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Showing papers on "Dilemma published in 2007"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that cooperative behavior is not only possible but may even be enhanced by such an "always-move" rule, when compared with the strongly viscous ("never-move") case.

270 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present three game theory tools to rationalize that collaborative behaviours offer better results than individualistic ones in sustainable development (SD) problems, including prisoners' dilemma, tragedy of the commons and Nash equilibrium.
Abstract: Conventional individualistic behaviours with their quest for profit maximization and wealth accumulation have created economic, environmental and social imbalances in today's world. These imbalances threaten to become worse in the coming years, decades and centuries. Calls and efforts towards sustainable development (SD) seek to establish a dynamic equilibrium among these elements. One of the key elements in the transition towards more sustainable societies is collaboration. This research presents three game theory tools to help rationalize that collaborative behaviours offer better results than individualistic ones. The first presented is the prisoners' dilemma. The second is the tragedy of the commons, a tool similar to the prisoners' dilemma but with more actors increasing the complexity. The third, the Nash equilibrium, offers a mathematical way to attempt to reach a system's optimum, i.e. to obtain the result that would in a totality benefit all the players. The tools are linked to SD problems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

161 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the future of this approach is questionable and propose a fundamental re-framing of the significance of hydrogen: from viewing it as a solution to the personal mobility problem to seeing it as an efficient medium for transporting and storing energy that has been generated elsewhere (preferably by renewable resources).

161 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the relationship between policy and practice and the fit between capabilities that support implementation and aims, and argue that the more aims outstrip capabilities, the less likely is effective implementation.
Abstract: The relations between policy and practice embody a dilemma. Policies aim to solve problems, yet the key problem solvers are those who have the problem. Governments devise instruments to encourage implementation, but they help only if used well by those with the problem, whose capability is often weak. The realization of policy in practice thus depends on the fit between capabilities that support implementation and aims. The more aims outstrip capabilities, the less likely is effective implementation. When Title 1 of the 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act began, capabilities were modest: the program's instruments were limited, and neither practitioners nor workers in the environment knew much about school improvement. Yet Title 1 became a viable program in the 1970s because its aims were defined in ways that were achievable, given the capability that was possible. Title 1 later was made the chief lever for national standards‐based reform policies, but capability was far from what would be required...

154 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that the organizational subculture and the culture of individualism in the contemporary United States do not provide the ideological and linguistic resources necessary for managing the dilemma of battered women and results in a tendency to overemphasize battered women's choice and thereby diminish the constraints they face.
Abstract: Semistructured interviews with 32 domestic violence victim advocates illuminate how advocates explain "battered women who stay." The interviews show that this behavior is a source of great frustration for advocates, who struggle to simultaneously conceive of battered women as victims trapped by social, psychological, and interactional forces and as agents whose choices must be respected. The authors argue that their organizational subculture and the culture of individualism in the contemporary United States do not provide the ideological and linguistic resources necessary for managing this dilemma. This results in a tendency to overemphasize battered women's choice and thereby diminish the constraints they face.

105 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the meaning of child-centeredness in early childhood education by shedding light on the nuanced tensions between teacher control and children's freedom, by incorporating the related theories (Piaget, Vygotsky, Dewey, and Montessori) upholding and encompassing child centeredness.
Abstract: This article explores the meaning of child-centeredness in Early Childhood Education (ECE), by shedding light on the nuanced tensions between teacher control and children’s freedom While ECE professionals advocate the importance of children’s individual interests and needs in education, they diverge somewhat in their perspectives about the teacher’s role in education This article manifests and tries to resolve this teaching dilemma through incorporating the related theories (Piaget, Vygotsky, Dewey, and Montessori) upholding and encompassing child-centeredness The author contends that high teacher control and high children’s freedom are not exclusive of one another: children’s freedom is defined in an active way, as freedom to participate, rather than in a passive way, as freedom from any constrains The paper concludes with a metaphor of “impressionist painting”, which may offer some insights helpful to those who have struggled with the tension between teacher control and children’s freedom in the context of progressive and critical pedagogy

