an essential component of modern DRM systems. Several standardization bodies are involved in DRM standardization. Some examples, (MPEG-4, SDMI, and DVD), are discussed in this article. Watermarking as an enabling technology is especially highlighted. Furthermore, the relation between DRM and m-commerce, and the impact on business models for m-commerce are discussed. A common experience today is that Internet e-commerce applications cannot always easily be adapted for mobile telecommunications systems. We emphasize, however, that DRM and watermarking can benefit from the additional information available in mobile telecommunications systems, and can thus help to improve rights management for digital media delivery.

293 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the impact of online media on other media and family communication and found that time spent in television viewing, newspaper reading, telephone usage, and family conversations is affected by online use.
Abstract: This study investigated the impact of online media on other media and family communication. Data gathered from 185 persons in 84 households indicate that time spent in television viewing, newspaper reading, telephone usage, and family conversations is affected by online use. Usage of online media is significantly different among genders and generations. A process of functional displacement may be occurring in which television is, being gradually displaced by online media as the primary source of information.

236 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These so-called 'workplace studies' address the ways in which tools and technologies feature in work and collaboration and consider their implications for understanding of organizational conduct, social interaction and new technology.
Abstract: Despite the substantial body of literature concerned with the ways in which digital media are transforming contemporary society and institutional life, we have relatively little understanding of the ways in which new technologies feature in day to day organizational conduct and interaction. There is however a growing corpus of empirical research which places the situated and contingent character of new technologies at the heart of the analytic agenda, but as yet, these studies are relatively little known within sociology. They include ethnographies of command and control centres, e nancial institutions, the news media, and the construction industr y. They address the ways in which tools and technologies, ranging from paper documents through to complex multimedia systems, feature in work and collaboration. In this paper, we discuss these so-called ‘workplace studies’ and consider their implications for our understanding of organizational conduct, social interaction and new technology.

233 citations


Book
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, Visual Digital Culture explores the relationship between evolving digital technologies and existing media and considers the effect of these new image forms on the experience of visual culture by examining the digital imaging techniques across a wide range of media, including film, music video, computer games, theme parks and simulation rides.
Abstract: The following description is taken from the book cover Digital entertainment, from video games to simulation rides, is now a central feature of popular culture Computer-based or digital technologies are supplanting the traditional production methods of television, film and video, provoking intense speculation about their impact on the character of art Examining the digital imaging techniques across a wide range of media, including film, music video, computer games, theme parks and simulation rides, Visual Digital Culture explores the relationship between evolving digital technologies and existing media and considers the effect of these new image forms on the experience of visual culture

224 citations


Book
31 Dec 2000
TL;DR: The authors' research contributions are presented with respect to image-based steganography and watermarking: analysis of data hiding techniques, attacks against hidden information, and countermeasures to attacks against digital watermarks.
Abstract: Information Hiding: Steganography and Watermarking - Attacks and Countermeasures deals with information hiding. With the proliferation of multimedia on the Internet, information hiding addresses two areas of concern: privacy of information from surveillance (steganography) and protection of intellectual property (digital watermarking). Steganography (literally, covered writing) explores methods to hide the existence of hidden messages. These methods include invisible ink, microdot, digital signature, covert channel, and spread spectrum communication. Digital watermarks represent a commercial application of steganography. Watermarks can be used to track the copyright and ownership of electronic media. In this volume, the authors focus on techniques for hiding information in digital media. They analyze the hiding techniques to uncover their limitations. These limitations are employed to devise attacks against hidden information. The goal of these attacks is to expose the existence of a secret message or render a digital watermark unusable. In assessing these attacks, countermeasures are developed to assist in protecting digital watermarking systems. Understanding the limitations of the current methods will lead us to build more robust methods that can survive various manipulation and attacks. The more information that is placed in the public's reach on the Internet, the more owners of such information need to protect themselves from theft and false representation. Systems to analyze techniques for uncovering hidden information and recover seemingly destroyed information will be useful to law enforcement authorities in computer forensics and digital traffic analysis. Information Hiding: Steganography and Watermarking - Attacks and Countermeasures presents the authors' research contributions in three fundamental areas with respect to image-based steganography and watermarking: analysis of data hiding techniques, attacks against hidden information, and countermeasures to attacks against digital watermarks. Information Hiding: Steganography and Watermarking e Attacks and Countermeasures is suitable for a secondary text in a graduate level course, and as a reference for researchers and practitioners in industry.

