Showing papers on "Dilemma published in 1995"

The rebel's dilemma

Abstract: Since the mid 1960s, theorists have elaborated over two dozen different solutions to the collection action problem. During much of this same period, students of conflict have explored many questions about protest and rebellion. "The Rebel's Dilemma" examines what happens when one brings the full richness of collective action theories to bear on the many complex problems of collective dissent.." . . a significant contribution to the understanding of collective behavior, protest, and rebellion." --"Choice""The book is interesting and thought-provoking, and its insights extend beyond the narrow subject of rebellion to help illuminate many issues related to organizing groups to undertake collective action." --"Public Choice""[Lichbach's] book is monumental and pivotal. . . . [It] consolidates over three decades of research on collective action problems and sets the agenda for future studies of collective dissent and rebellion. . . . [This] book is a major step forward. It will have an enormous impact in the field of conflict studies and belongs on the shelf of anyone even casually interested in dissent, rebellion, and revolution. . . . [This] book is a major step forward. It will have an enormous impact in the field of conflict studies and belongs on the shelf of anyone even casually interested in dissent, rebellion, and revolution." --"American Political Science Review""For scholars interested in game-theoretic analyses of politics . . . essential reading." --Manus I. Midlarsky, "Journal of Politics""Lichbach has to be praised for providing valuable insight on the logic of collective dissent. . . ." --"Political Studies"Mark Irving Lichbach is Professor of Political Science, University of Colorado.

Interpersonal Relations: Mixed-Motive Interaction

Abstract: CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 184 BARGAINING 185 The Economic Approach to Bargaining 185 Ultimatum Bargaining 185 Disagreements 186 COALITION FORMATION 187 Simple Games 188 Types of Coalition Theories 188 Critique of Coalition Research ........ ........ 189 SOCIAL DILEMMAS 190 Prisoner's Dilemma 191 Public Goods 192 Resource Dilemmas 195 Other Factors in Cooperation 197 Intergroup Relations 198 CRITIQUE OF MIXED-MOTIVE RESEARCH 199 SOME CONCLUDING COMMENTS 200 A Final Comment 200

Empathy and the collective good: Caring for one of the others in a social dilemma.

Abstract: We predicted that feeling empathy for another member of the collective in a social dilemma would create an altruistic desire to allocate resources to that person as an individual, reducing collective good. To test this prediction, 2 studies were run. In each, participants faced a dilemma in which they could choose to benefit themselves, the group, or other group members as individuals. In Study 1, empathy for another group member was manipulated; in Study 2, naturally occurring empathic response was determined by self-report. In both studies, participants who experienced high empathy allocated more resources to the target of empathy, reducing the overall collective good. These results suggest the importance of considering self-interest, collective interest, and other-interest (altruism) as three distinct motives, each of which may operate in social dilemmas

Car Versus Public Transportation? The Role of Social Value Orientations in a Real-Life Social Dilemma1

Abstract: This research evaluates the role of social value orientations (i.e., preferences for distribution of outcomes for the self and others) in decisions as how to commute. It was proposed that the commuting situation could be viewed either as an environmental issue, reflecting the decision structure of an N-person Prisoner’s Dilemma, or as an accessibility problem, reflecting the decision structure of an N-person Chicken Dilemma. On the basis of interdependence theory (Kelley & Thibaut, 1978) it was predicted that people who are primarily concerned with the collective welfareprosocial individuals-would prefer commuting by public transportation when other commuters were expected to go by public transportation. On the other hand, it was hypothesized that people who are primarily concerned with their own well-beingproself individuals-would prefer commuting by public transportation when others were expected to go by car. The obtained findings were consistent with these expectations. Practical and theoretical implications regarding the link between social value orientations and environmentally relevant behavior will be discussed.

Grounded Practical Theory: The Case of Intellectual Discussion

Abstract: A research program on intellectual discussion in academic institutions is presented as a case that illustrates a method for constructing grounded practical communication theory. Within a practical discipline perspective, theory is conceived as a rational reconstruction of practices for the purpose of informing further practice and reflection. The theoretical reconstruction of communication practices can be undertaken at three interrelated levels of analysis, here called the technical, problem, and philosophical levels. Based on interpretive discourse analysis of recorded departmental colloquia and interviews with participants, we identify a complex interactional dilemma that arises within this type of communicative situation (problem level), specific techniques by which participants attempt to cope with that dilemma (technical level), and two situated ideals to which they have recourse for reflecting on the normative basis of their own and others' actions (philosophical level). Because of the ways grounded practical theory differs from other theoretical approaches, we argue that existing criteria for evaluating theories must be rethought within this radically reflexive enterprise.

