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Digital watermarking

About: Digital watermarking is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 26358 publications have been published within this topic receiving 390465 citations.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work describes how resampling introduces specific statistical correlations, and describes how these correlations can be automatically detected in any portion of an image, and expects this technique to be among the first of many tools that will be needed to expose digital forgeries.
Abstract: The unique stature of photographs as a definitive recording of events is being diminished due, in part, to the ease with which digital images can be manipulated and altered. Although good forgeries may leave no visual clues of having been tampered with, they may, nevertheless, alter the underlying statistics of an image. For example, we describe how resampling (e.g., scaling or rotating) introduces specific statistical correlations, and describe how these correlations can be automatically detected in any portion of an image. This technique works in the absence of any digital watermark or signature. We show the efficacy of this approach on uncompressed TIFF images, and JPEG and GIF images with minimal compression. We expect this technique to be among the first of many tools that will be needed to expose digital forgeries.

805 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors begin by discussing the need for watermarking and the requirements and go on to discuss digitalWatermarking techniques based on correlation and techniques that are notbased on correlation.
Abstract: The authors begin by discussing the need for watermarking and the requirements. They go on to discuss digital watermarking techniques based on correlation and techniques that are not based on correlation.

789 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper presents a reversible or lossless watermarking algorithm for images without using a location map in most cases that employs prediction errors to embed data into an image.
Abstract: This paper presents a reversible or lossless watermarking algorithm for images without using a location map in most cases. This algorithm employs prediction errors to embed data into an image. A sorting technique is used to record the prediction errors based on magnitude of its local variance. Using sorted prediction errors and, if needed, though rarely, a reduced size location map allows us to embed more data into the image with less distortion. The performance of the proposed reversible watermarking scheme is evaluated using different images and compared with four methods: those of Kamstra and Heijmans, Thodi and Rodriguez, and Lee et al. The results clearly indicate that the proposed scheme can embed more data with less distortion.

773 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work proposes a novel reversible data hiding scheme for encrypted image, where the additional data can be embedded into the image by modifying a small proportion of encrypted data.
Abstract: This work proposes a novel reversible data hiding scheme for encrypted image. After encrypting the entire data of an uncompressed image by a stream cipher, the additional data can be embedded into the image by modifying a small proportion of encrypted data. With an encrypted image containing additional data, one may firstly decrypt it using the encryption key, and the decrypted version is similar to the original image. According to the data-hiding key, with the aid of spatial correlation in natural image, the embedded data can be successfully extracted and the original image can be perfectly recovered.

768 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Analysis of a spread-spectrum-like discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain watermarking technique for copyright protection of still digital images is analyzed and analytical expressions for performance measures are derived and contrasted with experimental results.
Abstract: A spread-spectrum-like discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain watermarking technique for copyright protection of still digital images is analyzed. The DCT is applied in blocks of 8/spl times/8 pixels, as in the JPEG algorithm. The watermark can encode information to track illegal misuses. For flexibility purposes, the original image is not necessary during the ownership verification process, so it must be modeled by noise. Two tests are involved in the ownership verification stage: watermark decoding, in which the message carried by the watermark is extracted, and watermark detection, which decides whether a given image contains a watermark generated with a certain key. We apply generalized Gaussian distributions to statistically model the DCT coefficients of the original image and show how the resulting detector structures lead to considerable improvements in performance with respect to the correlation receiver, which has been widely considered in the literature and makes use of the Gaussian noise assumption. As a result of our work, analytical expressions for performance measures, such as the probability of errors in watermark decoding and the probabilities of false alarms and of detection in watermark detection, are derived and contrasted with experimental results.

747 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023546
20221,116
2021734
2020878
2019954
20181,056