98 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a three-level framework for analysing the role of memory in contemporary European politics is developed, based on the three Baltic states and their public and political debates around the World War II anniversary commemorations in Moscow in 2005.
Abstract: This article develops a three-level framework for analysing the role of memory in contemporary European politics. It tests the utility of this framework based on the three Baltic states and their public and political debates around the World War II anniversary commemorations in Moscow in 2005. Existing concepts for analysing the impact of memory on policy decisions are discussed first on the levels of domestic politics and bilateral relations. The article then provides a framework for researching a lesser acknowledged third level of memory politics within European institutions. The dilemma felt by the three Baltic presidents over whether or not to attend the Moscow ceremonies provides a unique opportunity to look at all three levels and demonstrate their relevance for understanding future memory struggles in an enlarged Europe.

93 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: The relevance of regional security theories has grown in the wake of the Cold War and a new wave of regionalist scholarship has arisen in response as discussed by the authors, with the focus on the autonomy of a regional level of analysis between the state and the globe.
Abstract: The relevance of regional security theories has grown in the wake of the Cold War. The global system has more participants — is less Eurocentric with Third World states having greater autonomy and involvement — and clearly unipolar, shifting the locus of conflict down from the global level. A new wave of regionalist scholarship has arisen in response. This review identifies this literature’s central themes and suggested new variables. Its foundational and most contested challenge to international relations (IR) theory revolves around the autonomy of a regional level of analysis between the state and the globe. Accepting such autonomy, the literature broadly settles on three variables specific to regional structures. First, regional subsystems are porous. Intervention from above can overlay local dynamics. Second, proximity qualifies the security dilemma dramatically. Most states only threaten their neighbors, thus creating meaningful and distinct regional dynamics. Third, weak state-dominant regional complexes generate a shared internal security dilemma that trumps the external one. Regional organizations serve to repress shared centrifugal threats through pooled rather than ceded sovereignty.

86 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A decade ago, major reviews of engineering education in Australia and the USA resulted in a new, outcomes-based approach to program accreditation in engineering, which is based on a set of Graduate Attributes derived to meet the perceived needs of industry into the future as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A decade ago, major reviews of engineering education in Australia and the USA resulted in a new, outcomes-based approach to program accreditation in engineering. These outcomes are based on a set of Graduate Attributes derived to meet the perceived needs of industry into the future. However, recent reports suggest that engineering graduates may not have the competencies required for contemporary practice, even though program outcomes have been designed to meet the stated needs of industry. This observable gap between education and practice points to a set of underlying causes that we call the competence dilemma in engineering education. This paper reviews the fundamental assumptions on which outcomes-based education is built, in a way that was not considered at the time of the earlier changes to program accreditation. It also critically examines the nature of this perceptual gap between the Graduate Attributes that universities are striving to produce in their graduates and the competencies needed...

85 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: The authors argued that foreign policy is also reactive, and pointed out that the communitarian ambit of foreign policy can be stretched between the dilemma of serving legal sovereigns, subnational groups, global nonstate actors, and individuals.
Abstract: It is often quipped by journalists, pollsters, and politicians that for most members of the domestic public, foreign affairs are simply those—foreign! This cynical remark in fact underlines the communitarian basis of running a foreign policy. As one recent scholar put it, “foreign policy for whom?” (Hill 2003, 40–43). The formulation and implementation of foreign policy beg questions of democratic representation and the desirability of monopolized decisions by “expert” elites. Other scholars have argued that foreign policy is also reactive (Kubalkova 2001; Webber et al. 2002). Concern with the claims of outsiders manifests, for instance, through the policy goals of avoiding the total alienation of one’s nation-state vis-a-vis others. Additionally, the maximization of one’s political, economic, and social comparative advantages vis-a-vis rival nation-states must be pursued with the aim of maximizing the national welfare. Furthermore, under conditions of globalization the communitarian ambit of foreign policy is stretched between the dilemma of serving legal sovereigns, subnational groups, global nonstate actors, and individuals. Genocides such as those in former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, and Sudan are vexing policy issues because they pit legal loyalties against humanistic solidarities.