222 citations


Patent
05 Oct 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, a system and method for distributing digital media assets to a plurality of users is presented, where a portal is provided comprising at least one server computer, which executes a media library database server application that manages access a master library of media assets that can be accessed by users via one or more communication networks.
Abstract: A system and method for distributing digital media assets to a plurality of users. A portal is provided comprising at least one server computer. The portal executes a media library database server application that manages access a master library of media assets that can be accessed by users via one or more communication networks. A plurality of media player devices communicate with the portal to access media assets for use. Each media player device may comprise a processor that executes a database client application that manages media assets licensed for use by a user.

191 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A "media actors" software architecture is developed used in conjunction with real-time computer-vision-based body tracking and gesture recognition techniques to choreograph digital media together with human performers or museum visitors.
Abstract: The future of artistic and expressive communication in the varied forms of film, theater, dance, and narrative tends toward a blend of real and imaginary worlds in which moving images, graphics, and text cooperate with humans and among themselves in the transmission of a message. We have developed a "media actors" software architecture used in conjunction with real-time computer-vision-based body tracking and gesture recognition techniques to choreograph digital media together with human performers or museum visitors. We endow media objects with coordinated perceptual intelligence, behaviors, personality, and intentionality. Such media actors are able to engage the public in an encounter with virtual characters that express themselves through one or more of these agents. We show applications to dance, theater, and the circus, which augment the traditional performance stage with images, video, music, and text, and are able to respond to movement and gesture in believable, aesthetical, and expressive manners. We also describe applications to interactive museum exhibit design that exploit the media actors' perceptual abilities while they interact with the public.

130 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new paradigm for communication in science is offered, and how digital media might bring new roles and functionalities to participants is suggested.
Abstract: Information technologies, particularly the personal computer and the World Wide Web, are changing the ways that scientists communicate. The traditional print-based system that relies on the refereed scientific journal as the key delivery mechanism for research findings is undergoing a transformation to a system much more reliant on electronic communication and storage media. This article offers a new paradigm for communication in science, and suggests how digital media might bring new roles and functionalities to participants. The argument is made that behavioral and organizational determinants are as important factors as technological capabilities in shaping the future.

Patent
05 Oct 2000
TL;DR: In this article, a system and method for distributing digital media assets to a plurality of users is presented, where each media player (200) devices may comprise a processor that executes a database client application that manages media assets licensed for use by a user.
Abstract: A system and method for distributing digital media assets to a plurality of users. A portal (300) is provided comprising at least one server computer. The portal executes a media library database server application that manages access to a master library of media assets (100) that can be accessed by users via one or more communication networks (400). A plurality of media player (200) devices communicate with the portal (300) to access media assets for use. Each media player (200) device may comprise a processor that executes a database client application that manages media assets licensed for use by a user.

BookDOI
18 May 2000
TL;DR: In Snap to Grid, Peter Lunenfeld maps out the trajectories that digital technologies have traced upon the authors' cultural imaginary and takes into account the post-1989 politico-economic context in which new media have developed and grounds the insights of theory in the constraints of production.
Abstract: In Snap to Grid, an idiosyncratic guide to the interactive, telematic era, Peter Lunenfeld maps out the trajectories that digital technologies have traced upon our cultural imaginary. His clear-eyed evaluation of new media includes an impassioned discussion--informed by the discourses of technology, aesthetics, and cultural theory--of the digital artists, designers, and makers who matter most. "Snap to grid" is a command that instructs the computer to take hand-drawn lines and plot them precisely in Cartesian space. Users regularly disable this function the moment they open an application because the gains in predictability and accuracy are balanced against the losses of ambiguity and expressiveness. Lunenfeld uses "snap to grid" as a metaphor for how we manipulate and think about the electronic culture that enfolds us. In this book he snaps his seduction by the machine to the grid of critical thinking.How can we compare new media to established media? Must we revert to a default dichotomy between utopia and desolation, the notion that media, even digital media, by themselves can redeem or damn us? As he answers these and other questions, Lunenfeld takes into account the post-1989 politico-economic context in which new media have developed and grounds the insights of theory in the constraints of production. Artists discussed include Mark Amerika, Char Davies, Hollis Frampton, William Gibson, Gary Hill, Perry Hobermann, JODI, Christian Moller, Adam Ross, Jennifer Steinkamp, Stelarc, and Diana Thater.

