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Showing papers on "Dilemma published in 1992"


Book
18 Jan 1992
TL;DR: The Prisoner's Dilemma as mentioned in this paper is a game where two or more players may betray the common good for individual gain, and it is a disturbing and mind-bending game.
Abstract: From the Publisher: Should you watch public television without pledging?...Exceed the posted speed limit?...Hop a subway turnstile without paying? These questions illustrate the so-called "prisoner's dilemma," a social puzzle that we all face every day. Though the answers may seem simple, their profound implications make the prisoner's dilemma one of the great unifying concepts of science, an idea that has influenced leaders across the political spectrum and informed our views of conflicts ranging from the Cuban missile crisis to the Persian Gulf War. Watching players bluff in a poker game inspired John von Neumann--father of the modern computer and one of the sharpest minds of the century--to construct game theory, a mathematical study of conflict and deception. Game theory was readily embraced at the RAND Corporation, the archetypical think tank charged with formulating military strategy for the atomic age, and in 1950 two RAND scientists made a momentous discovery. Called the "prisoner's dilemma," it is a disturbing and mind-bending game where two or more people may betray the common good for individual gain. Introduced shortly after the Soviet Union acquired the atomic bomb, the prisoner's dilemma quickly became a popular allegory of the nuclear arms race. Intellectuals such as von Neumann and Bertrand Russell joined military and political leaders in rallying to the "preventive war" movement, which advocated a nuclear first strike against the Soviet Union. Though the Truman administration rejected preventive war the United States entered into an arms race with the Soviets and game theory developed into a controversial tool of public policy--alternately accused of justifying arms races and touted as the only hope of preventing them. A masterful work of science writing, Prisoner's Dilemma weaves together a biography of the brilliant and tragic von Neumann, a history of pivotal phases of the cold war, and an investigation of game theory's far-reaching influence on public policy t

226 citations


Book
22 Oct 1992
TL;DR: In this paper, women in the administrative state faced the dilemma of "Look Like a Lady, Act Like a Man": The Dilemma of Leadership and "On Tap But Not on Top": Women in the Administrative State.
Abstract: Preface Chapter 1 Gender and Public Administration Chapter 2 "On Tap But Not on Top": Women in the Administrative State Chapter 3 "Sharpening a Knife Cleverly": The Dilemma of Expertise Chapter 4 "Look Like a Lady, Act Like a Man": The Dilemma of Leadership Chapter 5 The Hero Factory: The Dilemma of Virtue Chapter 6 From the Ground(s) Up: Women Reformers and the Rise of the Administrative State Chapter 7 Paths Toward Change References Index About the Author

207 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In an increasingly global environment, managers face a dilemma when selecting and applying moral values to decisions in cross-cultural settings as discussed by the authors, while moral values may be similar across cultures (either in different countries or among people within a single country), their application or ethics to specific situations may vary.
Abstract: In an increasingly global environment, managers face a dilemma when selecting and applying moral values to decisions in cross-cultural settings. While moral values may be similar across cultures (either in different countries or among people within a single country), their application (or ethics) to specific situations may vary. Ethics is the systematic application of moral principles to concrete problems.

183 citations


Book
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: In this paper, the Moral Order of Intensive Care and its application in the medical profession are discussed. But the focus is on the treatment of patients and not on the patients' families.
Abstract: Acknowledgments 1: Medical Ethics and the Medical Profession 2: Intensive Care Pt. 1: The Moral Order of Intensive Care 3: The Patient 4: Doctors: The Banality of Heroism 5: The Nurse's Dilemma 6: Patienthood and the Culture of Rights 7: Patients and Families Pt. 2: Medical Ethics: Triage and the Limitation of Treatment 8: "Penguins in the Basement" 9: Uncertainty, the Social Organization of Medicine, and Limitation of Treatment 10: Withholding, Withdrawing, and the "Terminal" Patient 11: Ethics, Families, and Technical Reason 12: The "Do Not Resuscitate" Order as Ritual 13: "A Legal Thing" 14: The Last Bed 15: Medicine's Two Cultures Appendix: On Method General Index Index of Doctors, Nurses, Patients, and Families of Patients