84 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The long history of experimental research on the prisoner's dilemma (PD) has primarily used a methodology that eliminates cues to participants as discussed by the authors, which has been interpreted as an attempt to eliminate participants' cues.
Abstract: The long history of experimental research on the prisoner's dilemma (PD) has primarily used a methodology that eliminates cues to participants. Researchers, however, have interpreted participants' ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a beginning definition of cross-national human resource development is proposed, not as a definitive answer, but to facilitate ongoing discussion in the dialogue on HRD definitions.
Abstract: From the beginning of the use of the term human resource development (HRD) to describe our field, there have been struggles over the meaning of the term and, even more broadly, of the field itself. In recent years, there has been increased attention to the question of the field’s definition, in general, as well as attention to the emerging field of national HRD. This article moves this exploration one more step toward an exploration of the dilemma of defining international and cross-national HRD. A beginning definition is offered, not as a definitive answer but to facilitate ongoing discussion in the dialogue on HRD definitions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a special section is devoted to theory and practice on the two complex balancing acts that today represent a hot issue in innovation management: exploitation and exploration, on the one side, and incremental and radical innovation on the other, require different approaches that have traditionally been considered difficult to combine within the same organization.
Abstract: Challenged by competition pressures and unprecedented pace of change, firms can no longer choose whether to concentrate on the needs of today’s customers or on the anticipation of those of tomorrow: they must be excellent in both. This requires managing two related balancing acts: on the one side, being excellent in both exploitation and exploration of their capabilities and, on the other side, being excellent in managing both incremental and radical innovation. These balances are critical since exploitation and exploration, on the one side, and incremental and radical innovation, on the other, require different approaches that have traditionally been considered difficult to combine within the same organization. Working on evidence and discussion from the 7th CINet Conference held in Lucca (Italy) in 2006, this Special Section is aimed at contributing to theory and practice on these two complex balancing acts that today represent a hot issue in innovation management.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The relevance of regional security theories has grown in the wake of the Cold War and a new wave of regionalist scholarship has arisen in response as mentioned in this paper, with the focus on the autonomy of a regional level of analysis between the state and the globe.
Abstract: The relevance of regional security theories has grown in the wake of the Cold War. The global system has more participants—is less Eurocentric with Third World states having greater autonomy and involvement—and clearly unipolar, shifting the locus of conflict down from the global level. A new wave of regionalist scholarship has arisen in response. This review identifies this literature’s central themes and suggested new variables. Its foundational and most contested challenge to international relations (IR) theory revolves around the autonomy of a regional level of analysis between the state and the globe. Accepting such autonomy, the literature broadly settles on three variables specific to regional structures. First, regional subsystems are porous. Intervention from above can overlay local dynamics. Second, proximity qualifies the security dilemma dramatically. Most states only threaten their neighbors, thus creating meaningful and distinct regional dynamics. Third, weak state-dominant regional complexes generate a shared internal security dilemma that trumps the external one. Regional organizations serve to repress shared centrifugal threats through pooled rather than ceded sovereignty.

01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this article, the Organizational and Legal Dilemma, Organizing Options and Models, Research Methods, Comparing the Emergence of Three Foundations, Facilitating Community-Corporate Collaboration: A New Actor in the Supply Chain.
Abstract: This chapter contains sections titled: The Organizational and Legal Dilemma, Organizing Options and Models, Research Methods, Comparing the Emergence of Three Foundations, Facilitating Community-Corporate Collaboration: A New Actor in the Supply Chain, Notes

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a model which may be used for analyzing the relationship between development projects and their parent organizations, particularly the degree of detachment between the involved organizations, and clarified in what way the linkage between the development project and the permanent organization influences the conditions for the implementation of the project's result.

