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Showing papers on "Dilemma published in 2012"


Journal ArticleDOI
17 Feb 2012-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: It is shown that even a minute initial fraction of cooperators may be sufficient to eventually secure a highly cooperative final state, and it is found that the proposed win-stay-lose-learn rule promotes the evolution of cooperation very robustly and independently of the initial conditions.
Abstract: Holding on to one's strategy is natural and common if the later warrants success and satisfaction. This goes against widespread simulation practices of evolutionary games, where players frequently consider changing their strategy even though their payoffs may be marginally different than those of the other players. Inspired by this observation, we introduce an aspiration-based win-stay-lose-learn strategy updating rule into the spatial prisoner's dilemma game. The rule is simple and intuitive, foreseeing strategy changes only by dissatisfied players, who then attempt to adopt the strategy of one of their nearest neighbors, while the strategies of satisfied players are not subject to change. We find that the proposed win-stay-lose-learn rule promotes the evolution of cooperation, and it does so very robustly and independently of the initial conditions. In fact, we show that even a minute initial fraction of cooperators may be sufficient to eventually secure a highly cooperative final state. In addition to extensive simulation results that support our conclusions, we also present results obtained by means of the pair approximation of the studied game. Our findings continue the success story of related win-stay strategy updating rules, and by doing so reveal new ways of resolving the prisoner's dilemma.

533 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The largest experiments to date with humans playing a spatial Prisoner’s Dilemma on a lattice and a scale-free network suggest that population structure has little relevance as a cooperation promoter or inhibitor among humans.
Abstract: It is not fully understood why we cooperate with strangers on a daily basis. In an increasingly global world, where interaction networks and relationships between individuals are becoming more complex, different hypotheses have been put forward to explain the foundations of human cooperation on a large scale and to account for the true motivations that are behind this phenomenon. In this context, population structure has been suggested to foster cooperation in social dilemmas, but theoretical studies of this mechanism have yielded contradictory results so far; additionally, the issue lacks a proper experimental test in large systems. We have performed the largest experiments to date with humans playing a spatial Prisoner’s Dilemma on a lattice and a scale-free network (1,229 subjects). We observed that the level of cooperation reached in both networks is the same, comparable with the level of cooperation of smaller networks or unstructured populations. We have also found that subjects respond to the cooperation that they observe in a reciprocal manner, being more likely to cooperate if, in the previous round, many of their neighbors and themselves did so, which implies that humans do not consider neighbors’ payoffs when making their decisions in this dilemma but only their actions. Our results, which are in agreement with recent theoretical predictions based on this behavioral rule, suggest that population structure has little relevance as a cooperation promoter or inhibitor among humans.

324 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Experimental evidence is provided, grounded in an analytical framework, showing that the fear of crossing a dangerous threshold can turn climate negotiations into a coordination game, making collective action to avoid a dangerous thresholds virtually assured.
Abstract: How does uncertainty about “dangerous” climate change affect the prospects for international cooperation? Climate negotiations usually are depicted as a prisoners’ dilemma game; collectively, countries are better off reducing their emissions, but self-interest impels them to keep on emitting We provide experimental evidence, grounded in an analytical framework, showing that the fear of crossing a dangerous threshold can turn climate negotiations into a coordination game, making collective action to avoid a dangerous threshold virtually assured These results are robust to uncertainty about the impact of crossing a threshold, but uncertainty about the location of the threshold turns the game back into a prisoners’ dilemma, causing cooperation to collapse Our research explains the paradox of why countries would agree to a collective goal, aimed at reducing the risk of catastrophe, but act as if they were blind to this risk

