Showing papers on "Dilemma published in 1978"

Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma

Abstract: International anarchy and the resulting security dilemma (i.e., policies which increase one state's security tend to decrease that of others) make it difficult for states to realize their common interests. Two approaches are used to show when and why this dilemma operates less strongly and cooperation is more likely. First, the model of the Prisoner's Dilemma is used to demonstrate that cooperation is more likely when the costs of being exploited and the gains of exploiting others are low, when the gains from mutual cooperation and the costs of mutual noncooperation are high, and when each side expects the other to cooperate. Second, the security dilemma is ameliorated when the defense has the advantage over the offense and when defensive postures differ from offensive ones. These two variables, which can generate four possible security worlds, are influenced by geography and technology.

The productivity dilemma : roadblock to innovation in the automobile industry

Abstract: 1,4-Dihydropyridines bearing carboxy functions in the 3-, 5- and 6- or 2-, 3-, 5- and 6-positions and being substituted in the 4-position by phenyl, substituted phenyl, naphthyl, phenylalkyl or a heterocyclic group are antihypertensive agents and coronary vessel dilators. The compounds, of which 2-methyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5,6-tricarboxylic acid triethylester is a representative embodiment, are prepared through condensation of an enamine with an ylidene acid ester, the latter being separately prepared or prepared in situ.

“Public” Choice and Cooperation in n-Person Prisoner’s Dilemma

Abstract: Four-person groups played repeated trials of an n-Person Prisoner's Dilemma game under two information conditions. In one condition, each player's choice was made known to the others following each...

Fluoridation: The Great Dilemma

Abstract: MOST OF THE FOLLOWING reversible ill effects caused by fluoride were first recognized among aluminum workers in the 1930s by the Danish health officer Dr. Kaj Roholm. Not all the symptoms are necessarily present at the same time. Their severity and duration (often episodic) depend on a person's age, nutritional status, environment, kidney function, amount of fluoride ingested, genetic background, tendency to allergies, and other factors.

The doctors' dilemma.

Abstract: IN the preface to the Doctor's Dilemma, George Bernard Shaw says: Make up your mind how many doctors the community needs to keep it well. Do not register more or less than this number; and let registration constitute the doctor a civil servant with a dignified living wage paid out of public funds. Although this statement was made in 1911, it has a remarkably contemporary ring and could as easily be made in 1978 by a consumer advocate or by a government official. It also constitutes the major dilemma of American medicine today — that is, how to deploy the . . .

The commons dilemma

Abstract: Whenever a short-term or local need in the exploitation of a scarce natural resource must be pitted against its long-term use or the needs of the larger community, the commons dilemma arises. The study of commons dilemmas originated in agricultural economies but has importance in all resource management areas. Psychologists have recently found it to be a useful paradigm in the study of decision-making behavior. This paper reviews the commons dilemma as it has been used in three areas of psychological research: games theory, animal and human territorial behavior, and behavior reinforcement. In the first area, results show how communication within groups operates in cooperation/competition situations. In the second, the effects of social and political ideologies are examined. In the third, the implications of the commons dilemma with regard to breaking out of “social traps” are discussed. Throughout, the relevance of this basic psychological research to rational resource management is made clear. An extensive bibliography of relevant original research is provided.

The poorhouse : subsidized housing in Chicago, 1895-1976

Abstract: The first major study of subsidized housing in any American city, this history of the Chicago experience shows that decisions about the future of public housing to be made in the next few years will if not made in the context of past programs achievements and failures inevitably lead to more poorhouses for the indigent and elderly."" "" "" Chicago, city of big shoulders, of Frank Lloyd Wright and Louis Sullivan, seems an ideal environment for public housing because of the city s youth among major cities and well-deserved reputation for technology, innovation, and architecture. Yet, as this seminal new work shows, Chicago s experience on the whole has been a negative one, raising serious questions about the nature of subsidized housing about whether we should have it and, if so, in what form. Devereux Bowly, Jr., is uniquely qualified to write this perceptive account. For Bowly, a lawyer at a community law office in one of the poorest neighborhoods in Chicago, a native of the city, active in landmark preservation organizations, and interested in urban and architectural history, subsidized housing is an area where my poverty law practice, interest in the history of the city and architecture all came together. Bowly s detailed examination of subsidized housing, though specifically that of Chicago, no doubt will have implications for establishing new national policy. The achievements of Chicago, especially in architecture, slum clearance, and sound, safe, and sanitary housing for poor people, and the deeply disturbing corollary matters of unbearable costs, population losses, high and increasing default and foreclosure figures, and the large-scale abandonment of housing by owners the phenomenon of the late 1960s and the 1970s illuminate a national problem of staggering proportion and thus far unfathomable dilemma from which we must learn if only to survive, this unusually interesting book suggests."

