Showing papers on "Dilemma published in 2008"

The Trouble With Black Boys… and Other Reflections on Race, Equity, and the Future of Public Education

Abstract: The Author. Introduction. Part One: The Student Experience. 1. Joaquin's Dilemma: Understanding the Link Between Racial Identity and School-Related Behaviors. 2. The Trouble with Black Boys: The Impact of Social and Cultural Forces on the Academic Achievement of African American Males. 3. And What Will Become of Children Like Miguel Fernandez?/ Y Que Pasara Con Jovenes Como Miguel Fernandez? Education, Immigration, and the Future of Latinos in the United States. 4. How Listening to Students Can Help Schools to Improve. Part Two: The Search for Equity. 5. Latino Youth: Immigration, Education, and the Future. 6. Preventing and Producing Violence: A Critical Analysis of Responses to School Violence. 7. Schools, Prisons, and Social Implications of Punishment: Rethinking Disciplinary Practices. 8. Racial Politics and the Elusive Quest for Excellence and Equity in Education. Part Three: The Schools We Need. 9. Reclaiming the Promise of Public Education With Alan Blankstein. 10. Standards for What? Accountability for Whom? Rethinking Standards-Based Reform in Public Education. 11. Racial Isolation, Poverty, and the Limits of Local Control as a Means for Holding Public Schools Accountable. 12. Transforming Urban Schools Through Investments in Social Capital. Notes and References. Epilogue: Joaquin's Dilemma Revisited. Index.

The collective-risk social dilemma and the prevention of simulated dangerous climate change

Abstract: Will a group of people reach a collective target through individual contributions when everyone suffers individually if the target is missed? This “collective-risk social dilemma” exists in various social scenarios, the globally most challenging one being the prevention of dangerous climate change. Reaching the collective target requires individual sacrifice, with benefits to all but no guarantee that others will also contribute. It even seems tempting to contribute less and save money to induce others to contribute more, hence the dilemma and the risk of failure. Here, we introduce the collective-risk social dilemma and simulate it in a controlled experiment: Will a group of people reach a fixed target sum through successive monetary contributions, when they know they will lose all their remaining money with a certain probability if they fail to reach the target sum? We find that, under high risk of simulated dangerous climate change, half of the groups succeed in reaching the target sum, whereas the others only marginally fail. When the risk of loss is only as high as the necessary average investment or even lower, the groups generally fail to reach the target sum. We conclude that one possible strategy to relieve the collective-risk dilemma in high-risk situations is to convince people that failure to invest enough is very likely to cause grave financial loss to the individual. Our analysis describes the social window humankind has to prevent dangerous climate change.

Transfers in Cash and In-Kind: Theory Meets the Data

Abstract: We review theoretical explanations for in-kind transfers in light of the limited empirical evidence. After reviewing the traditional paternalistic arguments, we consider explanations based on imperfect information and self-targeting. We then discuss the large literature on in-kind programs as a way of improving the efficiency of the tax system and a range of other possible explanations, including the "Samaritan's Dilemma," pecuniary effects, credit constraints, asymmetric information amongst agents, and political economy considerations. Our reading of the evidence suggests that paternalism and interdependent preferences are leading overall explanations for the existence of in-kind transfer programs but that some of the other arguments may apply to specific cases. Political economy considerations must also be part of the story.

Making new connections towards cooperation in the prisoner's dilemma game

Abstract: Evolution of cooperation in the prisoner's dilemma game is studied where initially all players are linked via a regular graph, having four neighbors each. Simultaneously with the strategy evolution, players are allowed to make new connections and thus permanently extend their neighborhoods, provided they have been successful in passing their strategy to the opponents. We show that this simple coevolutionary rule shifts the survival barrier of cooperators towards high temptations to defect and results in highly heterogeneous interaction networks with an exponential fit best characterizing their degree distributions. In particular, there exist an optimal maximal degree for the promotion of cooperation, warranting the best exchange of information between influential players.

Collaborative Case Conceptualization: Working Effectively with Clients in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Abstract: The Procrustean Dilemma. The Case Conceptualization Crucible: A New Model. Two Heads Are Better Than One: Collaborative Empiricism. Incorporating Client Strengths and Building Resilience. "Can You Help Me?": Descriptive Case Conceptualization. "Why Does This Keep Happening to Me?": Cross-sectional Explanatory Conceptualizations. "Does My Future Look Like My Past?": Longitudinal Explanatory Conceptualizations. Learning and Teaching Case Conceptualization. Appraising the Model. Appendix: Aid to History Taking Form.

