Showing papers on "Dilemma published in 1971"

Collective action as an agreeable n‐prisoners' dilemma

Abstract: The problem of collective action to produce a group collective good is analyzed as the game of Individual vs. Collective and then as an n-person game to show that, under the constraints of Mancur Olson's analysis, it is an n-prisoners' dilemma in the cases of latent and intermediate groups. The usual analysis according to which noncooperation is considered the rational strategy for classical 2-prisoners' dilemma is logically similar to Olson's analysis, which suggests that rational members of a latent group should not contribute toward the purchase of the group collective good. However, in the game analysis it is clear that the latent and intermediate groups are not logically different, but rather are distinguishable only statistically. Some prisoners' dilemma experimental results are used to suggest how the difference might arise and how the vast prisoners' dilemma literature can be related to the problem of collective action. The game of collective action is then analyzed not from the view of strategies but of outcomes. There is presented a theorem which states that the outcome in which all player-members of a group pay and all benefit is a Condorcet choice from the set of realizable outcomes for the game. Hence the cooperative outcome in such a game would prevail in election against all other outcomes.

Sex role identification and behavior in a reiterated prisoner’s dilemma game

Abstract: Twenty-four male and 24 female Ss played 100 trials of a typical prisoner’s dilemma game (PDG) with a simulated partner. Half the Ss were told that the other player was of the same sex as themselves (Treatment 1), and the remainder were told that the other player was of the opposite sex (Treatment 2). Ss under Treatment 1 were more competitive than Ss under Treatment 2 for each sex, and, overall, males were more cooperative than females. It is suggested that the results may be interpreted in terms of achievement motivation and its relation to sex-role identification.

Strategies of "real" opponents in eliciting cooperative choice in a Prisoner's Dilemma game:

Abstract: Early work by Scodel et al (1959) and in our laboratory has revealed that, contrary to expectancy (Luce and Raiffa, 1957), iteration of a two-person, two-choice Prisoner's Dilemma game in which choice was simultaneous for both persons resulted in growing competition rather than ultimate cooperation That, iteration would produce a cooperative resolution, is logical and fitting, out of consideration both for maximum gain and for cordial social regard Rapoport and his followers (see Rapoport and Chammah, 1965) have since found that a prolonged iterative seriesmuch longer than that previously employed by other researchers-recapitulated the general growth of competition up to about 100 iterations, but thereafter, subject pairs tend to segregate into "hawks" (those who continued in mutual competition), "doves" (those who achieve fairly complete mutual cooperation), or "mugwumps" (those who move away from

Citizen Participation and the Administrative Agency in Urban Development: Some Problems and Proposals

Abstract: Citizen participation is examined as a problem of the administrative agency whose function it is to carry out urban development projects. A major dilemma is how to reconcile efficient program implementation with diverse local demands and democratic procedures. In response to this dilemma administrative agencies often adopt manipulative tactics by which the participation of neighborhood people and their impact on agency plans are minimized. Some organizational and policy factors examined result either in agencies' use of these tactics or in their avoidance of citizen participation activity.

Politics and Bureaucracy in Community-Controlled Economic Development

Abstract: A white businessman recently concluded a speech at a conference on ghetto development with the words, "Stay away from the government." He then described his experience in trying to start a minority-owned business with financing from the Small Business Administration. It was a story of delay, incompetence, and bureaucratic interference. The result was not a new business, but an increase in frustration and bitterness on the part of everyone concerned. At the end of the presentation, a black man rose from the audience and said that he had gone through similar experiences. "But," he asked, "where else do you get the money?" He then described his own efforts to get private financing for a ghetto business. There was not nearly the same red tape and infuriating bureaucracy as in the public sector, but in the end the answer was "No." The risks were simply too large and the private companies and banks would not ask their stockholders to invest in an enterprise whose major pay-off would be in social benefits. The dialogue reflects a basic dilemma for those who have been struggling with community-controlled economic development programs. Government support is essential, but the bureaucracy that accompanies such support often dooms a program to failure.

The Mechanics of Independence: Patterns of Political and Economic Transformation in Trinidad and Tobago

Abstract: If any doubt still remains, the story of Trinidad and Tobago will dispel the last illusion that money and technical assistance alone can launch a new nation into the world community. "The Mechanics of Independence" probes the interplay of political and social factors on national development both with commitment and detachment: The author, who has been Minister of External Affairs for this newly independent nation, is also a political scientist whose perceptions have been sharpened by the demands of his office. Thus, the story of one small, one-time British colony whose history as a nation roughly parallels the UN "Decade of Development" (independence came in 1962) is presented as a case study of the probable course of events in developing countries around the world now and in the years to come.As background for reforms and a new constitution, the author traces the political development of the colony under Spanish and British imperial rule, fixing the origin and evolution of the idea that led to the rise of nationalism. Valuable and practical information, supported by charts and statistics, emerges from his account of measures devised to cope with a legacy of economic problems--the tax structure, monetary policy, and international trade arrangements among them. But inevitably he moves on to the unanswered questions for new nations, which now occupy world attention, from that of their survival in a climate of conflicting international pressures to the kind of economic aid compatible with their objectives. The dilemma is internal as well as external, the author observes, questioning the possibility of "freedom" when economic opportunity requires the destruction of traditions separating the rich from the poor, questioning even the possibility of achieving that high degree of social justice viewed so optimistically just a decade ago.