Party and Federation in Germany: A Developmental Dilemma

Abstract: CONTEMPORARY WEST GERMAN FEDERALISM IS FACING A DILEMMA generated by the transformation of the party system after the second world war. Since the late nineteenth century highly complex political and administrative structures have developed in Germany and for most of the time federalism has been one of their important elements. Because of their complexity effective policy-making depended largely upon strategies of accommodation, bargaining and repartition of influence between rival groups and organizations. This has been the rationale of federalism as well as of multi-party coalition government.

Rawls on equal distribution of wealth

Abstract: As everyone knows by now, the substantive part of the theory of justice according to Rawls consists of two principles, the first of which says that people are entitled to maximal equal basic liberty, and the second of which says that social and economic inequalities are just only if they work out to the maximum benefit of the worst-off class (provided that equality of opportunity is observed). Further, the two principles are, at any rate in "circumstances favourable to justice", to be lexically ordered: liberties may be restricted only in the interests of furthering total liberty, and not in the interests of fulfilling the second principle. The point of this note is to bring out what appears to be a special problem about the operation of the second principle. In brief, the problem is that, especially when taken together with the supporting arguments Rawls actually gives for it, the net effect of the theory should be either that the second principle has no bite at all, or else that it bites so hard and so thoroughly that nothing but sheer economic equality would pass muster in a just society. The two parts of the paper will develop these two horns of this dilemma.

Faculty Rewards for University Outreach: An Integrative Approach

Abstract: Administrators of university continuing education and public service programs grapple with a persistent and fundamental problem. While depending upon the faculty's active involvement for program strength and vitality, they confront a faculty reward system that provides little incentive for that involvement. The consequences of this dilemma are well known. At most universities, relatively few faculty members show more than a passing interest in outreach involvement. Those who do become involved generally receive little recognition for their efforts during salary, promotion, and tenure consideration.

Black Mayors As Urban Managers

Abstract: Black mayors face problems that are fundamentally different from those faced by white mayors because they must contend with constraints on their capacity for leadership not common to big city mayors generally. The heart of their dilemma is that they are, on the one hand, pressured by expectations of high performance, but on the other, handicapped in their ability to live up to these expectations by social, economic, and political factors that rob them of the resources and power they need to be successful in their roles. This paper examines the implications of this dilemma for effective black mayoral leadership. Suggestions are made for steps that might be taken to strengthen the leadership role of black mayors.

An exploratory study in school assessment: The relationship between achievement and attitude scales

Abstract: Increased emphasis on school based curriculum development and assessment, with stress placed on attitudinal aims, together with the policy of the N.S.W. Schools Board that attitudes should be included in school assessment programmes, has created a major dilemma for N.S.W. science teachers. The results of this study indicate that such a dilemma can be a very real one, particularly for young teachers just out of training.

The dilemma of counselling psychology

Abstract: (1978). The dilemma of counselling psychology. Australian Psychologist: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 33-40.

Participation and Policy

Abstract: What is it for a policy of a community to be morally acceptable? Democratic theory is usually taken to hold that acceptable policies must reflect and respond to the interests of members of the community. But, still, not every policy reflecting and responding to the members' interests is morally acceptable. Sometimes a policy is merely a bargain or compromise; it may be acceptable to those who are parties to it and affected by it but nevertheless be without moral credentials. The policy may, after all, reflect or respond to wants or to perceived interests, but not thereby reflect or respond to needs or real interests. This distinction between perceived and real interests is, I think, a commonplace. Let us suppose that it has some point. But then there is an apparent dilemma facing proponents of political democracy. For: On the one side, democratic decision procedures (such as plurality voting and coalition politics) are designed to take in and articulate wants, and these (ideally) are then serviced by the laws, agencies, and other governmental instruments of the democratic society. On this account, political democracy is responsive to perceived interests. But if the commonplace distinction just indicated