Are smarter groups more cooperative? Evidence from prisoner's dilemma experiments, 1959–2003

Abstract: Are more intelligent groups better at cooperating? A meta-study of repeated prisoner's dilemma experiments run at numerous universities suggests that students cooperate 5–8% more often for every 100-point increase in the school's average SAT score. This result survives a variety of robustness tests. Axelrod [Axelrod, R., 1984. The Evolution of Cooperation. Basic Books, New York] recommends that the way to create cooperation is to encourage players to be patient and perceptive; experimental evidence suggests that more intelligent groups implicitly follow this advice.

Ethical and Philosophical Consideration of the Dual-Use Dilemma in the Biological Sciences

Abstract: The dual-use dilemma arises in the context of research in the biological and other sciences as a consequence of the fact that one and the same piece of scientific research sometimes has the potential to be used for bad as well as good purposes. It is an ethical dilemma since it is about promoting good in the context of the potential for also causing harm, e.g., the promotion of health in the context of providing the wherewithal for the killing of innocents. It is an ethical dilemma for the researcher because of the potential actions of others, e.g., malevolent non-researchers who might steal dangerous biological agents, or make use of the original researcher’s work. And it is a dilemma for governments concerned with the security of their citizens, as well as their health. In this article we construct a taxonomy of types of “experiments of concern” in the biological sciences, and thereby map the terrain of ethical risk. We then provide a series of analyses of the ethical problems and considerations at issue in the dual-use dilemma, including the impermissibility of certain kinds of research and possible restrictions on dissemination of research results given the risks to health and security. Finally, we explore the main available institutional responses to some of the specific ethical problems posed by the dual-use dilemma in the biological sciences.

Dilemmas of difference, inclusion and disability : international perspectives on placement

Abstract: This paper reports findings about placement questions relevant to disability in education. It is part of a larger international study of the perspectives of 132 education practitioners and administrators in England, the USA and The Netherlands to several dilemmas of difference. Participants were interviewed about their perspectives to a presented placement dilemma about the consequences of having inclusive/separate placements for children with more severe disabilities/special educational needs. The data are presented in quantitative terms (degrees of recognition and resolution of dilemma) and qualitative terms (reasons, justifications and suggested resolutions). The findings show the continued recognition of this dilemma and commonalities in the resolution of the dilemma across the countries. Variations in responses to the dilemmas that relate to national differences are also discussed.

Mothering or Auditing? The Case of Two Big Four in France

Abstract: Purpose – Women in public accounting firms are still proportionally much fewer in number in the highest levels of the hierarchy than men, whereas recruitment at junior level tends to be increasingly gender-balanced. This paper aims to analyse the relationships between the glass ceiling and motherhood. The mechanisms explaining the difficulties encountered by auditor mothers in their hierarchical progression within the Big Four in France are identified.Design/methodology/approach – From 24 interviews with male and female auditors of various hierarchical levels, one seeks to reveal the specificity of the difficulties encountered by auditor mothers.Findings – It is argued that, throughout their careers, they are confronted with a dilemma that often leads to their being excluded and excluding themselves from the group of “those who may become partners.” It is shown that public accounting firms place both implicit and explicit obstacles in their way, tied to a desire to neutralise the effects, deemed costly, of motherhood. Moreover, the expectations of the organisation and society as a whole conflict on many points and confront female auditors with a dilemma: how to be a good mother and have a bright career? It appears that women who want to better manage this dilemma shape working practices imposed on the whole team and implement tactics to adapt their work-life balance (specialisation and lateral move to staff departments). This leads to individual trajectories that break out of the organisational model and account for the scarcity of women in the upper management levels in audit firms.Originality/value – The paper gives voice to male auditors and shows that managing the professional life/private life dilemma is difficult for fathers as well as mothers, in the long term. Moreover, rather than thinking in terms of horizontal and vertical segregations, this paper invites one to question the concept of the glass ceiling and consider the construction of the scarcity of women in the accounting profession.Paper type – Research paper.