Journal ArticleDOI
Greg Ruiters1
TL;DR: In South Africa, the management of municipal services has been an ongoing dilemma for the new government because of what it terms ''a culture' of non-payment among users as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In South Africa, the management of municipal services has been an ongoing dilemma for the new government because of what it terms `a culture' of non-payment among users. As a result, prepayment has...

Journal ArticleDOI
Mike Clarke1
TL;DR: This article argued that China is a country vast in territory, rich in resources and large in population; as a matter of fact, it is the Han nationality whose population is large and the minority nationalities whose populations are small.
Abstract: We say China is a country vast in territory, rich in resources and large in population; as a matter of fact, it is the Han nationality whose population is large and the minority nationalities whose...

Book
01 Jan 2007

Journal Article
TL;DR: Star Teachers: The Ideology and Best Practice of Effective Teachers of Diverse Children and Youth in Poverty as mentioned in this paper is an excellent overview of the challenges and barriers facing teachers of diverse children in poverty.
Abstract: Star Teachers: The Ideology and Best Practices of Effective Teachers of Diverse Children and Youth in Poverty, by Martin Haberman. Houston: The Haberman Educational Foundation, 2005. 220 pp. $29.95, paperback. Dr. Martin Haberman, now recognized as one of the leading scholars in urban teacher education, has once again captured the true essence of the "savage inequalities" that seem to overwhelm many of America's urban, high-poverty schools. Star Teachers: The Ideology and Best Practice of Effective Teachers of Diverse Children and Youth in Poverty, follows his nationally acclaimed book, Star Teachers of Children in Poverty (1995), and represents over four decades of research in the field. Most people agree that there is an urgent need to improve the quality of education in America's urban districts, and the effects of not doing so are profound. Many are quick to note the intractable social hardships and debilitating conditions that urban teachers and students must confront without offering solvable strategies. Habennan offers solutions to this disparaging dilemma by providing the reader with the ideology of "star teachers," what separates them from "quitters" and "failures," and how these teachers are able to use their moral commitment to capture student's hope and desire for a better future. The book is divided into three parts, the first of which illustrates the scope of the challenges and barriers facing teachers of diverse children in poverty. Habennan highlights how traditional education programs actually fall short in developing star teachers for our nation's high-poverty schools by providing a generic teacher education program and by assuming all teachers are capable of meeting success in this type of environment. He also proposes teacher selection as the key ingredient for urban school improvement, and that a critical "resurrection" and refraining of teacher preparation programs is needed. Part Two of Star Teachers concentrates on the quality of instruction that characterizes many urban schools and classrooms, which Haberman refers to as the "pedagogy of poverty." According to Haberman, these ritualistic acts of teaching can have detrimental consequences on both the teacher and the student, such as teacher bum out, low-student achievement, and student resistance. Effective methodology for urban teaching is then offered with a realistic glimpse and practical application of how good teaching can transform the urban classroom. …

