Showing papers on "Dilemma published in 1975"

Protest or Work: Dilemmas of the Tourist Industry in American Chinatowns

Abstract: American Chinatowns faced a dilemma. To attract tourists, their major industry, they needed to promote a wholesome public image. Protests of sub-standard working conditions in Chinatown restaurants and garment factories contradicted that public image.

The Female Leadership Dilemma

Abstract: The major reason for the lack of attention given to female leadership is the fact that women have traditionally been relegated to relatively nonleadership areas in clerical, operative, nursing, teaching, and social service areas. Today, of course, women are playing an increasingly important role in leadership positions in both the public and private sector. A sampling of reasons for this new thrust include: • Increased incidence of women in the work force. • Increased emphasis given EEOC/affirmative action programs specifically related to the employment of women. • Improved education and training opportunities for women. • Changed/changing cultural values concerning the role of women in society. • Increased employment trends in the service-producing sector as opposed to the goods-producing sector. • Dispelled myths about women in the work force. • Increased activism on the part of female employees to attain job equality. Anyone or a combination of the factors mentioned above, plus many others, points to the need to know more about women as leaders.

Issues in Woman's Role in Economic Development: Critique and Alternatives.

Abstract: This paper explores issues and hypotheses concerned with women's work in developing economies. The relationships among agricultural labor, marketing, and trading activity rates in traditional and modernizing economies, as proposed by Boserup, are not supported by the data. Alternative hypotheses including additional variablescontrol of the product of women's labor, extent of work and leisure, domestic work, educational opportunities, and literacy as a prerequisite of modern sector jobsexplain the dilemma ofAAfrican women as well as the differential employment rates of women in modernizing economies. The problem of cross-cultural models of women's work, the economic contributions of women, and the effects of women's work on women's lives is discussed.

The Puerto Ricans : a documentary history

Abstract: This book covers five hundred years of history, providing a kaleidoscopic view of the island's past. This updated edition includes new contributions on the Vieques Controversy and the Political Status Dilemma.

The Dilemma of Parliamentary Opposition in Japan

Abstract: The Japanese parliamentary opposition is generally viewed in American journalistic and political science literature as irresponsible in its tactics, impractical in its proposals, and impotent in influencing governmental decisions. Pempel explains the bases of this characterization, then argues that it overemphasizes certain kinds of behavior while ignoring others and that it fails to note the real dilemma of the opposition parties, for whom both confrontation and compromise impose high political costs. The opposition emerges from his analysis as neither so irrational nor so uncooperative nor so impotent as they are usually portrayed, even in a system structured so that the opposition is largely excluded from the formal policy-making process.

The Tradition of Philosophical Anarchism and Future Directions in World Policy

Abstract: Introduction The human species has recently begun to reexamine the widespread belief that there exists an ever-increasing capacity to bend favorably the universe in its favor. This reexamination has been stimulated by the recognition that certain world problems individually or in synergistic combination may prove lethal. A number of scholars, students, and activists have applied the label 'world order'1 to a systemic and futureoriented method of inquiry into interrelationships among five of these problems: war and violence, poverty, injustice, ecological instability, and individual alienation. The investigator is asked to clarify values, describe the present world, project the likely future, posit alternative visions of the world system, and formulate a transitional strategy to a better world. In contrast to the conventional methodologies of international relations,2 the purpose of such an approach is to begin worldwide discussions of policy-recommendations that can mobilize large numbers of concerned persons to transform the global political system by the end of this century. The crucial step in any process that leads to purposive societal change is agreement upon the essential agenda for improving the quality of life. In effect, we are here speaking of a process of global value clarification. The discussion of values is important since norms determine what elements of the present and projected world system are to be evaluated, what kind of alternative institutions are to be initiated, and what type of action strategy is relevant. The research trend toward specifying values and working for a particular vision has been characterized, if somewhat prematurely, as the 'twilight of the value-free era.'3 Since values reflect cultural and class contexts, great effort must be made especially in a process devoted to reaching consensus at the global level not to exaggerate the values of a dominant culture.4 While the dominance of Western, industrialized values has been attacked by the poor, non-industrialized world, Western peace researchers should not be overly defensive about value insights that are particular to the West. One such alternative, and potentially fruitful, source of insight is the tradition of philosophical anarchism. Although not normally taken seriously by peace researchers, this school of Western progressive literature hlias concerns that overlap with those of world order in important ways. In fact, the dovetailing of these two approaches could provide an important response to what may be the crucial political question in the last quarter of this century: how can humankind take the drastic institutional steps necessary to maintain existence while simultaneously insuring an acceptable quality of life for individuals? While the counterculture of the late 1960's appears to be dying, the concern of many of its advocates with the dilemma involved in reconciling autonomy and authority has a strong anarchist tone and remains a strikingly pertinent issue for peace research.5 For the maintenance of life on this planet, many scholars and decision-makers argue that global authority and institutions are necessary and desirable. While several such global designs are ingenious and would be

