Showing papers on "Dilemma published in 1979"

Psychology and the human dilemma

Abstract: Whether reflecting on war, psychology, or the ideas of existentialist thinkers such as Sartre and Kierkegaard, Dr May everywhere enlarges our outlook on how people can develop creatively within the human predicament

Efficacy, Trust, and Political Behavior An Attempt to Resolve a Lingering Conceptual Dilemma

Abstract: Political efficacy and political trust are concepts which have become central to the study of political behavior, yet different studies continue to conceptualize and operationalize these variables in different ways. This study builds upon previous research in an attempt to clarify our understanding of the dimensions of political efficacy and their relationship to political trust. Evidence from three independent samples suggests that "input efficacy" and "output efficacy" are distinct attitudinal dimensions, that each is related in different ways to political trust, and that each may help us to better understand the psychological bases of political action.

The Delinquent Way of Life

Abstract: clinician avoid the unavoidable stress and conflict engendered by the many compelling ethical dilemmas in the areas of child abuse and neglect, in outdated bureaucracies, in the care of the severely handicapped child? In 15 chapters the book performs a tour de force, covering most of the pressing issues in the field. There are vignettes of actual cases and, at the end of each chapter, lists of questions suitable for hours of discussion along with abundant references. There are a number of outstanding contributions which cover the ethics of behavior control , the dilemma of standardized tests, the rights and rites of professionalism, opportunities, and responsibilities. As the American Academy of Child Psychiatry is presently in the process of formulating its own code of ethics, teachers and clinicians will welcome this volume and use it frequently and gratefully.

Prisoners' dilemma is a newcomb problem

Abstract: Several authors have observed that Prisoners' Dilemma and Newcomb's Problem are related-for instance, in that both involve controversial appeals to dominance., But to call them "related" is an understatement. Considered as puzzles about rationality, or disagreements between two conceptions thereof, they are one and the same problem. Prisoners' Dilemma is a Newcomb Problem-or rather, two Newcomb Problems side by side, one per prisoner. Only the inessential trappings are different. Let us make them the same. You and I, the "prisoners," are separated. Each is offered the choice: to rat or not to rat. (The action of "ratting" is so called because I consider it to be rational-but that is controversial.) Ratting is done as follows: one reaches out and takes a transparent box, which is seen to contain a thousand dollars. A prisoner who rats gets to keep the thousand. (Maybe ratting is construed as an act of confessing and accusing one's partner, much as taking the Queen's shilling was once construed as an act of enlisting-but that is irrelevant to the decision problem.) If either prisoner declines to rat, he is not at all rewarded; but his partner is presented with a million dollars, nicely packed in an opaque box. (Maybe each faces a long sentence and a short sentence

Either We're Too Early and They Can't Learn It or We're Too Late and They Know It Already: The Dilemma of Applying Piaget

Abstract: This essay is a response to the history of American reactions to Piaget's work—skepticism about his findings, followed by a desire to accelerate development. Influenced by the mass of psychological research devoted to these issues, educators have adopted them as their concerns as well. Eleanor Duckworth sketches this history, reviews recent Genevan learning research, and in so doing, suggests that the dilemma is both false and beside the point. She turns to a consideration of issues of greater educational concern, bringing Piaget's work to bear on them.

Prisoners' Dilemma and Professional Sports Drafts

Abstract: (1979). Prisoners' Dilemma and Professional Sports Drafts. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 86, No. 2, pp. 80-88.

Development from adolescence to adulthood: The philosopher and the dilemma of the fact

Abstract: When late adolescents encounter the limits of formal logic, they must find a new basis for judgment and choice.

