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Showing papers on "Dilemma published in 2014"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that participants were more information seeking and had higher decision noise with the longer horizon, suggesting that humans use both strategies to solve the exploration-exploitation dilemma.
Abstract: All adaptive organisms face the fundamental tradeoff between pursuing a known reward (exploitation) and sampling lesser-known options in search of something better (exploration). Theory suggests at least two strategies for solving this dilemma: a directed strategy in which choices are explicitly biased toward information seeking, and a random strategy in which decision noise leads to exploration by chance. In this work we investigated the extent to which humans use these two strategies. In our "Horizon task," participants made explore-exploit decisions in two contexts that differed in the number of choices that they would make in the future (the time horizon). Participants were allowed to make either a single choice in each game (horizon 1), or 6 sequential choices (horizon 6), giving them more opportunity to explore. By modeling the behavior in these two conditions, we were able to measure exploration-related changes in decision making and quantify the contributions of the two strategies to behavior. We found that participants were more information seeking and had higher decision noise with the longer horizon, suggesting that humans use both strategies to solve the exploration-exploitation dilemma. We thus conclude that both information seeking and choice variability can be controlled and put to use in the service of exploration.

356 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the challenges of regulating innovation from an 'innovation law' perspective, i.e., they qualify these practices as innovations that should not be stifled by regulations but not be left unregulated either.
Abstract: Sharing economy practices have become increasingly popular in the past years. From swapping systems, network transportation to private kitchens, sharing with strangers appears to be the new urban trend. Although Uber, Airbnb, and other online platforms have democratized the access to a number of services and facilities, multiple concerns have been raised as to the public safety, health and limited liability of these sharing economy practices. In addition, these innovative activities have been contested by professionals offering similar services that claim that sharing economy is opening the door to unfair competition. Regulators are at crossroads: on the one hand, innovation in sharing economy should not be stifled by excessive and outdated regulation; on the other, there is a real need to protect the users of these services from fraud, liability and unskilled service providers. This dilemma is far more complex than it seems since regulators are confronted here with an array of challenging questions: firstly, can these sharing economy practices be qualified as "innovations" worth protecting and encouraging? Secondly, should the regulation of these practices serve the same goals as the existing rules for the equivalent commercial services (e.g. taxi regulations)? Thirdly, how can regulation keep up with the evolving nature of these innovative practices? All these questions, come down to one simple problem: too little is known about the most socially effective ways of consistently regulating and promoting innovation. The solution of these problems implies analyzing two fields of study which still seem to be at an embryonic stage in the legal literature: the study of sharing economy practices and the relationship between innovation and law in this area. In this article, I analyze the challenges of regulating sharing economy from an 'innovation law perspective', i.e., I qualify these practices as innovations that should not be stifled by regulations but should not be left unregulated either. I start at an abstract level by defining the concept of innovation and explaining it characteristics. The "innovation law" perspective adopted in this article to analyze sharing economy implies an overreaching study of the relationship between law and innovation. This perspective elects innovation as the ultimate policy and regulatory goal and defends that law should be shaped according to this goal. In this context, I examine the multiple features of the innovation process in the specific case of sharing economy and the role played by different fields of law. Electing innovation as the ultimate policy target may however be devoid of meaning in a world where law is expected to pursue many other — and often conflicting — values. In this article, I examine the challenges of regulating innovation from the lens of sharing economy. This field offers us a solid case study to explore the concept of "innovation", think about how regulators should look at the innovation process, how inadequate rules may have a negative impact on innovation, and how regulators should fine tune regulations to ensure that the advancement of innovation is balanced with other values such as public health or safety. I argue that the regulation of innovative sharing economy practices requires regulatory "openness": fewer, but broader rules that do not stifle innovation while imposing a minimum of legal requirements that take into account the characteristics of innovative sharing economy practices, but that are open for future developments.