Proceedings Article
06 Jun 2007
TL;DR: A system which automatically generates interactive stories focused on dilemmas in order to create dramatic tension based on those cliches encountered in many of today's soap operas is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents a system which automatically generates interactive stories. These are focused on dilemmas in order to create dramatic tension. The system is provided with knowledge of generic story actions and dilemmas based on those cliches encountered in many of today's soap operas. The story designer is only required to provide genre specific storyworld knowledge, such as information on characters and their relations, locations and actions. These dilemmas and story actions are instantiated for the given storyworld and a story planner creates sequences of actions that each lead to a dilemma for a character (who can be the user). The user interacts with the story by making decisions on relevant dilemmas and by freely choosing their own actions. Using this input the system chooses and adapts future story lines according to the user's past behaviour.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that any convincing attempt to reform transnational governance should not avoid the democracy problem, and propose a democratic-striving approach to ensure the public-oriented nature of the norms and policies made.
Abstract: This article examines the growth of 'governance beyond the state'. It highlights the problems resulting from the large number of organizations, networks and practices which are making authoritative rules and policies outside the state, and which lie beyond the control of national democratic and constitutional structures. Having set out the double dilemma of the rapid growth of transnational governance and its problematic relationship to democracy, the article criticizes existing approaches to the dilemma. The dominant current perspective, which I label the 'compensatory approach', takes the view that democracy cannot be transposed from the national to the transnational arena, and that other compensatory mechanisms must be found to regulate transnational governance. The paper takes issue with this general consensus that democratization of transnational governance is not a plausible endeavor, and argues that any convincing attempt to reform transnational governance should not avoid the democracy problem. While it is true that our contemporary understanding of the concept of democracy is very closely tied to the state context, the paper argues that we should nevertheless not jettison the concept when attempting to design more legitimate governance structures beyond the state. Rather we should acknowledge the powerful normative and social appeal of democracy as a governing ideal, and should try to identify its conceptual 'building blocks' with a view to thinking about the possible design of legitimate democracy-oriented governance processes beyond and between states. In this spirit, the article proposes an approach to transnational governance which I call the democratic-striving approach. This approach is built on one particular building-block of democracy, which is the fullest possible participation and representation of those affected, with a view to ensuring the public-oriented nature of the norms and policies made. To illustrate the general argument in more concrete terms, the article draws on the example of the International Financial Institutions and the experience of the recent reform of their development assistance policies, known as the Poverty Strategy Reduction Program. The example demonstrates the practical potential of the democratic-striving approach to the reform of transnational governance, and suggests that it could be applied to many other instances of governance beyond the state.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a qualitative, interpretive Ph.D. study was conducted to explore and illustrate the conceptions of and approaches to creativity of three expert specialist dance teachers working with late primary age children.


Book
31 Oct 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a set of guidelines for assessing moral jeopardy in a political ecology, including the following: 1. Features of Extraction. Gambling in a Political Ecology 2. Effects of Degradation 3. A Culture of Permissiveness 4. Role Conflict.
Abstract: 1. Introduction. Features of Extraction. Gambling in a Political Ecology 2. Subtle Degradation. Internal Threats and Moral Jeopardy. Individual Examples of Moral Jeopardy. Effects of Degradation 3. Governments. Patterns of Proliferation. Roles within Government. Role Conflict. A Culture of Permissiveness 4. Communities. Community Harms. Community Benefits. Risks from Community Benefit Funding. Dimensions of Moral Jeopardy. Moral Jeopardy and Democracy 5. Freedom in the Media. Becoming a 'Real City'. Three Freedoms. Points of Resistance 6. Gambling Advertising. Functions of Gambling Advertising. Psychological Explanations. Rhetorical Explanations. Conclusion 7. Researchers. The Researcher's Dilemma. Researcher-Industry Relationships. Inconvenient Research 8. Helping Professionals on the Frontier. Problem Gambling Helping Organizations. Inhabitants of Frontier Towns. Industrial Relations. From Frontier to Settlement 9. Protecting Independence. Minimising Harm to Democratic Systems. Protective Measures. The Willingness to Protect 10. Strategies for Change: Three Ways Ahead. Gambling and Harm Minimisation. Guidelines for Assessing Moral Jeopardy. Setting International Benchmark Standards. Monitoring Future Strategies 11. Facing the Future. Visioning the Future. Future Moral Jeopardy

DOI
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this article, the authors have discussed the history of Islamic education in the country and the Western type of education (maktab) is of more recent date, the latter type has expanded rapidly recently.
Abstract: Afghanistan has a long history of Islamic education while Western type of education (maktab) is of more recent date. The latter type of education has expanded rapidly recently. However, girls’ enro ...