Relocation and the corporate family: unexplored issues

Abstract: Maxine G ay lord, BA, is an MSW student, Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University at Tarrytown, Tarrytown, New York. People in the United States have most mobile of all Americans and always placed a high value on social compares corporate executives who as well as geographic mobility. Acmove from city to city to life-size cording to the U.S. Census Bureau, pawns on a chessboard. Although he approximately 40 million Americans refers to these executives as the "new —1 out of 5—moved every year durnomads," they have also been called ing the early 1970s.1 More than half "corporate gypsies," and these terms these individuals, or an estimated 22 reflect an increasing focus on their million, made moves that were job reproblems.3 "Future shock" is the lated. Until the last decade, it was phrase Toffler uses to refer to the generally believed that most Amerishattering stress and disorientation that cans adapted to the geographic moves is experienced by individuals when of contemporary life with relative ease they are subjected to too much change and little anxiety. In reality, however, —such as too many geographic moves a substantial number of individuals —in too short a time. Packard's gen experience intense suffering when they eral thesis is that although some argu move, even though many people move ments can always be advanced in favor each year and experience few, if any, of moving, the modern trend toward problems. The 1970s have brought the mobility is malignant, and far too realization to many that the stressful much uprooting is taking place in the effects of geographic mobility have United States today, been underestimated and that a psyOther factors have significantly af tchosocial problem exists requiring hufected the willingness of corporate mane and intelligent attention. employees to relocate at their com Although not primarily concerned pany's behest. In the last five years with social issues, psychoanalytic litmany articles have substantiated a erature has always dealt with the consmall but growing trend in the reluc sequences of separation and object tance of employees and their families loss. Until the last decade, however, to pull up roots and move.4 The "man surprisingly little in the literature in the gray flannel suit" loyalties ap dealt with geographic moves and their parently do not always hold true any potential detrimental effects on the more. Part of the impetus for this individual or family. Also noteworthy change has come from the youth is the fact that until approximately movement of the late 1960s, with its five years ago sociological and psyaccent on personal values, self-fulfill chiatric studies focused mainly on the ing life-styles, and questioning of the effects of uprooting on immigrants and "establishment's" way of doing things, on geographic moves made by workThese attitudes appear to have affected ing-class and lower-class subjects. It is various corporate elders as well as toward this gap in the research that other segments of the population, the present article is directed, and it The women's movement has also in will explore the impact of geographic fluenced family attitudes toward job moves on middle-class and upperrelated transfers, even in families middle-class corporate employees and where women do not actively support their families. the movement itself. As they become more conscious of the importance for BACKGROUND them personally of exercising their own choices regarding their destiny, Several factors have recently helped women are beginning to realize they increase the public's awareness of the do not have to move every time their potential detrimental effects of geohusbands suggest. Popular literature graphic mobility on corporate emhas helped some women by bringing ployees and their families. Specifically, into focus the existential dilemma of Packard's A Nation of Strangers and the corporate wife who previously as Toffler's Future Shock, which both desented dutifully and with little com scribe the trauma of moving, must be plaint to geographic moves initiated by given some credit.2 Toffler describes her husband.5 people in professional positions as the In addition, with women constitu

Why the Professor Can't Teach: Mathematics and the Dilemma of University Education

Abstract: (1979). Why the Professor Can't Teach: Mathematics and the Dilemma of University Education. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 50, No. 6, pp. 791-794.

Implementing Federal Programs at the Local Level

Abstract: The major urban policies enacted by Congress in recent years, and those currently under consideration, define problems such as community development, private sector jobs loss, and physical deterioration as national in scope. A central issue confronting policymakers in the design of these programs, thus, is how to make a concerted nationwide attack on urban needs that are endemic to all metropolitan areas and still account for diverse local conditions. The resolution of this dilemma is central to program implementation. However, little is known about how national policy is applied at the local level or how intergovernmental political processes affect this application. Political scientists are not of much assistance in offering conceptually precise insights into policy implementation processes, or the influence of these processes on national program saliency in local areas.' We have, nonetheless, worked around the edges of this issue. For example, a number of studies have described the political, socioeconomic, and administrative setting of American federalism.2 In academic publications, government reports, and popular media,

Systematic Dilemma Counseling: Theory, Method, Research

Abstract: Dilemma counseling, with theoretical base in cognitive structure research and with systematic method of dilemma formulation, extrication route, creative inquiry, and solution generation, is intended for ubiquitous and highly troubling avoidance-avoidance conflict cases (psychological dilemmas). In an exploratory experiment, 120 undergraduates with highly troubling psychological dilemmas were randomized among three conditions: dilemma counseling, eclectic counseling, control. Individual counseling occurred in a single intensive 2-hr. session. Dependent measures of quality of solution were taken at termination of counseling and measures of outcome a week later. Dilemma counseling, compared with eclectic counseling, produced significantly greater reduction in problem troublesomeness and each treatment produced significantly more improvement than the control condition. Dilemma counseling achieved significantly better solutions and more solutions than eclectic counseling. There was significant rank concordance...