161 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
22 Apr 2014-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: A novel model in which the exploration strategy itself is dynamic and varies with time in order to optimize a definite goal, such as the acquisition of energy, money, or prestige is presented.
Abstract: The trade-off between the need to obtain new knowledge and the need to use that knowledge to improve performance is one of the most basic trade-offs in nature, and optimal performance usually requires some balance between exploratory and exploitative behaviors Researchers in many disciplines have been searching for the optimal solution to this dilemma Here we present a novel model in which the exploration strategy itself is dynamic and varies with time in order to optimize a definite goal, such as the acquisition of energy, money, or prestige Our model produced four very distinct phases: Knowledge establishment, Knowledge accumulation, Knowledge maintenance, and Knowledge exploitation, giving rise to a multidisciplinary framework that applies equally to humans, animals, and organizations The framework can be used to explain a multitude of phenomena in various disciplines, such as the movement of animals in novel landscapes, the most efficient resource allocation for a start-up company, or the effects of old age on knowledge acquisition in humans

160 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors investigates the experiences of disaffected members of a religious institution and consumption field, who face severe crises of identity and the need to rebuild their self-understandings in an unfamiliar marketplace of identity resources.
Abstract: Certain institutions traditionally have had broad socializing influence over their members, providing templates for identity that comprehend all aspects of life from the existential and moral to the mundanely material. Marketization and detraditionalization undermine that socializing role. This study examines the consequences when, for some members, such an institution loses its authority to structure identity. With a hermeneutical method and a perspective grounded in Bourdieu's theories of fields and capital, this research investigates the experiences of disaffected members of a religious institution and consumption field. Consumers face severe crises of identity and the need to rebuild their self-understandings in an unfamiliar marketplace of identity resources. Unable to remain comfortably in the field of their primary socialization, they are nevertheless bound to it by investments in field-specific capital. In negotiating this dilemma, they demonstrate the inseparability and co-constitutive nature of ideology and consumption.

145 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 2014-Geoforum
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on China pollution-intensive industries and document some of the ways in which different levels of government and different kinds of firms are attempting to deal with new challenges emerged in the 2000s and the dilemma they pose.

138 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The ambivalence inherent to the politics of juridification is explored in this article, where it is observed that some spheres of the life-world such as the family and the school are often pla...
Abstract: The article starts with the observation of an ambivalence inherent to the politics of juridification. On the one hand, some spheres of the life-world such as the family and the school are often pla...

136 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work examines how organizations address the replication dilemma by simultaneously enacting contrasting goals while transferring routines across complex organizational settings and develops a theoretical framework that adds to the extant replication and routines literatures, and the Carnegie account of routine transfer and goal balancing.
Abstract: I examine how organizations address the replication dilemma by simultaneously enacting contrasting goals while transferring routines across complex organizational settings. I address this issue by drawing on a qualitative case-based inquiry into the multiplicity of the routines' ostensive and performative aspects in the context of routine transfer and exact replication. The subject of inquiry is a leading electronics organization facing the dilemma of how to deal with simultaneous competing pressures to copy exactly replicate and change innovate. I find that organizational members address this dilemma 1 by harnessing artifacts and communities to establish two sets of ostensive patterns and performances, one supporting alignment replication and one improvement innovation, and 2 by striving to maintain a dynamic balance between them by enacting them in different proportions. This allows offsetting competing goals and the related pressures both at specific points in time and over time. Building on these findings, I develop a theoretical framework that adds to the extant replication and routines literatures, and the Carnegie account of routine transfer and goal balancing, by capturing 1 the microlevel, performative dynamics by which organizations unravel the replication dilemma in routines transfer while addressing competing goals and the associated pressures and 2 the role of the social and material features of context in the reproduction and transfer of routines.

113 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider the dilemma faced by employees every time a colleague requests knowledge: should they share their knowledge? They use adaptive cost theory and self-efficacy theory to examine how to decide whether or not to share knowledge.
Abstract: This study considers the dilemma faced by employees every time a colleague requests knowledge: should they share their knowledge? We use adaptive cost theory and self-efficacy theory to examine how...