266 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the tension between the illegal status of new immigrants and their limited but effective incorporation does not always pit formal law against informal practices, but is often located within law itself.
Abstract: Over the past decades, citizenship studies have explored in detail the various forms of social and civic integration achieved by otherwise illegal residents in contemporary immigration countries. While a great deal of analysis has tended to rest on a dichotomy between formal exclusion on the one hand and informal incorporation on the other, recent studies have begun questioning this dualistic model by examining the formal circuits of incorporation followed by unauthorized denizens at various geographical and institutional levels. Taking cues from this emerging line of research, this article makes three interconnected arguments. First, in contemporary liberal democracies, the rising tension between the illegal status of new immigrants and their limited but effective incorporation does not always pit formal law against informal practices, but is often located within law itself. Second, as a dynamic institutional nexus, “illegality” does not function as an absolute marker of illegitimacy, but rather as a handicap within a continuum of probationary citizenship. An incipient moral economy sees irregular migrants accumulating official and semiofficial proofs of presence, certificates of reliable conduct and other formal emblems of good citizenship, whether in the name of civic honor, in the hope of lesser deportability, or in view of future legalization. Third, such access to formal civic attributes is simultaneously being made increasingly difficult by the intensification of restrictions and controls from immigration, labor, and welfare authorities, thus confronting irregular migrants with the harsh dilemma of being framed as “more illegal” for the very documentary and economic features also assumed to improve their present and prospective civic deservingness.

204 citations


Book
25 Sep 2012
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a holistic framework for firms' various growth choices, which is highly valuable not only to scholars interested in this central first-order theoretical question in corporate strategy, but also to practitioners who are constantly faced with the strategic challenge of how best to grow their firm.
Abstract: vanced economies, but they also have profound implications for emerging markets. For example, many Chinese firms fell into the trap of overly relying on acquisitions when seeking to expand overseas, ignoring the difficulties associated with postmerger integration across cultures. As a consequence, many of these acquisitions failed. Perhaps a more viable strategy is what some Indian firms did—they first granted autonomy to the acquired overseas firms, gaining a better understanding of the local cultures and consumer preferences, and then engaged with more complete integration. Build, Borrow, or Buy: Solving the Growth Dilemma also sheds light on the interrelationship between growth choices and institutional dynamics. In the past, due to the weak intellectual property regime, markets for technologies were highly imperfect in China, so it was difficult to utilize contract or alliance strategy. However, as the institutional environment improves, the alliance strategy will likely gain more importance. Given such valuable implications, the book has extended its reach to a number of emerging economy countries, with translations into local languages (e.g., Chinese and Portuguese) available. In sum, this book develops a holistic framework for firms’ various growth choices, which is highly valuable not only to scholars interested in this central first-order theoretical question in corporate strategy, but also to practitioners who are constantly faced with the strategic challenge of how best to grow their firm. As a result, I would strongly recommend Build, Borrow, or Buy: Solving the Growth Dilemma to academics and practitioners alike.

190 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the question of whether opinions about immigrants' access to welfare provisions originate from general preferences towards welfare redistribution and whether this association is moderated by the national context is investigated.
Abstract: In the present ‘Age of Migration’, public policy as well as social scientists are puzzled by the ‘New Liberal Dilemma’ (Newton, 2007) of finding popular support for welfare programs that have been installed in times of cultural homogeneity. In this article, we are interested in the question of whether opinions about immigrants’ access to welfare provisions originate from general preferences towards welfare redistribution, and whether this association is moderated by the national context. Using the 2008 wave of the European Social Survey, we show that particularly those who favor that welfare benefits should in the first place target the neediest, place the highest restrictions on welfare provisions for immigrants. In addition, the relationship between preferences for welfare redistribution and opinions about immigrants’ access to social welfare is moderated by a national context of cultural heterogeneity. We conclude the article by drawing implications for public policy.

183 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The nature of the human obstetric dilemma is re-evaluate using updated hominin and primate literature, and the contribution of phenotypic plasticity to variability in its magnitude is considered.
Abstract: The difficult birth process of humans, often described as the "obstetric dilemma," is commonly assumed to reflect antagonistic selective pressures favoring neonatal encephalization and maternal bipedal locomotion. However, cephalo-pelvic disproportion is not exclusive to humans, and is present in some primate species of smaller body size. The fossil record indicates mosaic evolution of the obstetric dilemma, involving a number of different evolutionary processes, and it appears to have shifted in magnitude between Australopithecus, Pleistocene Homo, and recent human populations. Most attention to date has focused on its generic nature, rather than on its variability between populations. We re-evaluate the nature of the human obstetric dilemma using updated hominin and primate literature, and then consider the contribution of phenotypic plasticity to variability in its magnitude. Both maternal pelvic dimensions and fetal growth patterns are sensitive to ecological factors such as diet and the thermal environment. Neonatal head girth has low plasticity, whereas neonatal mass and maternal stature have higher plasticity. Secular trends in body size may therefore exacerbate or decrease the obstetric dilemma. The emergence of agriculture may have exacerbated the dilemma, by decreasing maternal stature and increasing neonatal growth and adiposity due to dietary shifts. Paleodemographic comparisons between foragers and agriculturalists suggest that foragers have considerably lower rates of perinatal mortality. In contemporary populations, maternal stature remains strongly associated with perinatal mortality in many populations. Long-term improvements in nutrition across future generations may relieve the dilemma, but in the meantime, variability in its magnitude is likely to persist.