What's worth fighting for in the principalship?

Abstract: This week Curriculum Leadership publishes an edited excerpt from the preface of Whats Worth Fighting for in the Principalship?, 2nd edition, by Michael Fullan. The author argues that at the same time that the principal has been elevated and viewed as critical to success, 'the principalship itself is sinking overloaded and pulled down. In this book, I seek a way out of the current dilemma. I am interested in helping incumbent and would-be principals leverage action that will change the system positively in small and large ways'.

The Future Challenges of Business: Rethinking Management Education and Research

Abstract: he traditional paradigm of business schools, with its strong focus onanalytical models and reductionism, is not well suited to handle theambiguity and high rate of change facing many industries today.Business educators have always faced the dilemma of academicrigor pitted against practical relevance (notwithstanding Kurt Lewin’s astuteobservation that nothing is as practical as good theory). The dilemma stems fromtwo seemingly conflicting notions. On one hand, universities must hold true tothe time-honored tradition of scholarship and the associated principles of scien-tific inquiry. On the other hand, whatever universities teach and explore withintheir professional schools must be relevant to the clinical art that defines thatprofession at the time. Unlike such professions as law, medicine, engineering, or architecture, business has yet to develop a unifying professional identity or a standard for professional certification (which the MBA presently is not).The need to balance the competing demands of rigor and relevance wasscrutinized in a provocative 2005

Beyond the Prisoners' Dilemma: Coordination, Game Theory, and Law

Abstract: This article reviews the state of game theory in legal scholarship and finds that it remains excessively focused on one tool: the Prisoners' Dilemma. I claim that this focus is not justified, that it distracts legal scholars from exploiting other insights of game theory, particularly the problem of coordination. I show how the need for coordination is as pervasive and important to law as the Prisoners' Dilemma, illustrating with game theory discussions of constitutional law, international law, property disputes, traffic, culture, gender roles, and many other topics. I also explain how a focus on the Prisoners' Dilemma unnecessarily contributes to the divide between Law & Economics and Law & Society scholars, all of whom might find some common ground in exploring coordination games.

The diversity–validity dilemma: overview and legal context

Abstract: Due to racioethnic and sex subgroup differences on predictor scores in many selection procedures, it is difficult for organizations to simultaneously maximize the validity of their selection procedures and hire a diverse workforce. One response to this diversity–validity dilemma is to revise the selection procedures, an approach developed by Ployhart and Holtz (this issue, 2008). A second possible response is to use affirmative action to increase workforce diversity, an approach developed by Kravitz (this issue, 2008). This paper briefly presents the legal context that motivates and constrains these approaches. We begin by defining key terms, describing adverse impact, and outlining the burden of proof in adverse impact cases. We then turn to the use of racioethnic minority and female preferences, summarizing some key court decisions and the conditions under which private and public employers may use preferences.

Solutions out of context: Examining the transfer of business concepts to nonprofit organizations

Abstract: Small nonprofit organizations face a dilemma when applying management theories and techniques developed for large, private businesses. Research evidence suggests both benefits and problems associated with application of these techniques. To avoid potential problems, nonprofit managers commonly limit the selection and transfer of business techniques to those that solve specific problems or appear consistent with nonprofit orientations. One consequence is that business solutions often create unintended negative outcomes that are due to contextual differences between the two types of organizations. One possible solution to this dilemma is adoption of bundles, or configurations, of practices that introduce important contextual checks and balances along with the specific tools and techniques. We explore this option through a critical, participatory ethnographic analysis of a small nonprofit service organization.

Crisis Management in Crisis

Abstract: Crisis management, it seems, is unable to abate escalating crises in increasingly risk-dominated economies. Is the endeavor of reconciling economics, politics, and public duty itself in crisis or still in a strategic learning mode? This paper outlines four research-oriented problematics that suggest the latter state of play, assuming that crises represent "wicked" problems for oligarchs. It draws on examples of what may have been learnt recently and points to that which needs more, much more, attention. Crises as a dilemma, opportunity, or both is still an unresolved and relatively undebated issue.