102 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that the higher the fraction of the population adopting a different payoff matrix the more the evolution of cooperation is promoted, corroborate existing evidence in favor of heterogeneity-enhanced network reciprocity and reveal how different perceptions of social dilemmas may contribute to their resolution.
Abstract: Motivated by the fact that the same social dilemma can be perceived differently by different players, we here study evolutionary multigames in structured populations. While the core game is the weak prisoner's dilemma, a fraction of the population adopts either a positive or a negative value of the sucker's payoff, thus playing either the traditional prisoner's dilemma or the snowdrift game. We show that the higher the fraction of the population adopting a different payoff matrix the more the evolution of cooperation is promoted. The microscopic mechanism responsible for this outcome is unique to structured populations, and it is due to the payoff heterogeneity, which spontaneously introduces strong cooperative leaders that give rise to an asymmetric strategy imitation flow in favor of cooperation. We demonstrate that the reported evolutionary outcomes are robust against variations of the interaction network, and they also remain valid if players are allowed to vary which game they play over time. These results corroborate existing evidence in favor of heterogeneity-enhanced network reciprocity, and they reveal how different perceptions of social dilemmas may contribute to their resolution.

98 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An economic experiment was designed in which participants were matched either with an extortioner or with a generous co-player, and found that although extortioners succeeded against each of their human opponents, extortion resulted in lower payoffs than generosity.
Abstract: Extortion is the practice of obtaining advantages through explicit forces and threats. Recently, it was demonstrated that even the repeated prisoner’s dilemma, one of the key models to explain mutual cooperation, allows for implicit forms of extortion. According to the theory, extortioners demand and receive an excessive share of any surplus, which allows them to outperform any adapting co-player. To explore the performance of such strategies against humans, we have designed an economic experiment in which participants were matched either with an extortioner or with a generous co-player. Although extortioners succeeded against each of their human opponents, extortion resulted in lower payoffs than generosity. Human subjects showed a strong concern for fairness: they punished extortion by refusing to fully cooperate, thereby reducing their own, and even more so, the extortioner’s gains. Thus, the prospects of extorting others in social relationships seem limited; in the long run, generosity is more profitable. Theory predicts that extortioners, individuals that obtain advantages through forces and threats, can outperform any generous co-player. Here, Hilbe et al.show experimentally that humans punish extortion by refusing to cooperate, which reduces the extortioner’s gains, and suggest that generosity is more profitable in the long run.

98 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, three different methods have emerged to bypass these restrictions, allowing officials to attain faster promotion, i.e., the Communist Youth League route, temporary transferred duty and non-regulation promotion.
Abstract: Within the operational procedures of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) cadre appointment system, age restrictions hinder cadre promotion. As a result, three different methods have emerged to bypass these restrictions, allowing officials to attain faster promotion. These three methods are the Communist Youth League route, temporary transferred duty and non-regulation promotion. This article will explain the age restriction system, and then outline the three methods and discuss their impact on the appointment system as a whole. The examples of Zhou Qiang and Lu Hao, rising political stars, demonstrate how these methods are used to gain substantial age advantages for successful career progression.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the literature on the exploration/exploitation dilemma is presented, based on a systematic analysis of structural, behavioural, systemic, and temporal solutions, and it is shown that the learning literature continues to struggle with the question of how exactly an organization can separate exploration and exploitation and at the same time enable necessary knowledge exchange and cooperation between these two notions.
Abstract: This paper reviews the extant literature on the exploration/exploitation dilemma. Based on a systematic analysis of structural, behavioural, systemic and temporal solutions, the authors are able to show that the learning literature continues to struggle with the question of how exactly an organization can separate exploration and exploitation and at the same time enable necessary knowledge exchange and cooperation between these two notions. Paying closer attention to networks might enable future research to answer this question. In particular, a combination of structural aspects of networks and social ties has the potential to explain how the solutions currently on offer can be implemented successfully, how organizations can combine several of them, and how they can shift between them.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a set of 46 moral dilemmas for studies on moral judgment is presented, which are fine-tuned in terms of four conceptual factors (Personal Force, Benefit Recipient, Evitability, and Intention) and methodological aspects of the dilemma formulation (word count, expression style, question formats).
Abstract: We propose a revised set of moral dilemmas for studies on moral judgment. We selected a total of 46 moral dilemmas available in the literature and fine-tuned them in terms of four conceptual factors (Personal Force, Benefit Recipient, Evitability, and Intention) and methodological aspects of the dilemma formulation (word count, expression style, question formats) that have been shown to influence moral judgment. Second, we obtained normative codings of arousal and valence for each dilemma showing that emotional arousal in response to moral dilemmas depends crucially on the factors Personal Force, Benefit Recipient ,a ndIntentionality. Third, we validated the dilemma set confirming that people’s moral judgment is sensitive to all four conceptual factors, and to their interactions. Results are discussed in the context of this field of research, outlining also the relevance of our RT effects for the Dual Process account of moral judgment. Finally, we suggest tentative theoretical avenues for future testing, particularly stressing the importance of the factor Intentionality in moral judgment. Additionally, due to the importance of cross-cultural studies in the quest for universals in human moral cognition, we provide the new set dilemmas in six languages (English, French, German, Spanish, Catalan, and Danish). The norming values provided here refer to the Spanish dilemma set.