172 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In PNAS, Press and Dyson dramatically expand the understanding of this classic game by uncovering strategies that provide a unilateral advantage to sentient players pitted against unwitting opponents.
Abstract: Self-serving, rational agents sometimes cooperate to their mutual benefit. However, when and why cooperation emerges is surprisingly hard to pin down. To address this question, scientists from diverse disciplines have used the Prisoner’s Dilemma, a simple two-player game, as a model problem. In PNAS, Press and Dyson (1) dramatically expand our understanding of this classic game by uncovering strategies that provide a unilateral advantage to sentient players pitted against unwitting opponents. By exposing these results, Press and Dyson have fundamentally changed the viewpoint on the Prisoner’s Dilemma, opening a range of new possibilities for the study of cooperation.

165 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the conceptual development of the dilemma of disabled masculinity is discussed, tracing how several developments in the fields of disability studies and the critical study of men and masculinities have shaped sociological understandings of disabled men.
Abstract: A much-cited point by those who study the intersection of gender and disability is that masculinity and disability are in conflict with each other because disability is associated with being dependent and helpless whereas masculinity is associated with being powerful and autonomous, thus creating a lived and embodied dilemma for disabled men. This article maps and critically evaluates the conceptual development of this dilemma of disabled masculinity, tracing how several developments in the fields of disability studies and the critical study of men and masculinities have shaped sociological understandings of disabled masculinity. We suggest that, while social science scholarship has increasingly moved beyond a static understanding and toward a dynamic view of the articulation and interaction between masculinity and disability, there are nevertheless several problems that require attention. The most critical issue conceptually is that the focus of study has been more on masculinity and how it intersects wi...

145 citations


Book
09 Jul 2012
TL;DR: In this article, a theoretical framework for K-means distances and consensus clustering, identifying the "dangerous" uniform effect and zero-value dilemma of K-Means, adapting right measures for cluster validity, and integrating Kmeans with SVMs for rare class analysis is presented.
Abstract: Nearly everyone knows K-means algorithm in the fields of data mining and business intelligence. But the ever-emerging data with extremely complicated characteristics bring new challenges to this "old" algorithm. This book addresses these challenges and makes novel contributions in establishing theoretical frameworks for K-means distances and K-means based consensus clustering, identifying the "dangerous" uniform effect and zero-value dilemma of K-means, adapting right measures for cluster validity, and integrating K-means with SVMs for rare class analysis. This book not only enriches the clustering and optimization theories, but also provides good guidance for the practical use of K-means, especially for important tasks such as network intrusion detection and credit fraud prediction. The thesis on which this book is based has won the "2010 National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation Award", the highest honor for not more than 100 PhD theses per year in China.