Struggling over Subjectivity: Debates about the “Self” and Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract: The current conception of Alzheimer's disease emerged in the 1970s and achieved wide acceptance and popularization because it effectively served political-economic interests, solved pragmatic, clinical, and psychological problems, and met philosophical and ethical concerns. But the very success of this widespread acceptance and popularization has produced a troubling dilemma regarding the subjectivity of the person diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. A "loss of self" is implicit in the current Alzheimer's construct, and it has been argued that, consequently, the subjective experience of being and becoming old has become increasingly distressing. It has been further suggested that a response to this unintended assault on the self can be seen in the now burgeoning literature offering diverse representations of and debates about the "self" in Alzheimer's. What appears to be at stake in these competing voices is our very notion of what comprises the self and what constitutes subjective experience. Finally, one can speculate why, as a culture, we tell these stories about aging: it could be that, as a society as well as a community of gerontological thinkers and practitioners, our struggle with the nature of the self-in-Alzheimer's reflects our struggle to grapple with what it will be like, and what it will mean, to be and become old.

Identity, Integration and Security: Solving the Sovereignty Puzzle in E.U. Studies

Abstract: Western Europe is probably the area in the world where one meets the most advanced case of border fluidity and transgression of sovereignty. John Ruggie recently suggested that "the institutional, juridical and spatial complexes associated with the community may constitute nothing less than the emergence of the first truly postmodern international political form."(1) Postmodernity in the context of international relations first of all means post-sovereignty. The European Union (E.U.), as it now calls itself, is thus a prominent case to investigate if one is interested in issues like the changing nature of boundaries and the possibilities of constructing political communities beyond sovereignty. One way to address this question would be to see to what extent politics in the E.U. proceed according to old rules, and to what extent they follow new post-sovereign patterns. However, this is easier said than done. A principle like state sovereignty is neither an empirical designation nor an edict on limits of accepted behavior, so one cannot in a simple sense check empirical events against this description. Rather, sovereignty is an underlying organizing principle, a structure visible to the extent that events can be seen as effects of its particular generative grammar.(2) Thus it is impossible to find conclusive evidence for the status of generative grammars or organizing principles. In observing the simultaneity of European Court supremacy and the persistence of national legal systems, the postmodernist will see proof of new organizing principles, while the traditionalist will argue - legitimately - that the system is still constituted on the basis of sovereignty. As argued by Hedley Bull: Indeed, it is difficult to believe that anyone ever asserted the "statecentric" view of international politics that is today so knowingly rejected by those who seek to emphasize the role of "the new international actors." What was widely asserted about European international relations from the time of Vattel in the mid-eighteenth century until the end of the First World War was the legal fiction of a political universe that consisted of states alone, the doctrine that only states had rights and duties in international law.(3) There is good reason to be careful not to proclaim a radical transformation every time one sees change, or what Ruggie has referred to as: the prevailing superficiality of the proliferating literature on international transformations, in which the sheer momentum of processes sweeps the international polity along toward its next encounter with destiny.(4) Therefore, it is easy to write entertaining essays on how Western Europe has become "neo-medieval," "post-sovereign" or organized by "fractal politics." But it is difficult to substantiate such claims in a satisfactory way, unless one makes a straw-man out of sovereignty and transfers it from its role as underlying principle to a role of empirical regularity or judicial limitation. In order to overcome this dilemma, this article will look at the E.U. on a different level, through a discussion of the overall dynamics of the process, rather than the day-to-day operations and decision making (although they will, of course, be part of the analysis). Whether or not the E.U. is beyond sovereignty is an impossible discussion. It is definitely possible to make the case against transformation. The really interesting discussions are those that address the destiny of the project, whether the E.U. points realistically (and not just programmatically) beyond sovereignty; and if it points beyond the sovereignty of the present states, whether this necessarily leads to a sovereign E.U. or to something post-sovereign. This requires a return to the "big questions" of integration and integration theory. Classical Questions, Unconventional Approaches and False Starts To the founding fathers of integration theory, Ernst B. Haas, Karl W. …