Book
21 Nov 2014
TL;DR: Casey O'Donnell as discussed by the authors examines the creative collaborative practice of typical game developers, showing that the ability to play with the underlying systems is at the core of creative and collaborative practice, which is central to the New Economy.
Abstract: Rank-and-file game developers bring videogames from concept to product, and yet their work is almost invisible, hidden behind the famous names of publishers, executives, or console manufacturers. In this book, Casey O'Donnell examines the creative collaborative practice of typical game developers. His investigation of why game developers work the way they do sheds light on our understanding of work, the organization of work, and the market forces that shape (and are shaped by) media industries. O'Donnell shows that the ability to play with the underlying systems -- technical, conceptual, and social -- is at the core of creative and collaborative practice, which is central to the New Economy. When access to underlying systems is undermined, so too is creative collaborative process. Drawing on extensive fieldwork in game studios in the United States and India, O'Donnell stakes out new territory empirically, conceptually, and methodologically. Mimicking the structure of videogames, the book is divided into worlds, within which are levels; and each world ends with a boss fight, a "rant" about lessons learned and tools mastered. O'Donnell describes the process of videogame development from pre-production through production, considering such aspects as experimental systems, "socially mandatory" overtime, and the perpetual startup machine that exhausts young, initially enthusiastic workers. He links work practice to broader systems of publishing, manufacturing, and distribution; introduces the concept of a privileged "actor-intra-internetwork"; and describes patent and copyright enforcement by industry and the state.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors presented the first international comparative analysis of attitudes toward climate change and discretionary air travel, providing insights into areas of convergence and divergence across three European societies (Norway, the United Kingdom, and Germany).
Abstract: The “flyers’ dilemma” describes the tension that now exists between the personal benefits of tourism and the climate concerns associated with high levels of personal aeromobility. This article presents the first international comparative analysis of attitudes toward climate change and discretionary air travel, providing insights into areas of convergence and divergence across three European societies—Norway, the United Kingdom, and Germany. Employing a critical interpretive approach and drawing upon 48 in-depth semistructured interviews, we document evidence of widespread neglect of the flyers’ dilemma. Our comparative analysis confirms that although current discretionary air travel practices are deeply embedded and resistant to change, attitudes toward the climate crisis and barriers to behavior change offer points of important contrast between different societies. Efforts to reformulate excessive discretionary air travel in response to accelerating global climate change must accommodate the unique issue...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Medical students encounter situations during workplace learning in which they witness or participate in something unprofessional (so‐called professionalism dilemmas), sometimes having a negative emotional impact on them.
Abstract: Context: Medical students encounter situations during workplace learning in which they witness or participate in something unprofessional (so-called professionalism dilemmas), sometimes having a negative emotional impact on them. Less is known about other health care students’ experiences of professionalism dilemmas and the resulting emotional impact. Objectives: To examine dental, nursing, pharmacy and physiotherapy students’ narratives of professionalism dilemmas: the types of events they encounter (‘whats’) and the ways in which they narrate those events (‘hows’). Methods: A qualitative cross-sectional study. Sixty-nine health care students (29 dentistry, 13 nursing, 12 pharmacy, 15 physiotherapy) participated in group/individual narrative interviews. Data were analysed using framework analysis (examining the ‘whats’), linguistic inquiry and word count software (examining the ‘hows’ by dilemma type and student group) and narrative analysis (bringing together ‘whats’ and ‘hows’). Results: In total, 226 personal incident narratives (104 dental, 34 nursing, 39 pharmacy and 49 physiotherapy) were coded. Framework analysis identified nine themes, including ‘Theme 2: professionalism dilemmas’, comprising five sub-themes: ‘student abuse’, ‘patient safety and dignity breaches by health care professionals’, ‘patient safety and dignity breaches by students’, ‘whistleblowing and challenging’ and ‘consent’. Using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (liwc) software, significant differences in negative emotion talk were found across student groups and dilemma types (e.g. more anger talk when narrating patient safety and dignity breaches by health care professionals than similar breaches by students). The narrative analysis illustrates how events are constructed and the emotional implications of assigning blame (an ethical dimension) resulting in emotional residue. Conclusion: Professionalism dilemmas experienced by health care students, including issues concerning whistleblowing and challenging, have implications for interprofessional learning. By focusing on common professionalism issues at a conceptual level, health care students can share experiences through narratives. The role-playing of idealised actions (how students wish they had acted) can facilitate synergy between personal moral values and moral action enabling students to commit and re-commit to professionalism values together.