On Hanging Loose and Loving: The Dilemma of Present Youth

Abstract: A polemic in which it is argued that the use of drugs among contemporary American youth is but one of many different behaviors and mystiques pervading their life. Thus, a fascination with the encounter, with ethnicity, with expressive politics, with nomadism, with sexuality, as well as with drugs, suggests that youth are engaged in a frustrating dialectic between freedom and commitment. The search for freedom is not political but rather a groping for sensate and affectual liberation. The dilemma posed by the inevitable constraints of commitment generates an awesome paradox which accounts for the anguish of the generation.

Psychology's Dilemma: To Explain or To Understand

Abstract: At one time behavioristic psychology depreciated the value of introspection and descriptive observation in an attempt to exorcise the ghosts of mentalism and introspectionism. The roots of this bias were traced to a Cartesian dualism of subject and object. Behavioristic research has typically concentrated on a specific kind of data requiring the controls of a detached third-person observer. Its findings have been far removed from the concrete "lived world" of the subject, notwithstanding the sophistication and utility of its experimental designs. The task of understanding the human world of everyday life has been precluded from investigation by an exclusive reliance on explanation for the purpose of facilitating prediction. A case has been made that such a position is neither philosophically tenable nor conducive to the growth of psychology as a science. The contention of contemporary philosophers and behavioral scientists is that psychology cannot proceed as an independent science of man without combining empirical induction with experiential descriptions. Psychologists cannot exclude the role of intentionality and remain consistently within the orbit of causality. A science of psychology as the study of behavior and experience is possible through a comprehensive approach with equitable sharing of methodologies. Two methods were presented: The method of Phenomenal Study, and the method of Individual Reflection. Experiences from the real world may be studied without the earlier pitfalls of "introspectionism," or the present outcries against a meaningfulness. An application of the two methods to the experience of "feeling understood," suggests a necessary and possible rapprochement between the methods of behaviorism and phenomenology.

Eating and Aging1

Abstract: The dilemma in considering the nutrition of the elderly involves what has probably been a life-long satisfactory way of eating on one hand and on the other, the inevitable physical and social changes of aging which change former good things to contraindicated status. Some of these contradictory “facts” of the matter should and can be reconciled, as the author explains.

The Dodo Didn't Make It: Survival and Betterment

Abstract: “There are only two things we know about the future. One is where and when eclipses will take place and the other is that a kitten will never grow up into a rhinoceros. Nevertheless, we have to worry about the future, simply because the greatest dilemma of mankind is that all knowledge is about the past and all decisions are about the future. I frankly despair of finding any single or simple rule of universal betterment.” The author is professor of economics in the Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder.

Medicine in Three Societies: A Comparison of Medical Care in the USSR, USA, and UK

Abstract: Medicine in Three Societies is an excellent account of the three major medical systems of the world. Dr. John Fry uses a multileveled compare-and-contrast approach to the USSR, USA, and UK. He eloquently describes a problem common to all three nations: "... no nation has so far resolved the modern doctors' dilemma of matching the ` wants ' of the consumers with the ` needs ' as defined by professional assessors and planners, with the ` resources ' that are available." Medical care of the '70s obviously extends into an entire spectrum of social welfare. Today's medicine occupies a privileged but troubled position because physical, mental, and social well-being have been labelled as a human and civil right. Despite massive advances of the techtronic era, health care delivery systems are still inadequate. Comparing three medical systems is a complex task, and yet the author collates the strongest and weakest points of each country's health services in a

Taste and Judgment in the Arts.

Abstract: Since Kant's Critique of Judgment philosophical aesthetics has been beset, and continues to be beset, by a dilemma resulting from the apparent antinomy between the purported objectivity of aesthetic judgment and the ultimacy of personal taste. Abandonment of either of these principles has seemed to be fraught with consequences which in their full rigor few have been prepared to regard as other than disastrous. And because of this a large part of the philosophizing done in aesthetics has been animated consciously or unconsciously by a hope to smooth over, circumvent, or obscure this conflict. First I will be a little more explicit about the reasons for the inveteracy of the two principles. The purporting objectivity of aesthetic judgments was asserted by Kant on phenomenological grounds which have been accepted by most subsequent philosophers. He contrasted aesthetic judgments with statements about gratification (the pleasantness of sensations) and judgments about the suitability of a thing for any function or its exemplification of a conceptual type. In this sense aesthetic judgments are not merely reports on the observed presence of "aesthetic" properties but carry an implicit affirmation of value which purports to be right or wrong. In the field of practice a tacit assumption that aesthetic judgments are objectively right or wrong underlies and bolsters all the social apparatus of art education, amelioration of public taste, selection of objects for public purchase and display in museums and galleries, and is the justification for criticism as it is practiced. For what is recognized in any