177 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: To distinguish among mechanisms of cooperation in nature, future theoretical work on the evolution of cooperation must distance itself from economics and develop games as a refinement of ethology's comparative approach.
Abstract: The iterated prisoner's dilemma game, or IPD, has now established itself as the orthodox paradigm for theoretical investigations of the evolution of cooperation; but its scope is restricted to reciprocity, which is only one of three categories of cooperation among unrelated individuals. Even within that category, a cooperative encounter has in general three phases, and the IPD has nothing to say about two of them. To distinguish among mechanisms of cooperation in nature, future theoretical work on the evolution of cooperation must distance itself from economics and develop games as a refinement of ethology's comparative approach.

141 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extended the 2-person Prisoner's Dilemma game to the N-person case and found that the larger the proportion of group members who use a reciprocal strategy, the greater the likelihood that other members will cooperate.
Abstract: Research in the 2-person Prisoner's Dilemma Game indicates that a tit-for-tat strategy is most effective in inducing a subject to cooperate. In extending this to the N-person case, it was hypothesized that the larger the proportion of group members who use a reciprocal strategy, the greater the likelihood that other members will cooperate. Ss were asked to make choices in a public good paradigm.

128 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
07 Oct 1992-JAMA
TL;DR: In this issue of JAMA, Antonella Surbone, MD, describes her dilemma in trying to transfer the ideals of medical ethics she learned in the United States to her native Italy, where truth telling and respect for autonomy have become virtual moral absolutes.
Abstract: In this issue of JAMA , Antonella Surbone, MD, describes her dilemma in trying to transfer the ideals of medical ethics she learned in the United States to her native Italy. 1 From her experience in the United States, she found that truth telling and respect for autonomy have become virtual moral absolutes. On the other hand, in Italy, families and physicians often shield patients from painful truths and difficult decisions. As Dr Surbone points out, what is beneficent in one country may seem maleficent in another country. This contrast in moral perspectives, of course, is not unique to the differences between Italy and North America. It has become a worldwide problem as newer models of medical ethics nurtured in the individualistic soil of North America are introduced to other countries with different moral traditions. 2 But similar contrasts may exist within a country, for example, between northern and southern Italy,

113 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Museums can join with schools that are addressing issues of gender bias to truly make the museum a place that welcomes and supports girls and women as mentioned in this paper. But, as stated in the AAM report "Excellence and Equity: Education and the Public Dimension of Museums, relate more explicitly to racial and cultural equity".
Abstract: stretched the possibilities and shaped the ideas. Once the programs began, the participants added their own distinctive voices to the dialogue. Both programs now share the dilemma of deciding where to go from here. Should these programs continue to be offered only to girls? This arrangement may not be workable for many community organizations and public schools. If they become coeducational, how can we ensure that the needs of girls continue to be met? The concerns expressed in the recent AAM report, Excellence and Equity: Education and the Public Dimension of Museums, relate more explicitly to racial and cultural equity. To these vital issues we should add the significant dimension of gender equity. More and more, the extent of gender bias is being documented, researched, and recognized in the education profession. Museums should not remain on the sidelines of these developments. Museum educators must look at the programs and exhibitions in their institutions with a critical eye toward gender equity. Who speaks in groups? Who participates? How do museum teachers respond? Do we respond differently to boys and girls? Do exhibitions reflect the experiences and perspectives of both genders? Can girls find "mirrors in and windows out"? We have a lot of work to do before museum education programs can be considered both and "excellent" and "equitable." As museum educators, we should both review our existing programs and materials for gender bias and develop new programs, materials, and exhibitions that make an active contribution to a more equitable experience for girls. Museums can join with schools that are addressing issues of gender bias to truly make the museum a place that welcomes and supports girls and women.

