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Showing papers on "Dilemma published in 1972"


Book
01 Jun 1972

112 citations


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare the significance of research utilizing a Prisoner's Dilemma game with reference to variables intrinsic to the game paradigm, such as uncertainty about the meaning of the responses, the difficulty of assessing the motives behind particular strategies, the barriers against conveying or interpreting preferences or acceptable solutions, the lack of incentive for maximizing gains or perhaps even for taking the task seriously, and the absence of interaction with another human being all tend to make this a situation of possible irrelevance, certain ambiguity, and perhaps even incomprehensibility for the subject.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter reviews and compares the significance of research utilizing a Prisoner's Dilemma game with reference to variables intrinsic to the Prisoner's Dilemma paradigm. Uncertainty about the meaning of the responses, the difficulty of assessing the motives behind particular strategies, the barriers against conveying or interpreting preferences or acceptable solutions, the lack of incentive for maximizing gains or perhaps even for taking the task seriously, and the absence of interaction with another human being all tend to make this a situation of possible irrelevance, certain ambiguity, and perhaps even incomprehensibility for the subject. Not only do these variables generally make concepts like reciprocity irrelevant, they tend to draw into question what is actually being studied in the Prisoner's Dilemma game. It appears that research on the Prisoner's Dilemma game may have little transferability to a naturally occurring bargaining situation. This is not because it is too simple or too minimal a situation to be relevant to the complex situations that one might wish to comprehend. Rather, the Prisoner's Dilemma game is not really a simulation of even a very simple bargaining situation. The chapter highlights the historical perspectives of the Prisoner's Dilemma.

87 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 1972
TL;DR: An increase in the potential for conflict within groups can lead to strengthened group norms and cohesion if this conflict is of the sort described by the Prisoners' Dilemma.
Abstract: The Prisoners' Dilemma (PD) game is a prototype of two central concerns of sociology, the problem of order and the problem of collective action, which are both types of conflict between individual and collective goals. An index of dilemma, D, is developed to characterize situations with respect to the degree of conflict between individual and collective goals. It is hypothesized that group norms and group solidarity are mechanisms groups devise to increase cooperation in PD-like situations. In an experiment using a five-person PD game, it is shown that an increase in D leads to an increase in group friendliness and in attempts by group members to define the potential noncooperator as immoral and untrustworthy. Thus, an increase in the potential for conflict within groups can lead to strengthened group norms and cohesion if this conflict is of the sort described by the Prisoners' Dilemma. This is contrary to the prevalent conception that norms arise from an identity of interests between group members.

59 citations


Book
01 Jan 1972

58 citations


Journal ArticleDOI

51 citations



Book
01 Jan 1972

33 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The use of gain scores is discussed in terms of the "physicalism-subjectivism dilemma," concerning the fact that the relationship between gains in performance and gains in habit strength (learning) is not known causing meaningless interpretations about the amount of learning.
Abstract: The frequent use of gain or loss scores as measures of the amount of learning and forgetting in motor skills was discussed. Learning is redefined as a gain in habit strength (forgetting a loss), with habit being a hypothetical construct representing the internal state which is learning. The use of gain scores is discussed in terms of the "physicalism-subjectivism dilemma," concerning the fact that the relationship between gains in performance and gains in habit strength (learning) is not known causing meaningless interpretations about the amount of learning. The dilemma has great consequences in studies of individual differences in learning, but is important in experimental designs as well. Some possible solutions to the dilemma are discussed.