We Scholars: Changing the Culture of the University

Abstract: Never before have so many scholars produced so much work--and never before have they seemed to have so little to say to one another, or to the public at large. This is the dilemma of the modern university, which today sets the pattern for virtually all scholarship. In his eloquent book, David Damrosch offers a lucid, often troubling assessment of the state of scholarship in our academic institutions, a look at how these institutions acquired their present complexion, and a proposal for reforms that can promote scholarly communication and so, perhaps, broader, more relevant scholarship."We Scholars" explores an academic culture in which disciplines are vigorously isolated and then further divided into specialized fields, making for a heady mix of scholarly alienation and disciplinary territorialism, a wealth of specialized inquiry and a poverty of general discussion. This pattern, however, is not necessary and immutable; rather, it stems from decisions made a century ago, when the American university assumed its modern form. Damrosch traces the political and economic assumptions behind these decisions and reveals their persisting effects on academic structures despite dramatic changes in the larger society. "We Scholars" makes a compelling case for a scholarly community more reflective of and attuned to today's needs. The author's call for cooperation as the basis for intellectual endeavor, both within and outside the academy, will resonate for anyone concerned with the present complexities and future possibilities of academic work.

Therapeutic Jurisprudence: Five Dilemmas to Ponder

Abstract: This article identifies and examines 5 conundrums confronting therapeutic jurisprudence. Is therapeutic jurisprudence distinguishable from other jurisprudences that share its goal of using the law to improve the well-being of others (the identity dilemma)? Can the term therapeutic be defined in a meaningful way (the definitional dilemma)? Will the vagaries of empirical research, on which therapeutic jurisprudence heavily relies, doom its proposals (the dilemma of empirical indeterminacy)? How will a therapeutic jurisprudence proposal that benefits only a subgroup of those it affects be implemented (the rule of law dilemma)? When and how should a therapeutic jurisprudence proposal be balanced against countervailing constitutional and social policies (the balancing dilemma)?

Developing New Products On Time, In Time

Abstract: Accelerated product development--getting new products to market in record speed and ahead of competition--as become the key to success and profitability, according to many pundits The dilemma faced by managers is that, while cycle time reduction may be an admirable goal, there is very little hard evidence or prescriptions based on fact on how to achieve this We are bombarded with techniques, approaches and concepts that promise accelerated product development (1-9), but the fact is that most ape based on speculation, opinion, anecdotal evidence and a handful of case studies--hardly what one would call "strong scientific evidence" In short, real evidence of cycle time reduction based on solid research studies is surprisingly lacking (Some exceptions, namely studies on cycle time reduction in product development, are found in 10-13) One reason for this lack of hard data is that the field of accelerated product development is relatively new A second and more serious reason is that research into cycle time reduction is difficult research: Measuring project times--for example, when does a project "start"?--and comparing times of different types of projects is much easier to do conceptually than in practice Research into measuring and comparing cycle times is fraught with operational problems This article reports on a large sample size investigation into new products and time-to-market: Here the particular emphasis is on project timeliness; that is, on those factors that drive both fast-paced product development, and on-time, on-schedule launches (see also 14) Drivers of New Product Timeliness The overall goal of the investigation was to uncover some of the critical factors that impact on project timeliness More specifically, its purpose was to undertake an extensive and rigorous study involving an analysis of a large sample of actual new product projects to find out what really makes the difference between fast-paced, on-schedule projects and those that limped along, and were launched way behind schedule The results of the investigation are both provocative and sobering For example, there is no one-to-one link between financial performance and timeliness; while there is a connection, it is not nearly as strong as some would have us believe Some of the study's results support previous speculation; for example, the vital role of cross-functional teams and the need for sharp, early product definition in fast-paced development projects were confirmed But there were surprises as well; for example, some of the steps where people cut corners in the interest of saving time actually had the opposite effect The role of "the voice of the customer" in cycle-time reduction yielded provocative results as well Also highlighted are some good practices (and poor practices) that were uncovered as part of the data collection phase The study's results are based on 103 major new product projects from leading firms in four countries in the chemical industry Two-thirds of the projects were rated as commercial successes Although undertaken in one industry, the conclusions are likely to have applicability to moderate-to-high technology firms in other industries as well Before we get into the study's results and implications, however, here is some background on the rationale for the study Additionally, a description of the research method--what was measured and how--is summarized in "How the Research Was Done," below Speed at All Costs? The topics of time-to-market and cycle-time reduction have been popular in recent years, as witnessed by the number of books, trade press articles and consul reports on the subject Indeed, Crawford notes that the talk around the subject "verges on hype" (2) There are several underlying beliefs which lead to this emphasis on speed--some based on myth, others on fact: 1 First into the market wins--This is a popular view, but there is conflicting evidence on this; as Crawford points out, there exist no hard data to show that "first in wins," except those that assume that the second and third entries have comparable products (2) …