141 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that reciprocation towards groups opens a window of opportunity for cooperation to thrive, leading populations to engage in dynamics involving both coordination and coexistence, and characterized by cycles of cooperation and defection.
Abstract: Often groups need to meet repeatedly before a decision is reached. Hence, most individual decisions will be contingent on decisions taken previously by others. In particular, the decision to cooperate or not will depend on one's own assessment of what constitutes a fair group outcome. Making use of a repeated N-person prisoner's dilemma, we show that reciprocation towards groups opens a window of opportunity for cooperation to thrive, leading populations to engage in dynamics involving both coordination and coexistence, and characterized by cycles of cooperation and defection. Furthermore, we show that this process leads to the emergence of fairness, whose level will depend on the dilemma at stake.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a corpus of over 200 everyday requests made by residential home staff to adults with an intellectual impairment, the staff tended to use formats which claimed high entitlement to be obeyed and made little acknowledgement of the contingencies facing their interlocutors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that urban planners are faced with a difficult dilemma: how to rejoin the essential role of mobility in enhancing cities' welfare and well-being with the lack of sustainability of present urban mobility practices, and cope with this dilemma requires understanding and managing the deep intertwining of urban mobility, spatial developments, and broader socioeconomic and cultural processes, but also coming to terms with the many, irreducible uncertainties of the challenge.
Abstract: Contemporary urban lifestyles and business practices are increasingly dependent on mobility. At the same time, the negative impacts of mobility on natural and social environments are growing dramatically, as is the public outcry for their reversal. Urban planners are faced with a difficult dilemma: how to rejoin the essential role of mobility in enhancing cities' welfare and well-being with the lack of sustainability of present urban mobility practices? The paper argues that coping with this dilemma requires understanding and managing the deep intertwining of urban mobility, spatial developments, and broader socio-economic and cultural processes, but also coming to terms with the many, irreducible uncertainties of the challenge. It concludes that only a more intensive and critical interaction between different disciplines – at the very least fully integrating transport and spatial planningand between planning science and planning practice can achieve this.

Journal Article
Wang Meng1
TL;DR: In China, domestic legislation will focus on the concrete policy of promoting the cultural diversity on the one hand, and on the other hand,efforts should be made on striving for the power of discourse by the Convention in the dispute settlement as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Dilemmas of the implementation of Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions stem from its internal defects and the conflicts between the Convention and WTO.The current trade liberalization mechanism fails to provide a good legal environment for the enforcement of the Convention.Consequently,the association of WTO and the Convention,the balance of various interests,the enhancement of civil society should be promoted and motivated.In China,domestic legislation will focus on the concrete policy of promoting the cultural diversity on the one hand,and on the other hand,efforts should be made on striving for the power of discourse by the Convention in the dispute settlement.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Based on the case study of the Honda workers' strike and its impact on workplace industrial relations, the authors explores the potential of and barriers to workplace trade union reform in China and shows that the main barrier to effective workplace unionism is the lack of external support for workers' unionisation efforts.
Abstract: Based on the case study of the Honda workers’ strike and its impact on workplace industrial relations, this article explores the potential of and barriers to workplace trade union reform in China. A rise in workers’ collective actions has put political pressure on the All China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) to promote effective trade unionism and create a vital foundation for exercising democratic union representation in the workplace. The main barrier to effective workplace unionism, however, is the lack of external support for workers’ unionisation efforts. On the one hand, the lower-level local trade unions fail to comply with their legal responsibility because of their bureaucratic nature and structural integration into the patron-client relationship between the local state and the global capital. On the other hand, support for workers from civil society is handicapped by the party state’s opposition to independent labour organising. This dilemma has forced the higher trade union federation to intervene directly in workplace trade union reform and promoted state-led wage bargaining.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explain the low likelihood of entrepreneurial success by focusing on the contrast between organizational forms in terms of cultural codes that tap into widely held perceptions versus organizational forms that sustain effective guidance for organizational activities, and suggest suggestions for further research to discover what entrepreneurs actually do during the start-up process.
Abstract: Entrepreneurship enjoys widespread appeal in nearly all capitalist nations, but start-up success has proved elusive for most entrepreneurs. We explain the low likelihood of entrepreneurial success by focusing on the contrast between organizational forms in terms of cultural codes that tap into widely held perceptions versus organizational forms in terms of blueprints that sustain effective guidance for organizational activities. The dilemma facing nascent entrepreneurs during their life course is the incomplete and fragmentary nature of these opportunities for learning about start-up practices. We conclude the article by offering suggestions for further research to discover what entrepreneurs actually do during the start-up process. Copyright © 2012 Strategic Management Society.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It turns out that constant contributors, such as constant fair sharers, quickly lose out against those who initially do not contribute, but compensate this in later stages of the game.
Abstract: A collective-risk social dilemma arises when a group must cooperate to reach a common target in order to avoid the risk of collective loss while each individual is tempted to free-ride on the contributions of others. In contrast to the prisoners' dilemma or public goods games, the collective-risk dilemma encompasses the risk that all individuals lose everything. These characteristics have potential relevance for dangerous climate change and other risky social dilemmas. Cooperation is costly to the individual and it only benefits all individuals if the common target is reached. An individual thus invests without guarantee that the investment is worthwhile for anyone. If there are several subsequent stages of investment, it is not clear when individuals should contribute. For example, they could invest early, thereby signaling their willingness to cooperate in the future, constantly invest their fair share, or wait and compensate missing contributions. To investigate the strategic behavior in such situations, we have simulated the evolutionary dynamics of such collective-risk dilemmas in a finite population. Contributions depend individually on the stage of the game and on the sum of contributions made so far. Every individual takes part in many games and successful behaviors spread in the population. It turns out that constant contributors, such as constant fair sharers, quickly lose out against those who initially do not contribute, but compensate this in later stages of the game. In particular for high risks, such late contributors are favored.