Models of Teaching: A Solution to the Teaching Style/Learning Style Dilemma.

Abstract: Every spring, countless elementary school teachers and principals face the task of making student assignments for the following year. Some principals avoid the problem by moving whole classes, and others have only one or two teachers per grade and therefore limited choice in pupil assignments. Most elementary school principals and their staff members find themselves attempt ing to \"match\" (or optimally mismatch 1 ) at least some students with some teachers. Frequently the matching is based on the recommendation of a child's present teacher and the intuition of the principal. In several elemen tary schools in Greenwich, Connecticut, parents' opinions are also solicited. But just how do teach ers, parents, and administrators determine which teacher's style will be most appropriate for which child? How is each child's learning style meas ured? A group of teachers from the Parkway School in Greenwich, who were dissatisfied with their own methods of grouping children and who were interested in learning more about the possi bilities of matching teaching and learning styles, formed a committee in the fall of 1977 to study styles of learning and teaching. Their goal was to

Teacher Participation in Curriculum Decision Making: An Organizational Dilemma

Abstract: A disconcerting impasse has been developing with respect to the participation of teachers in curriculum decision making. On the one hand, increased participation has been promoted by teacher's professional associations, accepted in principle by provincial and state departments of education, supported by a considerable body of literature from organization theory, and tested in local curriculum projects. But at the same time, recent studies clearly indicate that increased participation in curriculum decision making holds little or no attraction for classroom teachers. Why should this be so? It is easy to place responsibility on teachers themselves; that is, to assume that they are somehow derelict in their professional duties. However, teachers' views of their professional duties are shaped by the organizations in which they are employed. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to explore the school district context for curriculum decision making and identify the constraints that the organizational setting places on teacher participation. In order for the reader to follow the discussion, it is necessary to explain the way in which the term curriculum is used in this article. Beauchamp (1975) defines curriculum as "a written plan depicting the scope and arrangement of the projected educational program for a school" (p. 196). However, as Joyce (1969) suggests, "To develop the whole school program in one large piece is an overwhelming task. To make it manageable, curriculum areas or focuses are frequently selected" (p. 138). Curriculum decision making, then, includes the establishment of goals for the entire educational program, the selection of subjects through which the goals can be achieved, and the identification of intended learning outcomes and, possibly, content that comprise the unique contribution of each subject. It also encompasses dissemination of the curriculum, planning for implementation of the curriculum, and evaluation of both the curriculum itself and the processes that produced it.

A Parental Dilemma: The Child with a Marginal Handicap

Abstract: Social workers helping the parents of marginally handicapped children must be aware of the ambiguous nature of the handicap and the resulting difficulties. Successful intervention includes leading the parents through the mourning process to help them accept and deal effectively with the child's problem.

The modern dilemma

Abstract: Success, no matter how defined, generally relieves us of some old worries but is often accompanied by new worries. So it is with modern civilization which is a magnificent monument to the success of those who preceded us. I have in mind especially those whose achievements have so greatly reduced incidence rates and death rates from infections and parasitic diseases, malnutrition and infant mortality-and those whose achievements have so greatly raised the standards of living of the average citizen, provided him with manifold luxuries, and made possible the shift from sunrise to sunset labor six days or more per week to the eight hour work-day, five days per week. Few of us would willingly give up any of these benefits. But a price is being paid in more than one coin, for example: the problems of unemployment and overcrowding in city slums; how to care humanely for the aged who in past times would have lived a t home with their children and grandchildren; and worries concerning the adverse health effects of some of the products and waste products of an industrial society, the price of which concerns us here. The modern dilemma of which we speak is how to retain present benefits and obtain still greater benefits while at the same time reducing the social costs in so far as it is possible to do so. Attention at this conference will be focused on the control of environmental health hazards. But the subject of benefits cannot be altogether avoided. From the standpoint of mortality, the problem is simple-though a decision may be difficult-in those instances where the entire price is paid by the same person who expects to reap virtually all of the benefits. For example, when sulfa drugs and antibotics were first introduced, these therapeutic agents were highly effective in the treatment of several often fatal diseases. Unfortunately, some of these agents were also very toxic. The patients to whom they were administered received the benefit of probable cure but also took the risk of possible injury or even death from the toxic effects. It was usually the doctor who had to make the difficult decision (especially as to dosage) for which he later might be thanked or cursed. The moral issue is far more complex in instances where the benefits go mainly to one group of people while the price (in terms of risk to health) is paid by another group. For example: a part of the price paid for most major bridges and tunnels has been the death (by accident, the bends or silicosis) of one or more of the construction workers. Those who died paid the highest possible price. All of the workers took a risk. The benefit (improved transportation) is reaped by the general public. How does one weigh the value of one or several human lives against a benefit of this sort? A similar problem is encountered in some manufacturing processes where the workers are exposed to agents which are (or are said to be) hazardous to their health. They take the risks; the public obtains benefits; the manufacturer makes a profit; and, of course, the workers have gainful employment. It is small wonder that in such instances the various groups concerned (and their advocates) often express different opinions on the facts of the case. They may deny the existence of a risk, underestimate