Evolution of cooperation in a one-shot Prisoner's Dilemma based on recognition of trustworthy and untrustworthy agents

Abstract: This article explores the conditions under which agents will cooperate in one-shot two-player Prisoner's Dilemma games if they are able to withdraw from playing the game and can learn to recognize the trustworthiness of their opponents. When the agents display a number of symbols and they learn which symbols are important to estimate the trustworthiness of others, agents will evolve who cooperate in games in line with experimental observations. These results are robust to significant levels of mutations and errors made by the players.

Neighbourhood Regeneration through Mixed Communities: A "Social Justice Dilemma"?.

Abstract: Since 2005, the English government has adopted a policy of regenerating disadvantaged neighbourhoods by reconstructing them as mixed communities, in which schools appealing to higher income residents are a key feature. This creates some difficulties for those concerned with social justice, who support the notion of integrated schools and neighbourhoods, but are concerned that the re‐modelling of neighbourhoods and schools in this way could further disadvantage existing populations. Mix is supported but mixing is opposed. This article interrogates this ‘social justice dilemma’ by analysing the origins and development of the mixed communities policy. It demonstrates the distinction between the principle of mix and the policy of mixed communities, while illuminating the political and discursive processes that conflate the two. Finally the authors indicate how research can be mobilised in support of neoliberal discourses about neighbourhoods and schools and draw some broader conclusions for education research...

The Diplomacy of Opting Out: A Bourdieudian Approach to National Integration Strategies*

Abstract: How are controversial national opt-outs managed and perceived in the EU? This article argues that the United Kingdom and Denmark compensate diplomatically for the exclusionary effects of their exemptions. A Bourdieudian approach to national diplomacy in the EU is developed to explore how British and Danish officials handle their opt-outs. By drawing on extensive interview data, it is demonstrated that the two opt-out champions employ various sophisticated strategies to overcome the dilemma between autonomy and influence. Some diplomatic strategies reduce marginalization while others enhance it. National opt-outs are ambiguous attempts at avoiding further European integration.

China's Maritime Security and the “Malacca Dilemma”

Abstract: As maritime trading becomes an increasingly important element of the modern Chinese economy, concerns in Beijing are being raised about the safety of vital sea lanes Central to this thinking has been Hu Jintao's explanation of the “Malacca Dilemma” in late 2003, which describes the problem of sea routes crucial to China's trade, especially the Malacca Straits, being subject to interdiction from another state At the same time, the international war on terror has also raised the specter of economic terrorism aimed at disrupting commerce via the Straits Due to the complex nature of these potential threats, there is the temptation for China to address the “Dilemma” unilaterally as the country modernizes its naval forces However, it remains in Beijing's interests to work both with littoral states and other great powers in ensuring greater security in the Malacca region

The diversity–validity dilemma: beyond selection—the role of affirmative action

Abstract: Several of the most valid predictors used to make employment decisions create a diversity–validity dilemma (Pyburn, Ployhart, & Kravitz, this issue, 2008). This diversity–validity dilemma can be resolved by (a) reducing adverse impact through a variety of technical steps (Ployhart & Holtz, this issue, 2008) or (b) using affirmative action to increase representation of the disadvantaged groups. This paper focuses on the second approach. The paper begins with a very brief review of the legal bases of affirmative action and a summary of the research on affirmative action attitudes. This is followed with reviews of research on the ongoing existence of workplace discrimination, the economic impact of affirmative action on target groups and organizations, and stigmatization of target group members by others and by target group members themselves. Most problems with affirmative action apply only or primarily to preference-based forms, so nonpreferential approaches to affirmative action are recommended to increase the attraction, selection, inclusion, and retention of underrepresented group members.

Korean Immigration Policy Changes and the Political Liberals’ Dilemma.

Abstract: Recently, Korean low-skilled foreign labor policies have changed in contradictory ways. On the one hand, Korea seems to be moving in a “liberal” direction, because the government is according more rights to foreign workers. On the other hand, Korea seems to be moving in an “illiberal” direction, because the government is according ethnic Korean workers preferential treatment over other foreign workers. I explain this contradictory situation in terms of political liberals’ activism. Korean political liberals’ activism vis-a-vis migrant workers is two-pronged: first, to afford more rights to all migrant workers and, second, to guarantee equal treatment to all ethnic Koreans. Taken separately, each move is in line with the political liberal principle of promoting nonascriptive, universalistic, and equal treatment. Taken together, these two moves are inherently contradictory – one pushes toward ethnicizing trends and the other pushes toward de-ethnicizing trends of immigration policies. This contradiction, which I call the political liberals’ dilemma, divides political liberals and weakens their overall political leverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physicalism as an attitude