Book
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: This book will inspire students to develop the potential of multimedia for new forms of expression that are enabled by computers and networks and is designed to support instructors by providing a rigorous introduction to the technical scope of this subject.
Abstract: From the Publisher: A major new textbook "Digital Multimedia" by Nigel and Jenny Chapman provides a fresh contemporary definition of the emergent discipline of multimedia. It is designed to support instructors by providing a rigorous introduction to the technical scope of this subject. With a coherent approach to its multifarious nature, the book covers all of the essential technical ground, with full awareness of the design, cultural and usability aspects of multimedia. This book will inspire students to develop the potential of multimedia for new forms of expression that are enabled by computers and networks. Concepts Covered: Descriptions of the characteristics of individual media provide the essential starting points for understanding how to combine them. Graphics, text and time-based media are introduced in the context of their digital representation and manipulation. The combination of media within the different frameworks of hypermedia and time-based authoring is described. Interactivity through scripting, and the communications technology that supports distributed multimedia are expolored in detail. Hardware, software and networking capabilities are thoroughly detailed with the backup of motivating and illuminating examples. All this and still the excitement of creating multimedia is conveyed, making this as rich and rewarding a book as the subject itself. Support for Practice through Principles and Theory: "Digital Multimedia" makes reference to the common tools and applications used for production and manipulation of media, but a companion text in development, "Digital Media Tools", due in Spring 2001, addresses the effective use of these packages in moredetail.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The task of creating a new job title - digital librarian - to take care of digital libraries and to manage the digital information system is targeted.
Abstract: Stresses that the multimedia nature of the next generation of digital libraries requires the digital librarians (DL) to be essentially a type of specialist librarian who has to manage and organize the digital library, handle the specialized tasks of massive digitization, storage, access, digital knowledge mining, digital reference services, electronic information services, search co-ordination, and manage the archive and its access. The digital librarian acts as guardian of the information superhighway/the universal digital library or the global digital library and acts as a symbiotic human-machine guru. This article also highlights the roles and functions of a DL in information retrieval, content delivery, navigation, and browsing. It envisages the professional education and training for digital librarians in the management of digital information systems. It denotes the DL's interface functions, roles, skills and competencies for the management of digital information systems in the important areas of imaging technologies, optical character recognition, markup languages, cataloguing, metadata, multimedia indexing and database technology, user interface design, programming, and Web technology. This paper finally advocates and targets the task of creating a new job title - digital librarian - to take care of digital libraries and to manage the digital information system.

Patent
19 Dec 2000
TL;DR: One embodiment of the present invention provides a media server and another embodiment provides a system for enabling protected media content to be shared between playback devices as discussed by the authors. But neither of these technologies is suitable for multimedia applications.
Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention provides a media server. Another embodiment of the present invention provides a system for enabling protected media content to be shared between playback devices. Another embodiment of the present invention provides a method for enabling protected media content to be shared between playback devices. Another embodiment of the present invention provides a method for maintaining a desired distribution of acquired rights to use associated with media content. Another embodiment of the present invention provides a method for integrating a new component into a system for enabling protected media content to be shared between playback devices.

Patent
05 Jun 2000
TL;DR: A method and a system that combine capabilities for storing, authoring, and viewing various forms of digital media are described in this article, where an exemplary method includes accepting a cartridge having a slot for receiving a media card storing a plurality of media objects.
Abstract: A method and a system that combine capabilities for storing, authoring, and viewing various forms of digital media are described. In one embodiment, an exemplary method includes accepting a cartridge having a slot for receiving a media card storing a plurality of media objects, displaying the plurality of media objects in reduced visual representations displayed in a plurality of tracks, and navigating among the reduced visual representations.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Research has contributed to the resolutions of several recent legislative and policy decisions in areas including television violence and the V-chip, children's educational television programming, and privacy and marketing to children on the Web.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The author describes the technological, demographic, and market forces shaping this new digital media culture and the rich array of Web sites being created for children and teens and recommends actions to promote development of a quality media culture that would help children become good citizens as well as responsible consumers.
Abstract: A new "children's digital media culture" is swiftly moving into place on the Internet. In this article, the author describes the technological, demographic, and market forces shaping this new digital media culture and the rich array of Web sites being created for children and teens. Many nonprofit organizations, museums, educational institutions, and government agencies are playing a significant role in developing online content for children, offering them opportunities to explore the world, form communities with other children, and create their own works of art and literature. For the most part, however, the heavily promoted commercial sites, sponsored mainly by media conglomerates and toy companies, are overshadowing the educational sites. Because of the unique interactive features of the Internet, companies are able to integrate advertising and Web site content to promote "brand awareness" and "brand loyalty" among children, encouraging them to become consumers beginning at a very early age. The possibility that a child's exploration on the Internet might lead to inappropriate content, aggressive advertising, or even dangerous contact with strangers has given rise to a number of efforts to create "safe zones" for children--that is, places in cyberspace where children can be protected from both marketers and predators. Federal legislation now requires parental permission before commercial Web sites can collect personal information from children under age 13. Several companies offer filtering, blocking, and monitoring software to safeguard children from harmful content or predators. Generally lacking in debates concerning children's use of the Internet, however, is a more proactive definition of quality--one that would help ensure the creation and maintenance of Web sites that enhance children's learning and development and not merely keep them from harm. In the concluding section of this article, the author recommends actions to promote development of a quality media culture that would help children become good citizens as well as responsible consumers.