Proceedings ArticleDOI
02 Nov 2007
TL;DR: A hybrid recognition model based on probabilistic description logic is proposed that was tested in a real smart home infrastructure, by simulating a set of real case scenarios.
Abstract: In the context of an intelligent habitat assisting an occupant with Alzheimer's disease, the goal of plan recognition is to predict the patient's behavior in order to identify the various ways of supporting him in carrying out his daily activities. However, this situation raises the following dilemma: the observation of a new action, different from the expected one, cannot be directly interpreted as an error; this action can instead constitute the beginning of a second plan, carried out in an interleaved way. In addition, this same action is not inevitably the result of a multiple plan realization; it can effectively be an error. To resolve this dilemma, we propose in this paper a hybrid recognition model based on probabilistic description logic. An implementation of this model was tested in a real smart home infrastructure, by simulating a set of real case scenarios.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Mar 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, the voter's dilemma is identified as the central causal factor driving voters' choice for either clientelistic or programmatic goods, and it is argued that voters face a collective action problem in delegating to politicians to provide collective goods.
Abstract: What are the key features of delegation and accountability that structure the relationship between voters and their elected representatives? Can we construct a general theory that can account for variation in patterns of linkage and levels of accountability across democracies? In this chapter I take a step toward such a general theory by considering how the collective nature of electoral accountability confronts voters with a critical collective action problem, what I call “the voter's dilemma.” A close examination of the delegation relationship between voters and their elected representative reveals that voters face a collective action problem akin to a prisoner's dilemma in delegating to politicians to provide collective goods. I argue that this voter's dilemma is the central causal factor driving voters' choice for either clientelistic or programmatic goods. The voter's dilemma highlights how the strategic context created by collective accountability can compel voters of all income levels to relinquish their statutory authority to pass judgment on overall policy in return for a quid pro quo. The theory thus provides a parsimonious general explanation for the widely varying efficacy of the electoral connection across democracies. In the second half of the chapter, I integrate the voter's dilemma with the new institutionalism. The voter's dilemma explains whether direct, clientelistic linkages, or indirect linkages based on the delivery of some package of national and local collective goods will predominate in a given polity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper distinguishes an index ordering and a social ordering function as a simple way to formalize the indexing problem in the social choice framework and concludes that the alleged dilemma between welfarism and perfectionism is shown to involve a third possibility, exemplified by the fairness approach to social choice.
Abstract: This paper distinguishes an index ordering and a social ordering function as a simple way to formalize the indexing problem in the social choice framework. Two main conclusions are derived. First, the alleged dilemma between welfarism and perfectionism is shown to involve a third possibility, exemplified by the fairness approach to social choice. Second, the idea that an individual is better off than another whenever he has more (goods, functionings, etc.) in all dimensions, which is known to enter in conflict with the Pareto principle, can be partly salvaged by adopting the fairness approach.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argued that differences in knowledge levels alter the considerations citizens bring to bear when evaluating Congress, with the best-informed individuals constructing judgments on the basis of the most relevant Congress-specific criteria while less knowledgeable citizens employ readily available but more peripheral criteria.
Abstract: Two features of citizen response to Congress can be taken as grounds for concern. First, Americans know relatively little about Congress, and especially about congressional procedures and policy output. Second, Congress typically emerges as the least respected political institution. Although these matters are troubling when viewed individually, more disturbing is the dilemma posed when knowledge and attitudes toward Congress are viewed in tandem. It appears that citizens who know Congress the best like Congress the least. Consequently, a sophisticated polity and a well-respected legislature seem fundamentally incompatible. This article seeks to resolve this dilemma, contending that there is nothing about knowledge per se that leads citizens to view Congress unfavorably. Rather, differences in knowledge levels alter the considerations citizens bring to bear when evaluating Congress, with the best-informed individuals constructing judgments on the basis of the most relevant Congress-specific criteria while less knowledgeable citizens employ readily available but more peripheral criteria.