Abstract: It is widely noted that physicalism, taken as the doctrine that the world contains just what physics says it contains, faces a dilemma which, some like Tim Crane and D.H. Mellor have argued, shows that “physicalism is the wrong answer to an essentially trivial question”. I argue that both problematic horns of this dilemma drop out if one takes physicalism not to be a doctrine of the kind that might be true, false, or trivial, but instead an attitude or oath one takes to formulate one’s ontology solely according to the current posits of physics.

Human nature, eco-footprints and environmental injustice

Abstract: Extreme poverty has been reduced, but 40% of the world's population still live on less than two dollars per day and 850 million people remain underfed. Meanwhile, the rich enjoy unprecedented levels of consumption, and obesity is a significant public health problem. The standard solution to poverty is economic growth but evidence that humanity has exceeded the carrying capacity of Earth undermines this approach. This paper explores the distal causes of the crisis. This paper argues that biophysical unsustainability is an inevitable "emergent property" of the interaction of techno-industrial society and the ecosphere with deep roots in fundamental human nature and that the problem is being reinforced by prevailing conceptual frames and cultural norms. With increasing land and resource scarcity in the twenty-first century, the expanding eco-footprints of the wealthy will increasingly displace the poor. To avoid eco-violence and the descent into chaos, the world community must acknowledge the true human nature of our collective dilemma and act to override innate behavioural predispositions that have become maladaptive in the modern era. Since the problematic drivers act beneath conscious awareness, the overall purpose of this paper is to help bring them to consciousness on grounds that they must be understood if they are to be controlled.

Ethics and Subjectivity Practices of Self-Governance in the Late Lectures of Michel Foucault

Abstract: Contemporary accounts of individual self-formation struggle to articulate a mode of subjectivity not determined by relations of power. In response to this dilemma, Foucault's late lectures on the a...

Many Faces of the Dual-Role Dilemma in Psychiatric Ethics:

Abstract: Objective: To identify the various potential manifestations of the dual-role dilemma in the psychiatric ethics literature.Method: The terms ‘dual role’, ‘dual agency’, ‘overlapping roles’, and ‘double agency’ were searched on the electronic databases PubMed, Medline, Embase and PsychInfo. Classic papers in the field of psychiatric ethics and their references were manually searched. Papers were selected for relevance to the topic of the dual-role dilemma in relation to psychiatry.Results: The dual-role dilemma is most explicitly addressed in the literature on forensic psychiatry and military psychiatry. Review of the ethics literature in other fields of psychiatry indicates many instances of the dilemma of psychiatrists facing conflicting obligations akin to the dual-role problem identified in the literature on forensic psychiatry. Many of these dilemmas are characterized by the presence of a powerful third party to whom the psychiatrist has some perceived obligations.Conclusions: In psychiatric ethics, th...