21 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The problem of non-reproducibility in the analysis of local subnational politics has been identified by as discussed by the authors, who argue that the problem of focus in the study of contemporary African politics cannot easily be resolved merely by shifting the research effort from the national to the subnational level.
Abstract: One of the main purposes of much recent work in subnational politics in Africa has teen to find levels and categories of action that are both meaningful and persistent. The study of politics at the local level may avoid some analytical difficulties associated with earlier macro-level studies (for a critique of earlier work, see Zolberg 1966), hut the problem of nonreproducibility begins where macro-analysis leaves off. One result of this dilemma is that few of the increasing number of local studies in African politics either build on previous research or relate theoretically to other work. While this random quality in the literature may be partially overcome as more local research is undertaken, for the moment one of the safest generalizations we can make about local politics in Africa is that there is great variety in social formation and political process in local political arenas. This suggests that the problem of focus in the study of contemporary African politics cannot easily be resolved merely by shifting the research effort from the national to the subnational level. Both macro- and micro-level studies present their own challenges of validity and interpretation. What both approaches have tended to share, however, is an almost exclusive orientation to politics as the influences on, and the processes of authoritative decision-making. In fact, this orientation largely characterizes political science as a discipline; it is not confined to the study of African politics. But it is equally as important for political scientists to develop categories to analyze the substantive performance of African political systems as it is for them to analyze how the systems operate. Such categories will certainly involve the notion of public policy, to which we now turn our attention.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In fact, the movement to save America's surviving wilderness is in decline at the very moment that enthusiasm for the environment has reached an all-time high as discussed by the authors, which is hard for some of us to face, and is harder yet to explain.
Abstract: PARADOXICALLY, the movement to save America's surviving wilderness1 is in decline at the very moment that enthusiasm for the environment has reached an all-time high. The truth in this paradox is hard for some of us to face, and is harder yet to explain. But it is time to try to solve the dilemma. Doing so involves taking a clear look at the pattern of what has happened during the last two and a half decades.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: A wide range of government measures for coping with what has been a major dilemma of western market economies in the post-World War II period have been developed out of growing disillusionment with the ability of aggregate demand management, through traditional fiscal-monetary policy, to provide acceptable performance in both areas simultaneously as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: THE TERM "INCOMES POLICY" refers to a wide range of government measures for coping with what has been a major dilemma of western market economies in the post-World War II period-the need to reconcile a politically acceptable minimal rate of unemployment with a politically acceptable minimal rate of inflation. These policies have developed out of growing disillusionment with the ability of aggregate demand management, through traditional fiscal-monetary policy, to provide acceptable performance in both areas simultaneously. The incomes policies used have ranged from limited attempts to improve the functioning of individual markets through relatively mild voluntary programs (such as the wage and price guidelines that were introduced in the early 1960s in the United States) to complete government control of all wages and prices, such as has been applied during wartime. European governments have generally been far more willing than has the United States to experiment with various kinds of incomes policies. But these experiments have had, at best, ambiguous results. Any general conclusion about their effectiveness is difficult because their objectives, the environment in which they were tried, and the formal arrangements have all varied widely.'





Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wilson and Thompson as mentioned in this paper discuss the difficulties which the historian of a 'racial' society has to face in attempting to transcend his particular ideological terms of reference; and thereby they touch upon the problem of assessing the complex nature of the relationships between historians, history, and society.
Abstract: an ideological determinant. In their introduction to this history, Professors Wilson and Thompson discuss the difficulties which the historian of a ’racial’ society has to face in attempting to transcend his particular ideological terms of reference; and thereby they touch upon the problem of assessing the complex nature of the relationships between historians, history, and society: ’In a rigidly stratified society, historical writing ... is










Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For instance, the authors describes the role of social workers in Latin America as "the pioneers of masses and work with individuals, families, and groups" and "the role of revolutifl:nury organizer".
Abstract: * This article is based on observations and experiences of the author during more than ten years of involvement in Latin America as United Nations Adviser and Social Affairs Officer, Organization of American States Consultant and Governments’ Adviser on social welfare and social work education, and on frequent and frank discussions and exchanges of ideas and experiences with Latin American colleagues. For general interpretation of Latin American trends, she has drawn from \"Social Change and Social Development Policy in Latin America (1970)\", a publication of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America. The article is reprinted from Les Cornets de l’Enfance/Assignment Children published by The U N. Children’s Fund, for whose consent we are very grateful. TODAY, social workers like .other Latin American professional, face pmnfui dilemm~crs and ch~aices that require clearer thinking than they have mustered thus far between the role of salaried profie~ssianal ~a~nd the role of revolutifl:n.ury organizer, befiween the &dquo;conscientizati.on&dquo; ~of masses and work with individuals, families and groups. The efite pioneers At its inception as a distinct area of activity in the mid-1920s, social work in Latin America

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: The Dilemma of Social Work Education: Restructuring the Curriculum as discussed by the authors, is a seminal work in the field of social work education, which proposes to restructure the curriculum.
Abstract: (1972). The Dilemma of Social Work Education: Restructuring the Curriculum. Journal of Education for Social Work: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 19-23.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the present and future supply and demand of water resources in order to determine whether water supply will set an upper limit on population growth and economic development in the arid Southwest.
Abstract: The arid Southwest is experiencing tremendous population growth and economic development. An examination of population and density statistics lends itself to the superficial conclusion that this area can sustain many times the development it has already undergone. This paper explores the present and future supply and demand of water resources in order to determine whether water supply will set an upper limit on this growth. The paper sets forth ,the current law governing water rights in relation to its effect on water consumption and growth patterns. It focuses on the prospects for maintaining consumption and the present growth rates by increasing the water supply, or, in the alternative, by altering the current water rights system to prevent the exhaustion of water resources, putting a brake on increasing consumption and restoring equilibrium between supply and demand.