Patent
23 Mar 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, a style identifier is associated with each of a plurality of media clips stored in a database, based on a subjective evaluation of various characteristics of each media clip by an expert.
Abstract: A style identifier is associated with each of a plurality of media clips stored in a database, based on a subjective evaluation of various characteristics of each media clip by an expert. The style represented by the style identifier corresponds to an impression on the expert regarding various qualities of the media clip and is not constrained by the subject of the media clip. Media clips with which style identifiers are associated can be any form of digital media, such as clip art files, sound files, photographs, animation files, fonts, etc. Also associated with each media clip in the database is an absolute ranking value for each of a plurality of different attributes based on a subjective evaluation of each media clip by an expert. A user can search the database for media clips associated with a specific style identifier and can sort the media clips that were identified by a search, based upon the absolute ranking value for a selected attribute. In one application of this invention, the database is maintained at a web site accessible over the Internet, and users can browse or search the database based upon a selected category, a keyword, or a style. The results of browsing or searching the database can be selectively sorted in regard to a selected attribute. Thus, with this invention, a user can more readily identify an appropriate media clip that is suitable for an intended use.

Patent
14 Apr 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, a method and system for processing a modification to be applied to sections of digital media on a digital nonlinear editing system is provided, where a first segment of a media composition represents at least a section of a digital media source.
Abstract: A system and method permitting a modification to be specified for several segments sharing a common attribute. Such shared modification may be combined with other separately specified modifications made to a composition or part of a composition. A method and system for processing a modification to be applied to sections of digital media on a digital nonlinear editing system is provided, where a first segment of a media composition represents at least a section of a digital media source. An induction of a modification to be applied to the first segment is received, and a first attribute of the first segment is identified. A first indication of the image modification is stored such that the modification is applied to other segments on the system having the first attribute in common with the first segment.