Biological Monitoring: The Dilemma of Data Analysis

Abstract: Marked advances in approaches and implementation of biological monitoring have occurred during the last decade in the United States and other countries such as the United Kingdom. Unfortunately these approaches have been developing rather independently without many of the advantages that collaborative work might bring. More interaction among scientists would provide a valuable bridge as biological methods for assessing water quality are further developed and perfected. Two reasons have been suggested for the unconnected development (Resh et al. 1995). First, in the United States the movement to incorporate cost-effective biological tools into impact assessment was led by biologists in regulatory agencies and environmental consulting firms; research scientists generally were peripheral to the entire process. In some respects, academic criticism of early approaches to rapid assessment may have been viewed as \"elitist\", which led to a \"closing of the ranks\" on ideological grounds. Consequently, constructive input and valuable potential interactions between basic researchers and regulators have occurred slowly in the United States (Resh et al. 1995). In contrast, British developments have been led by scientists at the Institute for Freshwater Ecology (formerly the British Freshwater Biological Association) interacting with the National Rivers Authority, which is the regulatory authority for the United Kingdom. Perhaps of more consequence has been a second issue: the failure of the United States and British programmes to capitalize on each other's successes and thereby to reduce the respective learning curves. It is surprising that although these two countries collaborate extensively in certain research, their collaboration in freshwater biology is roughly one half that of all other scientific fields (Resh and Yamamoto 1994). Physical separation could be offered as a reason for lack of interaction

Jews and the new American scene

Abstract: Introduction - America's tribal dilemma an old people in a new land the promise of double freedom the downside of exceptionalism the riddle of the defensive Jew Israel, the X-factor still on the left the fragile remnants.

Dilemmas in sickness certification among Swedish physicians

Abstract: Despite a growing concern for matters related to sick-leave and its economical and human consequences, little Is still known of the practice of sickness certification. To remedy this, a study based on the critical incident technique was designed to explore dilemmas experienced by physicians when issuing sickness certificates. A questionnaire was distributed to 170 general practitioners (GPs), private physicians and psychiatrists in the Swedish county of Ostergotland asking about sickness certification dilemmas, the consequences of the dilemma and how the situation was resolved. Through a semi-qualitative analysis, 2 main types of dilemma were identified. Insurance-associated dilemmas were the most frequent and concerned the grading of work incapacity, the duration of a sick-leave period and the difficulties in interpreting the sickness insurance legislation. The focus on biomedical diagnosis in the sickness certificate was found to complicate the certification routines, since working capacity may be reduced even though a diagnosis has not been confirmed. The primary medical dilemmas consisted of difficulties related to encountered obstacles In the clinical management, e.g. in subjective medical history, diagnosis or patient compliance. It is concluded that the physicians' role in the insurance system makes it necessary to give the medical diagnosis a social interpretation. The development of standards for grading of work incapacity is needed as well as routines for closer cooperation between the different actors in the sickness insurance system.

Ethical Considerations in the Allocation of Organs and Other Scarce Medical Resources Among Patients

Abstract: Physicians' efforts on behalf of patients often involve the use of resources that, because of naturally limited supply or economic constraints, are not readily available to all who need them. The dilemma in such cases is how physicians may fulfill their ethical duties to "do all that [they] can for the benefit of the individual patient" 1 when the care that they can provide is constrained by the scarcity of needed resources.

Developing Biracial Ethnic Identity: A Review of the Increasing Dilemma

Abstract: This article describes the current status of biracial youth in the United States. A major purpose is to enhance readers' awareness of the existence of this population and its increasing numerical significance. Models of identity development are presented and relevant sociocultural issues are discussed. In addition, examples of biracial-specific strategies and interventions are offered for consideration by helping professionals.