The Effect of Westernization on Cooperative Behaviour in Central Africa

Abstract: The traditional ethos of Central African societies emphasises cooperation and sharing In a Prisoner's Dilemma game, traditional Tonga men and women in Zambia played more cooperatively than westernized Tonga people and Asian students The ir greater cooperativeness showed most clearly in their tendency to make a cooperative response even after their partner had defected, whereas other groups tended to meet defection with defection

Communalism, Industrial Policy and Income Distribution in Malaysia

Abstract: GORDON P. MEANS, in a thought-provoking article published in 1972, emphasized the difficulties faced by new states incorporating communal groups displaying disparities in income, skills, mental attitudes, productivity and behavior patterns.' Confronted with the dangers inherent in such communal differences, Means noted that leadership groups have two basic strategies available-to apply equal, universalistic achievement standards or to provide "special rights" to the disadvantaged communities. This is an all too familiar dilemma in the United States where, for example, colleges and universities are wrestling with the question of dual standards for minority admission. The development planner in Africa and Asia is particularly aware of this issue. In Nigeria differentiated cultural and educational patterns gave ethnic groups in the south particular advantages over the Hausa-Fulani of the northern region. In India it was considered necessary to meet the needs of the long disenfranchised "untouchables" while in East Africa efforts have been made to eliminate the Asian and Arab populations that long dominated the professional and commercial sectors.2 In Southeast Asia non-indigenous Asians and Europeans dominated the economies of almost every country during the 20th century. The role of the Indians in Burma and the Chinese throughout the region has been amply documented. For most countries the normal strategy employed by independent states has been to limit the economic power of the non-indigenous Asian by restricting his activities. Rather than providing "special rights" for the maj ority community, the Chinese or Indian minority member has met official prohibitions or restrictions as to the types of professions he might enter, been denied the right to own property or participate in certain business enterprises or been forced to

Alcohol in the USSR: A fiscal dilemma

Abstract: (1975). Alcohol in the USSR: A fiscal dilemma. Soviet Studies: Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 161-177.

Formal theories of international relations

Abstract: This article is an attempt to extract pervasive modes of thinking about nations and their foreign policies from three classical political theories and to examine to what extent it is possible to speak of “cognitive archetypes”. The study consists of two cases. The first is a treatment of The Peloponnesian War by Thucydides, in particular an analysis of the debate at Sparta as a rational choice model. The conclusion is that the assumptions underlying rational actor models and the argument as presented by Thucydides closely coincide. The second case is a comparison of the logical structure of the prisoner's dilemma and the state of nature as presented by Hobbes and Rousseau. It concludes that Rousseau presents a clearer exposition of the dilemma than Hobbes who by differentiating between the security of the individual in the state of nature and that of states in the international system finds the establishment of the Leviathan an adequate solution to the problem of order.

The Saxon Germans: Political fate of an ethnic identity

Abstract: The nature of the Saxon dilemma should now be clear. It should be stressed that this dilemma has not been brought about by official Romanian ideology and policy concerning minorities. Quite to the contrary, it is largely because of positive measures that recognize the integrity of the minorities that the Saxons, although now very small in number, continue to exist. It is the factor of continuing outmigration that throws the plan for peaceful “cohabitation” and mutual respect between Saxons and Romanians into question and acts as a check on full Saxon participation in Romanian society. Therefore, the envisioned stable, complementary coexistence of the different cultural traditions has not been achieved.

Social Work's Fields of Practice, Methods, and Models: The Choice to Act

Abstract: To take action in regard to the human condition, social workers need ways of conceptualizing reality and how to change it as well as values and community sanction by which to set priorities for change. Implicit in each professional act is a series of choices about who will have the right to participate in determining goals of service, what goals the practitioner will agree to attempt, and what means of intervention he thinks are most likely to achieve these goals. Traditional conceptualizations of practice in terms of fields, methods, and models may obscure in various ways the nature of professional responsibility for decision making. The generalist-specialist issue is a major dilemma for the field: how can a social worker look at possibilities for action broadly enough so that the dimensions of choice are clear, yet with focus sufficient for effective action to be taken?

The male dilemma

Abstract: Steinmann, Anne & J. Fox, David. The male dilemma. New York, Jason Aronson, ed. 1974. 315 p.

A Roundtable on Foreign Aid Weapon Exports and Aid to Developing Countries

Abstract: The goal of the rich countries should be to aid the poor countries to increase their standard of living but not to increase their holdings of weapons. It is shown that a basic dilemma arises. The s...