97 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper examined the discourse of a staff development process designed to help teachers examine their beliefs and practical reasoning, and introduce them to new premises and practices based on current research, and found that the agenda-setting dilemma faced by educators who attempt to develop constructivist environments while introducing new content existed at the beginning of the process but not at the end.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors characterize environmental risk management as the resolution of four different types of "survival" dilemmas in human social activity: benefit-risk, temporal, spatial and social dilemma.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There are clear connections between campaigns to defeat bills that would improve the health of blacks and other disadvantaged groups and acquiescence with the present reassignment of them to the underfunded, overcrowded, inferior, public health-care sector.
Abstract: The present black health crisis is a continuum. After 346 years of neglect, flawed efforts were made to admit black Americans to the "mainstream" health system. Gains were significant from 1965 to 1975; however, since then black health status has eroded. Since colonial times, the racial dilemma that affected America's liberal democratic system also distorted medical relationships and institutions. There are clear connections between campaigns to defeat bills that would improve the health of blacks and other disadvantaged groups and acquiescence with the present reassignment of them to the underfunded, overcrowded, inferior, public health-care sector. Physician leadership helped to establish the slaveocracy, create the racial inferiority myths, and build the segregated health subsystem for blacks and the poor. Clearly, if the history-based health disparities are to be resolved, black physician leadership will be necessary. Without justice and equity in health care, the dream of Martin Luther King will never become a reality for African Americans.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors used a multivariate analysis of membership inducements to show that the pursuit of collective goods by groups is not always a mere "byproduct" made possible by the provision of selective material incentives, as Olson (1965) contended.
Abstract: With a sample of nearly 900 voluntary associations, we give a detailed account of what membership benefits are provided by interest groups, and we place these results in the context of a typology of groups. Using a multivariate analysis of membership inducements, we show that the pursuit of collective goods by groups is not always a mere "by-product" made possible by the provision of selective material incentives, as Olson (1965) contended. Three things help groups overcome the collective goods dilemma: (1) members representing institutions are more likely than autonomous individuals to value the pursuit of collective goods; (2) group patrons and large donors who subsidize associations place a high value upon representation before government and are not interested in paying for benefits that are distributed to individual group members; and (3) once a threatening environment of policy conflict emerges, autonomous individuals are more likely to realize that cherished rights, programs, or group goals are thr...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, three approaches to the nature of human rationality are considered: Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky on decision making, David Hume on causation, and Peter Strawson on morality.
Abstract: Three approaches to the nature of human rationality are considered: Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky on decision making, David Hume on causation, and Peter Strawson on morality. All are seen as deploring the state of rational thought and despairing of the human capacity for logic. Their implicit model of the perfectly rational human is explored with the help of Mr. Spock and found to be of doubtful value considered in terms of evolutionary survival, where "prejudgment" is essential to decision making under stress. The glimmerings of this insight are found in Hume's "therapeutic" solution to his existential dilemma, and a general argument is made-with the help of side glances at prototype theory, linguistics, categorical thinking, and archetypes-that rationality cannot be equated with "logic" as generally understood but rather consists of a series of pragmatic prejudgments of reality that have stood the test of natural selection. This leads to a reconstruction of the idea of "prejudice" from a negative to a mildly positive attribute, with examples drawn from Charles Lamb and Paul Robeson, and hence to the conclusion that prejudice is not a warpedform of thought but that thought is a particular form of prejudice.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of signals from a competitor on the decisions of managers in a situation of strategic interdependence is examined, where the signals consist of messages from the competitor and observations of the pricing decisions made by the competitor.
Abstract: This study examines the effect of signals from a competitor on the decisions of managers in a situation of strategic interdependence. The context is a multi-period pricing simulation and the payoffs are structured in accordance with a Prisoner's Dilemma. The signals consist of messages from the competitor and observations of the pricing decisions made by the competitor. The managers' responses to particular types of signals and particular combinations of moves and messages change over the course of the simulation. Suggestions for future research on competitive signaling are offered.