Social Dilemmas: Perspectives on Individuals and Groups

Abstract: Preface An Introduction to Social Dilemmas by David A. Schroeder Reward Structure and Cooperation in the N-Person Prisoners' Dilemma by S. S. Komorita and Alan L. Ellis Norms in Social Dilemmas by Norbert L. Kerr Helping the Group or Helping Yourself? Social Motives and Group Identity in Resource Dilemmas by Roderick M. Kramer and Lisa Goldman Social Contracts and the Provision of Public Goods by Sanford L. Braver Social Dilemmas and Perceptions: Experiments on Framing and Inconsequentiality by Peregrine Schwartz-Shea and Randy T. Simmons Cooperation under Laissez Faire and Majority Decision Rules in Group-Level Social Dilemmas by John Orbell, Robyn Dawes, and Alphons van de Kragt Collective Hedonism: A Social Loafing Analysis of Social Dilemmas by Kipling Williams, Jeffrey M. Jackson, and Steven J. Karau When Do People Want to Change the Rules for Allocating Shared Resources? by Charles Samuelson and David Messick How to Stop Throwing Good Money after Bad: Using Theory to Guide Practice by Joel Brockner A Framework for Understanding Decisions in Social Dilemmas by David A. Schroeder, Mark E. Sibicky, and Mary Elizabeth Irwin References Index

Ethics and information technology use: a factor analysis of attitudes to computer use

Abstract: . In 1986 Richard O. Mason identified privacy, accuracy, property and access as four ethical issues for the information age. The research reported here sought to answer the questions: are these social issues empirically verifiable constructs? Second, what consensus exists on the factors? A field survey of 79 business professionals and students identified 12 factors which were grouped into five clusters: ownership, access, motivation, responsibility and privacy. These constructs identify additional dimensions and complexity to extend Mason's definition of key ethical issues. The importance of separating the computer user who experiences the ethical dilemma from the stakeholder(s) who deal with the consequences of the dilemma is identified. This study also demonstrates some consensus within the survey items. Consensus exists that it is unethical to profit from non-job, computer-related acts. Consensus also exists that personal use of company-owned information technology resources is acceptable. The other items show little consensus, identifying areas of necessary discussion within the computing professions to determine ethically consistent and appropriate computer uses.

Descriptions, Indexicals, and Belief Reports: Some Dilemmas (But Not the Ones Your Expect)

Abstract: I am going to state what I take to be a couple of dilemmas for certain theorists. The first is a dilemma for theorists who hold both that certain sentences containing pronouns or demonstratives express object-dependent propositions and that a certain version of Russell's theory of descriptions can account for all uses of definite descriptions. 1 The second is a dilemma for a certain view about the semantics of belief reports which is common among those who hold that sentences containing certain kinds of singular terms express object-dependent propositions, and this dilemma is generated by a partial solution to the first dilemma. So my dialectic involves the following players. To begin, there are three theses which, for reasons that will become clear, I shall call the hiddenindexical theory of belief reports, the hidden-indexical theory of descriptions, and the direct-reference theory of indexicals. Next, there is a dilemma for one who holds the direct-reference theory of indexicals in conjunction with the hidden-indexical theory of descriptions. After that comes a partial resolution of that dilemma, and that partial resolution is used to create a dilemma for one who holds the hidden-indexical theory of belief reports. Finally, I speculate fleetingly, but with much hand waving, about the complete resolution of these dilemmas. I begin by setting up the three theses.

Settling Old Scores Potholes along the Transition from Authoritarian Rule

Abstract: Under certain conditions both the opponents and supporters of an authoritarian regime can benefit from the peaceful liberalization of the regime. The literature on transitions to democracy emphasizes the role of negotiated deals (pacts) in facilitating transitions. Political deals are not legally enforceable contracts; they are subject to opportunism by one of the parties. I examine how punishment of the ex-ruler(s) by a successor government after power has been transferred renders a pact ineffective and prevents a peaceful transition. Political asylum can alleviate the punishment dilemma, but the host nation can have an incentive to renege on its protection. A military government retains the power to reintervene in politics after transferring power to civilians. The possibility of reintervention allows the military to ensure compliance by other parties and overcome the punishment dilemma.