Consumers' Understanding of Privacy Rules in the Marketplace

Abstract: Studies suggest the general structure of Web sites leads consumers away from demanding that online merchants take certain approaches to privacy as a condition for dealing with them. This article presents findings from a nationally representative survey showing that the absence of such a privacy marketplace can also be attributed to the public's incomplete knowledge of privacy regulations. Most respondents correctly understood that regulations regarding merchants' sharing information are domain specific. The respondents were only sporadically correct, however, regarding which domains have which rules. The study raises questions about the best approaches to education in the absence of a coherent national policy of privacy regulation. ********** While studies consistently show that individuals are apprehensive about companies learning personal information about them, people rarely, if ever, read privacy policies or take steps to protect personal information collected during online transactions (Graber, D'Allessandro, and Johnson-West 2002; Vila, Greenstadt, and Molnar 2003). As Nehf (2007) and Pitt and Watson (2007) note, consumers do not act as if there is an online market for privacy that leads them to choose privacy-enhancing Web sites over others. Nehf concludes that the problem lies in the structure of the online world. That is, the online marketplace is organized such that consumers drop their sensitivity toward protecting their information to "pursue other goals that render privacy less salient than other attributes" (Nehf 2007, 355). The aim of this article is not to dispute that structural reasons play a role in explaining the failure of online consumers to inquire into sites' privacy rules or to insist that sites not appropriate consumers' information. It is, rather, to present nationally representative survey findings suggesting that consumers' failure to protect their privacy online as well as offline can also be attributed to limited consumer's knowledge. Most respondents in the survey correctly understood that regulations regarding merchants' sharing information are domain specific. The respondents were only sporadically correct, however, regarding which domains have which rules. Our analysis highlights the dilemma of those who are looking for ways to encourage consumers to demand stronger privacy protections from marketers, and it suggests the importance of different levels of government involvement. THE DILEMMA OF MARKETPLACE PRIVACY In the United States, state and federal law generally leaves it up to individuals to learn the rules by which firms can use their personal information and to assess their privacy risks when dealing with merchants in the online and brick-and-mortar worlds. The lack of a cohesive regulatory scheme may be partly a result of inattention and neglect by regulators, partly a belief that the open market has historically been an American tradition, and partly because marketers and marketing advocacy groups have convinced regulators that important new businesses would be harmed by an aggressive stance on marketplace privacy (Turow 2006). Within this regulatory context, Americans appear to have a contradictory approach to the issue. Some research shows that they are wary about the ways corporations use data about them. For example, a poll by the consultancy Privacy and American Business found that fifty-six percent of Americans in 2002 (vs. thirty-four percent in 1999) believed that most companies do not "handle personal information they collect in a proper and confidential way" (Westin 2003). At the same time, research shows that people behave in the online and offline marketplace as if they do not mind giving up information about themselves. Madden et al. (2007) at the Pew Internet and American Life Project found that "most internet users are not concerned about the amount of information available about them online, and most do not take steps to limit that information. …

Knowledge is a Dangerous Thing: Authority Relations, Ideological Conservatism, and Creativity in Confucian-Heritage Cultures

Abstract: Throughout history, the generation, exercise, and dissemination of knowledge are fraught with dangers, the root causes of which are traceable to the definition of authority relations. The authors compare Greek myths and Chinese legends, setting the stage for a metarelational analysis of authority relations between teacher and students and between scholar-teachers and political rulers in Confucian-heritage cultures. These two relations are rooted in ideological conservatism. They are related in a higher-order relation or metarelation: Political control and the definition of the teacher-student relationship reinforce each other in consolidating authoritarian values. Thus, ideological conservatism shapes educational philosophy and socialization. It conflicts with present demands for creativity in the service of knowledge-based economies. Hence, a major issue in cultural change to be addressed concerns the dilemma between maintaining authoritarian control and enhancing creativity.

Social Reward Shaping in the Prisoner's Dilemma (Short Paper)

Abstract: Reward shaping is a well-known technique applied to help reinforcement-learning agents converge more quickly to nearoptimal behavior In this paper, we introduce social reward shaping, which is reward shaping applied in the multiagentlearning framework We present preliminary experiments in the iterated Prisoner’s dilemma setting that show that agents using social reward shaping appropriately can behave more effectively than other classical learning and nonlearning strategies In particular, we show that these agents can both lead —encourage adaptive opponents to stably cooperate— and follow —adopt a best-response strategy when paired with a fixed opponent— where better known approaches achieve only one of these objectives

The dilemma for staff in 'playing a game' with a person with profound intellectual disabilities: empowerment, inclusion and competence in interactional practice.

Abstract: Games between staff and people with intellectual disabilities serve to promote social engagement and inclusion However, when the person has limited and idiosyncratic communicative abilities, it may be hard to gauge what his/her own view of the matter is We examine video-taped records of two episodes in which a staff member of a group home prompted a resident with profound intellectual disabilities to play a verbal and a non-verbal 'game' We examine how the staff member in these two cases designs her actions to solve the dilemma she faces between, on the one hand, abandoning an activity when the resident does not provide clear indications that she/he wants to continue or, on the other hand, persisting with it until the resident begins to enjoy it or, at least, participate more fully The solution lies in a pervasive institutional practice: treat resistance or ambiguity as temporary reluctance We discuss these interactions as examples of how principles of empowerment, inclusion and independence play out in the details of everyday interaction