Role of the Reading Specialist: A Multifaceted Dilemma.

Abstract: ALTHOUGH there seems to be little argument about the need for reading specialists in schools today (Harsh 1971), there is also little empirical evidence as to their best role or the functions they must be able to perform in order to have a positive effect on the reading abilities of children. The functions of the specialist might be viewed on a continuum: at one end, the role demands total involvement with children, and at the other extreme, the only responsibility is that of working with teachers. The "remedial" reading teacher generally has little opportunity to interact with teachers; rather, he or she spends almost the entire day instructing students with reading problems. The "reading specialist" who func tions as a resource person may never work with children. This reading specialist spends much of his/her time on staff development, informal and formal. Between these extremes, one may find many different arrangements, with specialists assuming a resource role as well as an instructional one. Many factors contribute to the dif fering role emphasis: the type of program, the expectations of a spe cific institution or agency, as well as the qualifications and values of the individual assuming the role. Much more information is needed as to the value of the various roles

Morality: Religious and Secular: The Dilemma of the Traditional Conscience

Abstract: This book analyzes the moral confusion of contemporary society, relating rival conceptions of morality with a wide variety of views about the nature and predicament of man. Mitchell argues that many secular thinkers possess a traditional "Christian" conscience which they find hard to defend in terms of an entirely secular world-view, but which is more in line with a Christian understanding of man.

A Note on Collective Action, Marxism, and the Prisoner’s Dilemma

Abstract: (1979). A Note on Collective Action, Marxism, and the Prisoner’s Dilemma. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 751-761.

The Guam Dilemma: The Need for a Pacific Island Education Perspective

Abstract: (1979). The Guam Dilemma: The Need for a Pacific Island Education Perspective. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 77-90.

Women Who Were More Than Men: Sex and Status in Freedmen's Teaching

Abstract: HISTORIANS of nineteenth-century common school reform have noted that the feminization of teaching meant expanded professional opportunities for women, but within a limited social and economic context. Schoolmen like Horace Mann seized on the rhetoric of popularizers of sentimental womanhood and declared that teachers should consider themselves mothers away-from-home. Writers and reformers alike emphasized women's nurturing qualities-gentleness, patience, and kindness with young children - and glorified the function of female "moral influence" in the purification of home and nation. But despite this inflated rhetoric, women teachers received less pay than their male counterparts, and they were denied positions of administrative authority in local and state school systems. Based on both "morality" and financial "efficiency," the argument for female teachers was a powerful one; by the late Nineteenth Century (earlier in New England), women dominated the common school teaching force. (1) How did these teachers maintain a belief in the intrinsic importance of their work and yet accept their inferior status within educational bureaucracies? Did they deal with the situation philosophically (reformers urged them to eschew "selfishness") or did they show signs of resistance and protest? If, as one historian has suggested, "the pattern of defeat within victory which characterized the feminine takeover of America's schools symbolized women's more general position within their culture," then these questions have a larger social significance. For as midnineteenth century teachers sought to accomodate themselves to malecontrolled school systems, they revealed a basic dilemma faced by middleclass women everywhere who took seriously the rhetorical ideal of female

The Discipline Dilemma.

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