Journal ArticleDOI
21 Feb 2012-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: It is shown how homogeneous networks transform a Prisoner's Dilemma into a population-wide evolutionary dynamics that promotes the coexistence between cooperators and defectors, while heterogeneous networks promote their coordination.
Abstract: Social networks affect in such a fundamental way the dynamics of the population they support that the global, population-wide behavior that one observes often bears no relation to the individual processes it stems from. Up to now, linking the global networked dynamics to such individual mechanisms has remained elusive. Here we study the evolution of cooperation in networked populations and let individuals interact via a 2-person Prisoner's Dilemma – a characteristic defection dominant social dilemma of cooperation. We show how homogeneous networks transform a Prisoner's Dilemma into a population-wide evolutionary dynamics that promotes the coexistence between cooperators and defectors, while heterogeneous networks promote their coordination. To this end, we define a dynamic variable that allows us to track the self-organization of cooperators when co-evolving with defectors in networked populations. Using the same variable, we show how the global dynamics — and effective dilemma — co-evolves with the motifs of cooperators in the population, the overall emergence of cooperation depending sensitively on this co-evolution.

Book
16 Jan 2012
TL;DR: In this paper, Cooter and Schafer propose a legal theory of economic growth that details how effective property, contract, and business laws help to unite capital and ideas, and demonstrate why ineffective private and business law are the root cause of the poverty of nations in today's world.
Abstract: Sustained growth depends on innovation, whether it's cutting-edge software from Silicon Valley, an improved assembly line in Sichuan, or a new export market for Swaziland's leather. Developing a new idea requires money, which poses a problem of trust. The innovator must trust the investor with his idea and the investor must trust the innovator with her money. Robert Cooter and Hans-Bernd Schafer call this the "double trust dilemma of development." Nowhere is this problem more acute than in poorer nations, where the failure to solve it results in stagnant economies. In Solomon's Knot, Cooter and Schafer propose a legal theory of economic growth that details how effective property, contract, and business laws help to unite capital and ideas. They also demonstrate why ineffective private and business laws are the root cause of the poverty of nations in today's world. Without the legal institutions that allow innovation and entrepreneurship to thrive, other attempts to spur economic growth are destined to fail.

Book Chapter
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: Wilson and Sperber as discussed by the authors argue that the student of rhetoric is faced with a paradox and a dilemma, and suggest a solution to the dilemma, but this will only make the paradox more blatant.
Abstract: © Deirdre Wilson and Dan Sperber 2012. A paradox and a dilemma The student of rhetoric is faced with a paradox and a dilemma. We will suggest a solution to the dilemma, but this will only make the paradox more blatant. Let us start with the paradox. Rhetoric took pride of place in formal education for two and a half millennia. Its very rich and complex history is worth detailed study, but it can be summarised in a few sentences. Essentially the same substance was passed on by eighty generations of teachers to eighty generations of pupils. If there was a general tendency, it consisted merely in a narrowing of the subject matter of rhetoric: one of its five branches, elocutio, the study of figures of speech, gradually displaced the others, and in some schools, became identified with rhetoric tout court. (We will also be guilty of this and several other simplifications.) The narrowing was not even offset by a corresponding increase in theoretical depth. Pierre Fontanier’s Les Figures du Discours is not a radical improvement on Quintilian’s Institutio Oratoria, despite the work of sixty generations of scholars in between.