Book
01 Oct 1992
TL;DR: Patient Power: Solving America's Health Care Crisis is a fascinating book, which looks at the authors' current dilemma in three sections, and describes a system that will solve the majority of their problems and how to get to it.
Abstract: care is cheap, not expensive." Patient Power: Solving America's Health Care Crisis is a fascinating book, which looks at our current dilemma in three sections. The first describes the cost-plus system of health care finance and how it evolved. The second shows why this system is creating our present health care crisis. The last section describes a system that will solve the majority of our problems and how we can get to it. The book is carefully documented and richly illustrated, with 101 tables and 64 graphs. "The only way to control costs is to have someone choose between health care and money" (that is, other goods or services), the authors write. This some-

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe and compare three models of school university partnerships in relation to factors that may affect the balance of reflectivity and activity needed for successful collaboration, and suggest that comparison, analysis, and evaluation of such models may provide guidelines for resolving the reflectivity-activity dilemma.
Abstract: Universities and schools differ in their orientations toward the role of reflectivity and activity in collaborative restructuring efforts. The authors describe and compare three models of school university partnerships in relation to factors that may affect the balance of reflectivity and activity needed for successful collaboration. They suggest that comparison, analysis, and evaluation of such models may provide guidelines for resolving the reflectivity-activity dilemma.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that dichotomizing between experience-near methods and political analysis of large-scale institutional structures is misleadi and suggest that such methodological choices are intensely revealing of theoretical, epistemological and political presuppositions, in particular of quite opposed conceptions of comparative studies.
Abstract: Ethnographic method in social science research has commonly been portrayed as imposing a dilemma between values of scale and values of context In comparative sport studies today—with their emphasis on multinational organizations, state-level agencies, commercial and media conglomerates, and mass publics of interpreting consumers as the most visible social actors—little place has been found for the practices of extended participant observation While true with respect to other sociological communities as well, the absence of formal fieldwork methods is particularly diagnostic of sport investigators within cultural reproduction and hegemony theory and “British cultural studies” I suggest that such methodological choices are intensely revealing of theoretical, epistemological, and political presuppositions, in particular of quite opposed conceptions of “comparative studies” I argue that dichotomizing between experience-near methods and political analysis of large-scale institutional structures is misleadi

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 1992-Ethics
TL;DR: For instance, the authors argues that moral thought and practice have multiple origins in human history and anthropology, bearing traces of sacred as well as secular conceptual schemes, of changing folk and scientific theories of mind and society, of codes of honor and retribution as wellas norms of beneficence and fairness, of expedient social and political compromises hammered out in specific historical circumstances by competing interests under shifting power relations, and even of previous philosophical attempts at unification and legitimation.
Abstract: Talk of pluralism and dilemma is everywhere in the air in contemporary ethics. And everywhere something called "moral theory" is coming in for a thumping. There is, it seems to me, ample reason for taking this talk of pluralism and dilemma seriously, and for trying to be as clear as we can about how it might bear on the enterprise of moral theorizing. Pluralism and dilemma come onto the scene as purported facts of moral experience-and who can wonder? Our moral thought and practice have multiple origins in human history and anthropology, bearing traces of sacred as well as secular conceptual schemes, of changing folk and scientific theories of mind and society, of codes of honor and retribution as well as norms of beneficence and fairness, of expedient social and political compromises hammered out in specific historical circumstances by competing interests under shifting power relations, and even of previous philosophical attempts at unification and legitimation. It is only to be expected that any new effort to find-or developcoherence and system in moral discourse will face some pretty recalcitrant phenomena. Of course, it is typical in philosophy to confront an area of discourse with a complex history. Thus philosophers often find themselves wondering whether to sacrifice some degree of intuitive fit in order to provide more plausible general principles or to furnish explanations that dovetail better with the present state of inquiry at large. But morality strikes many as exceptional: philosophical accounts of morality that achieve generality at the expense of intuitive fit may seem not only counterintuitive but also wrongheaded, crass-as normatively disqualified. Surely there is something to this reaction. Moral language is normative for us in a way that many other elements of natural language are not; for example, moral assessments appear to have an