The Dilemma of Educational Expansion in Developing Countries: a case study of Nigeria

Abstract: Abstarct This article focuses on the major problems arising from the launching of the Universal Primary Education #opUPE#cp scheme in Nigeria. It sketches through the background to the present trends and sees the programme as a leap‐frog to a stage that would naturally come subsequently in the course of educational development. Because such a move, though commendable in certain respects, can nevertheless have adverse repercussions both on the quality of education and on socio‐economic development in general, the author advises caution on the part of developing countries if they are to realise those worthwhile objectives for which they make their usually strenuous efforts to combat ignorance and illiteracy. Much is seen to be dependent on the availability of qualified teachers and basic infra‐structural facilities for effective teaching.

Reward Systems and Emergent Missions: Higher Education's Dilemma.

Abstract: economy generally. Competition. Competitive agencies have emerged to train personnel for and to engage in instruction, research, devel opment, and dissemination. Schools of education have lost influence. Changes in governance. State agencies have gained authority in educa tion; professional schools have lost in fluence. The teaching profession has achieved greater involvement in certifi cation and accreditation.

Writing the History of Australian Women

Abstract: One of the key issues facing students of women's history and politics is the nature of the relationship between sex, class and status in under standing the position of women in contemporary society. Approaches adopted by researchers to the problem include: the analysis of 'women's work' or domestic labour and its role in specifying male-female relation ships; and the study of the origins and nature of sex-segregation in the workforce, in an attempt to understand the nature of the labour process and the foundations of divisions within the working class.2 The sex-class dilemma is also confronting women's movements' strategists in western capitalist societies. Consequently, it has become fashionable to reject, as a guide to theory and practice, the notion of 'sisterhood', the rallying cry of the early second wave feminists, and demand that it be replaced with an holistic analysis of women's oppression.3 This rejection reflects the belief that feminism has reached a cross-roads.

Medicine on the Brink: The Dilemma of a Learned Profession

Abstract: Fifty years ago when I first visited this country, medicine was at its best deeply respected as a learned profession. The great doctors were learned and the less great would have Uked to be and respected those who were. Professional standards were high; service to the sick and integrity were the watchwords. Professional bodies sought to maintain and enhance standards and discourage those who erred or who sought to err. Now medicine seems to be in dangerofceasing to value or respect learning. What would have been regarded as unprofessional behaviour is not only tolerated but encouraged by the larger organisations of both senior andjunior doctors. This is what I mean by medicine on the brink. In my more realistic and more pessimistic moods, I suspect diat we are no longer pausing at the riverbank but that we have already crossed. Yet medicine increasingly attracts the best of our young. If they can detach themselves from the myopic selfishness of their predecessors and resist the stupidity of some of their leaders and some bureaucrats and politicians, I am sure there is still hope. The tide of battle may have set against the ideaUsts, but it is not yet finally lost. What I hope to do here is to draw attention to the issues, their importance for the future of excellence in

The formation of the Communist Party of India, 1927-1937 : the dilemma of the Indian left

Abstract: The thesis takes as its starting point the historical failure of Indian communism to create a viable, popular alter­ native to the country's dominant political culture. It argues that the 'Stalinisation' or, as I have termed it, 'bolshevisation'of Indian communism has been central to this failure. Bolshevisation'has undermined the autonomy of Indian communism and has thus prevented the movement from maintaining two relationships critical for political success with its national environment and its own history. But not all communist parties suffered this fate. Why, then, was the Communist Party of India bolshevised'? The thesis is devoted to answering this question; for it was during the formation of the Communist Party of India (CPI), between the mid-1920s and the mid-1930s, that it was first ' bolshevised’. The 'bolshevisation' phenomenon is an interesting one. Not only was it a central cause of the CPI's failure to create a political alternative, but it also performed a necessary integrative function for the Party a necessity largely arising, in turn, from its inability to maintain a stable mass base. This inability was largely a consequence of a. number of specific features of the colonial Indian environment.•The negative environmental features operating in Calcutta and Bombay were quite different: in the former the problem was largely one arising from the intensive 'colonialisation' of eastern India; in Bombay it was a problem of what I have called 'political space' for revolutionary mass politics. Thus we are investigating a phenomenon that was, simultaneously, a cause,cure and symptom of the failure of Indian communism. This investigation