Journal ArticleDOI
Ziya Öniş1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that Turkey could make a bigger and more constructive impact in the region by taking a more detached stand and through controlled activism which will act in coalitions and in close alignments with the United States and the European countries rather than a self-attributed unilateral over-pro-activism.
Abstract: Turkey has redefined its geographical security environment over the last decade by deepening its engagement with neighboring regions, especially with the Middle East. The Arab spring, however, challenged not only the authoritarian regimes in the region but also Turkish foreign policy strategy, which was based on cooperation with the existing regimes without prioritizing the democracy promotion dimension of the issue. The upheavals in the Arab world therefore created a dilemma between ethics and self-interest in Turkish foreign policy. Amid the flux of geopolitical shifts in one of the unstable regions of the world, Turkish foreign policy-making elites try to rectify their strategies to overcome this inherent dilemma in question. The central argument of the present paper is that Turkey could make a bigger and more constructive impact in the region by trying to take a more detached stand and through controlled activism which will act in coalitions and in close alignments with the United States and the European countries rather than a self-attributed unilateral over-pro-activism.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a dynamic approach imbued with complex and adaptive systems thinking, which also capitalizes on instrumental gains from prior existing institutions, is proposed to adapt its water management system to climate change.
Abstract: Understanding complexity suggests that some problems are more complex than others and defy conventional solutions. These wicked problems will not be solved by the same tools and processes that are complicit in creating them. Neither will they be resolved by approaches short on explicating the complex interconnections of the multiple causes, consequences, and cross-scale actors of the problem. Climate change is one such wicked problem confronting water management in Ghana with a dilemma. The physical consequences of climate change on Ghana’s water resources are progressively worsening. At the same time, existing institutional arrangements demonstrate weak capacities to tackle climate change–related complexities in water management. Therefore, it warrants a dynamic approach imbued with complex and adaptive systems thinking, which also capitalizes on instrumental gains from prior existing institutions. Adaptive Co-Management offers such an opportunity for Ghana to adapt its water management system to climate change.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors make the analytical case for the social projection hypothesis in the context of the theory of evidential decision making and rebut critical arguments that have been leveled against this theory.
Abstract: Evidence for cooperation in social dilemmas is empirically robust, socially desirable, and theoretically controversial. We review theoretical positions offering normative or descriptive accounts for cooperation and note the scarcity of critical tests among them. We then introduce a modified prisoner's dilemma to perform a critical test of the social projection hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, people cooperate inasmuch as they believe others respond to the situation as they themselves do. The data from three illustrative studies uniquely support the projection hypothesis. We make the analytical case for the social projection hypothesis in the context of the theory of evidential decision making. We review and rebut critical arguments that have been leveled against this theory. We note that a meta-theoretical benefit of evidential decision making is that the rationality of cooperators in social dilemmas is restored without appeals to murky notions of “collective rationality.”

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the redistribution/recognition dilemma which EU institutions must negotiate in order to address economic and cultural injustices, and propose an EU Roma Strategy which could address the needs and interests of Roma across the Union.
Abstract: Roma are one of the most discriminated and marginalized groups in the European Union (EU). The EU has emerged as a potential ally for the transnational Roma community as it possesses normative power when espousing values such as inclusion, yet is able to elaborate policy at a supranational level which has supremacy over domestic policy. Thus far EU Roma policy has failed to address the complex issues facing Roma owing to inadequate policy interventions. This can be explained by the policy choices open to the EU which appear to be built on diametrically opposed foundations, posing a dilemma for EU policy-makers. This article focuses on the redistribution/recognition dilemma which EU institutions must negotiate in order to address economic and cultural injustices. For their part, transnational Roma activists have demanded the creation of an EU Roma Strategy which could address the needs and interests of Roma across the Union.