Journal ArticleDOI
Jo Tacchi1
TL;DR: An argument for connecting old and new technologies in the authors' efforts to create a coherent field of radio studies is made, demonstrating not only that a global definition of the meanings and uses of ‘radio’ cannot be assigned, but also that new evolutions of “radiogenic” technologies should not be dismissed as being different from ‘Radio’ and therefore not a part of the remit of ’radio studies’.
Abstract: This article makes an argument for connecting old and new technologies in our efforts to create a coherent field that we might call 'radio studies'. The lack of academic work to date on radio - the 'secondary medium' (Lewis, this issue) - has left us with a void in media and cultural studies. Radio's pervasive nature in everyday lives is less apparent in precisely those settings (the developed world in particular) where it has become a part of the everyday fabric of life. Currently there is a revival of interest in radio studies, which coincides (perhaps not accidentally) with the growth of new digital media technologies. The 'Radiocracy' conference at Cardiff demonstrated not only the resurgence of interest in academic studies of radio, but also the many and innovative ways in which radio is used (and sometimes abused) globally. In each location the medium is used differently, demonstrating not only that a global definition of the meanings and uses of 'radio' cannot be assigned, but also that new evolutions of 'radiogenic' technologies should not be dismissed as being different from 'radio' and therefore not a part of the remit of 'radio studies'. Many net.radio initiatives seek to circumvent governmental restrictions on analogue radio broadcasting by incorporating and developing new 'radiogenic' technologies. Examples are given to illustrate the arguments in this article; a small-scale net.radio operation in London is contrasted with a large commercial net.radio company located in the USA, and a development initiative in India is also considered.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that embracing metaphors of play and games in the use of digital media in architectural education is an effective means of developing student confidence and abilities in spatial modelling, design composition, and form creation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The main goal of this paper is to analyse this area of interest in a systematic way, and works out attributes of digital contents that can be used to evaluate the given technologies.
Abstract: For the media industry the question arises, how these new technologies can be exploited. The traditional emphasis of the media business has been the creation, bundling and distribution of information and entertainment (see Schumann and Hess 2000,1). Recently, new content-oriented products have emerged by serving existing contents to new target devices, (re-)using devicespecific variants of existing contents or by creating original contents for exclusive usage on a determined target device. In the future, new services based on applications, communication or transactions become possible, which fundamentally amplify the scope of activities for the media industry. The main goal of this paper is to analyse this area of interest in a systematic way. Section 2 starts with a short overview of major technological trends (for details, see Rawolle and Hess 2000). Section 3 works out attributes of digital contents that can be used to evaluate the given technologies. Based on these findings, different combinations of target device and transport media are assessed. Additionally, section 4 provides a deeper discussion of two major upcoming concepts, eBooks and mobile commerce.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: 360-degree panoramic imagery is used as a means of representing geographic information in a visualization context and techniques are outlined for linking a number ofPanoramic images to a geographic base.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The review confirms that while digital libraries to date have been quite useful, there is need for further improvements in terms of user interfaces and information facilities and reveals that two different types of digital libraries are likely to emerge in future.
Abstract: Recent proliferation of research in digital libraries has given rise to a number of working digital libraries around the world. These digital libraries have been defined, designed and developed differently and therefore the experience that one might have from one particular digital library might not be the same with other digital libraries. Current status of 20 digital libraries around the world: twelve from the USA, three from the UK, two from Australia, one from New Zealand, one from Singapore and one from Canada, has been reviewed. Various features of these selected digital libraries were collected from their home pages, journal articles and the information published on the World Wide Web. The parameters used to study the chosen digital libraries include: contents, type of library, organisation, user interface, access, information retrieval, search features, output format and links to other Internet resources. While some of the chosen digital libraries cater for specific subject or document format, oth...

Patent
06 Dec 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, a family of removable digital media devices may be plugged into a host to enable the host to store data in it or to retrieve data from it and the form factors of the devices and the connector system used by them are compact for minimizing the volume of space occupied in portable devices and for easy storage.
Abstract: Each device of a family of removable digital media devices may be plugged into a host to permits the host to store data in it or to retrieve data from it. The form factors of the digital media devices and the connector system used by them are compact for minimizing the volume of space occupied in portable devices and for easy storage. Preferably, the digital media devices of the family use serial memory requiring few power and signal lines, so that few electrical contacts are required. For example, a small number of durable contact pads form the contact arrays on the digital media devices, which in conjunction with corresponding contact pads mounted into a suitable socket provide for easy and convenient insertion and removal and for robust and reliable electrical contact over a long insertion lifetime. The digital media devices interface to the host either directly or through adapters.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the so-called "new media" are assumed to break radically with the aesthetic and cultural traditions of their predecessors, and they often assume that digital media must break radically from the aesthetics and cultural tradition of the past.
Abstract: What is new about the so-called 'new media'? Enthusiasts often assume that digital media must break radically with the aesthetic and cultural traditions of their predecessors. However, new media an...

Patent
12 May 2000
TL;DR: In this article, a method for distribution, recognition and accountability for Intellectual and Copy written properties in digital media's by associating a Transaction Code Identifier or Designator and further bundled information which distinguishes digital files as Intellectual or Copy written Property, and therefore unique and bound to restrictions with regard to transfer, ownership, proliferation and electronic commerce.
Abstract: A method for distribution, recognition and accountability for Intellectual and Copy written Properties in digital media's by associating a Transaction Code Identifier or Designator and further bundled information which distinguishes digital files as Intellectual or Copy written Property, and therefore unique and bound to restrictions with regard to transfer, ownership, proliferation and electronic commerce. The employment of said transaction code identifier further promotes novel distribution scenarios for electronic commerce. Further delineated is the role of network providers and servers in promoting the interests of owners of Intellectual and Copy written Property in accordance with the present invention.