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that some kind of historical perspective is a conditio sine qua non in the teaching of physics and that the relationship between physics and history of physics is intrinsically problematic in that the lessons to be learned from history are often counterproductive to those aimed at in science teaching.
Abstract: This paper argues that some kind of historical perspective is a conditio sine qua non in the teaching of physics. Without a proper historical perspective the student will not experience physics as the living, human endeavour it is; in addition, the historical-exemplaric approach is often beneficial also to the technical and conceptual aspects of physics education by offering a deeper and more critical look at particular physical problems. However, the relationship between physics and history of physics is intrinsically problematic in that the lessons to be learned from history are often counterproductive to those aimed at in science teaching. The tensions between the two approaches may lead to a historically unsatisfactory quasi-history adapted to the perceived needs of science education, but although this dilemma is genuine, there is no reason why it should block a historically oriented teaching of physics. Based on the example of the history of the photoelectric effect as a case in the teaching of introductory quantum theory it is argued that the dilemma between ‘historical truth’ and ‘didactic usefulness’ may be circumvented by focussing on a few, carefully selected case studies. The didactic potentials of one such example, the early introduction of the light-quantum, are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the author argues that the rationality of the prisoner's dilemma is context dependent, like rationality in general, and that it is a natural framework for understanding human interaction.
Abstract: Is Prisoner's Dilemma a natural framework for understanding human interaction? The author's view is that the rationality of the prisoner's dilemma, like rationality in general, is context dependent...


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Gifted education is a dilemma in the Republic of Korea as discussed by the authors, which has struggled to provide equal opportunities to all of its people and is only now considering that some especially capable and accelerated students may not be served by emphasizing the same curriculum and instructional strategies for all students.
Abstract: Gifted education is a dilemma in the Republic of Korea. As an emerging democratic nation, South Korea has struggled to provide equal opportunities to all of its people and is only now considering that some especially capable and accelerated students may not be served by emphasizing the same curriculum and instructional strategies for all students. Current options for accelerated students in South Korea include academic high schools, science high schools, high schools for the performing arts and the support services of the Korean Association for Gifted Children.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Twenty psychologists were interviewed about an ethical dilemma that they had found to be particularly difficult to resolve and some suggestions for proactive approaches to ethical problem solving are made.
Abstract: Twenty psychologists were interviewed about an ethical dilemma that they had found to be particularly difficult to resolve. In just under half of the cases the dilemma involved a perceived conflict of ethical principles (e.g., the welfare of the consumer vs. the right to privacy). In the other cases, the psychologists were prevented from following an ethically prescribed course of action by some nonethical consideration such as contractual obligation, legal requirement, or the demands of an employer. We discuss the implications of these two sorts of dilemmas for psychological practice and make some suggestions for proactive approaches to ethical problem solving.



Book
01 Aug 1992
TL;DR: The formation of a dilemma through personal inquiry about the applications of behavioural sciences in the kibbutz how big should it be - the historical perspective a test against reality - is there an optimal size? as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The formation of a dilemma through personal inquiry about the applications of behavioural sciences in the kibbutz how big should it be - the historical perspective a test against reality - is there an optimal size? kibbutz networks - introduction to the case studies inter-kibbutz co-operation in Green - the regional enterprise education - the setting is different but the dilemma is the same professional welfare services in the kibbutz - an attempt to solve the dilemma of size in the social domain the transition to an advances industry management of size, from system-orientated learning conclusion - kibbutz experience in a broad perspective the wisdom of the community - a new method of community intervention.