Book
05 Jun 2012
TL;DR: The Locavore's Dilemma as mentioned in this paper argues that the current food-supply chain is a superior alternative that has evolved through constant competition and ever-more-rigorous efficiency, and a world food chain characterized by free trade and the absence of agricultural subsidies would deliver lower prices and more variety in a manner that is both economically and environmentally more sustainable.
Abstract: A new generation of food activists has come to believe that "sustainable farming" and "eating local" are the way to solve a host of perceived problems with our modern food supply system. By combining healthy eating and a high standard of environmental stewardship, these locavores think, we can also deliver important economic benefits and increase food security within local economies. But after a thorough review of the evidence, economic geographer Pierre Desrochers and policy analyst Hiroko Shimizu have concluded these claims are mistaken. In The Locavore's Dilemma, they explain the history, science, and economics of food supply to reveal what locavores miss or misunderstand: the real environmental impacts of agricultural production; the drudgery of subsistence farming; and the essential role large-scale, industrial producers play in making food more available, varied, affordable, and nutritionally rich than ever before in history. At best, they show, locavorism is a well-meaning marketing fad among the world's most privileged consumers. At worst, it constitutes a dangerous distraction from solving serious global food issues. Deliberately provocative, but based on scrupulous research and incontrovertible scientific evidence, The Locavore's Dilemma proves that: * Our modern food-supply chain is a superior alternative that has evolved through constant competition and ever-more-rigorous efficiency. * A world food chain characterized by free trade and the absence of agricultural subsidies would deliver lower prices and more variety in a manner that is both economically and environmentally more sustainable. * There is no need to feel guilty for not joining the locavores on their crusade. Eating globally, not only locally, is the way to save the planet.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors look critically at how food and agriculture-, energy security-, and climate change-oriented international organizations have consolidated and modified the biofuel discourse in relation to food, agriculture, and energy.

20 Mar 2012
TL;DR: Public security discourse changes how public order has been traditionally viewed by states across the world as mentioned in this paper, and the public security architecture in India has faced the dilemma and challenges of preparing its security agencies, steeped in colonial culture and politicised since independence.
Abstract: Public security discourse changes how public order has been traditionally viewed by states across the world. India, a country that attained independence from British colonialism in 1947 and has been democratising since, has faced the dilemma and challenges of preparing its security agencies, steeped in colonial culture and politicised since independence, to face the challenges of twenty first century. Organisational, criminal justice system and attitudianal issues dog the public security architecture in India. Since the Constitution of India has assigned the responsibility of public order to states, federal frictions to have arisen lately in dealing with security issues in the national domain such as terrorism and Maoism. The police and other public institutions responsible for the task must be braced up to meet the emerging challenges.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Taboos are a universal feature of social systems as discussed by the authors and even the most avowedly open-minded organizations place tacit constraints on what can be said and even thought, and business leaders ignore these constraints at their peril.
Abstract: Taboos are a universal feature of social systems. Even the most avowedly open-minded organizations place tacit constraints on what can be said and even thought. Business leaders ignore these constraints at their peril. This article examines the role of the sacred, profane, and taboo in society, and links these phenomena to the psychology of moral outrage. In public debates, taboos are rarely as absolute as first assumed and can often be reframed as tragic choices. Leaders must perform a delicate balancing act if they are to prevent taboos from blinding managers to either threats or opportunities. On the one hand, leaders who let their intellectual curiosity get the better of them risk paying a steep career price. On the other, leaders who bury their heads in the sand risk even worse consequences. Navigating this dilemma brings into sharp tension the policy prescriptions of advocates of authentic leadership (who see honesty as a trump virtue) and proponents of Realpolitik (who see organizational hypocrisy ...

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that Turkey could make a bigger and more constructive impact in the region by taking a more detached stand and through controlled activism which will act in coalitions and in close alignments with the United States and the European countries rather than a self-attributed unilateral over-pro-activism.
Abstract: Turkey has redefined its geographical security environment over the last decade by deepening its engagement with neighboring regions, especially with the Middle East. The Arab spring, however, challenged not only the authoritarian regimes in the region but also Turkish foreign policy strategy, which was based on cooperation with the existing regimes without prioritizing the democracy promotion dimension of the issue. The upheavals in the Arab world therefore created a dilemma between ethics and self-interest in Turkish foreign policy. Amid the flux of geopolitical shifts in one of the unstable regions of the world, Turkish foreign policy-making elites try to rectify their strategies to overcome this inherent dilemma in question. The central argument of the present paper is that Turkey could make a bigger and more constructive impact in the region by trying to take a more detached stand and through controlled activism which will act in coalitions and in close alignments with the United States and the European countries rather than a self-attributed unilateral over-pro-activism.