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors make a comparison between the EU and China in terms of the experience of migrants and the ways in which source countries attempt to influence the categorization and assimilation policies of the receiving ones, obviously in ways favorable to the former's nationals.
Abstract: done much to improve. The book can be very profitable read for the case studies alone and their attached bibliographies. The weaknesses of the book lie in several other directions, three in particular. The first is that there is no real attempt to develop any kind of serious comparative model either between the EU examples, or between the EU ones and China, which have radically different histories and political systems. The second is that there is nothing said about relationships between the receiving and the sending counties either in terms of the experience of migrants or of the ways in which source countries attempt to influence the categorization and assimilation policies of the receiving ones, obviously in ways favourable to the former’s nationals. The third is that while the book is strong on the analysis of categories there is nothing at all on the actual sociology or phenomenology of migration itself. It seems to me to be impossible to talk about ‘belonging’ without serious consideration of that dimension. For example, the UK has a very large population of Bangladeshi origin, many of whom maintain political, economic, kinship and religious ties with their ‘home’ country, where many of course were not born, having been in the UK since birth, and often as the children of second or third generation ‘migrants’. The categories tell us how governments wish to classify such people (and the ideological or racial origins of such classifications), but they tell us little about the senses of belonging that may or may not be enjoyed by such people who are in most cases actually integral parts of the local social fabric, or indeed of how that local fabric also deals with people of migrant origin in its midst. In short, an excellent read for its informative and well documented case studies of both the EU and China, but less of a success in theorizing the notion of a sense of belonging, which exists in a very tangential relationship to the shifting and politically motivated bureaucratic labels imposed on people by governments and public agencies, including of course immigration authorities.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors describe the contrasting ways 2 primary and 2 middle-grade teachers in urban Canadian public schools infused conflict dialogue pedagogies into their implemented curricula, introducing conflict communication skills and/or content knowledge embodying conflicting viewpoints as learning opportunities, actively engaged a wide range of students.
Abstract: Dialogue about social and political conflicts is a key element of democratic citizenship education that is frequently advocated in scholarship but rarely fully implemented, especially in classrooms populated by ethnically and economically heterogeneous students. Qualitative case studies describe the contrasting ways 2 primary and 2 middle-grade teachers in urban Canadian public schools infused conflict dialogue pedagogies into their implemented curricula. These lessons, introducing conflict communication skills and/or content knowledge embodying conflicting viewpoints as learning opportunities, actively engaged a wide range of students. At the same time, even these purposively selected teachers did not often facilitate sustained, inclusive, critical, and imaginative exchange or deliberation about heartfelt disagreements, nor did they probe the diversity and equity questions surrounding these issues. The case studies illustrate a democratic education dilemma: Even in the classrooms of skilled and c...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide normative data for a sample of 120 undergraduate students using a new set of 60 moral dilemmas that might be employed in future studies according to specific research needs.
Abstract: At the present time, the growing interest in the topic of moral judgment highlights the widespread need for a standardized set of experimental stimuli. We provide normative data for a sample of 120 undergraduate students using a new set of 60 moral dilemmas that might be employed in future studies according to specific research needs. Thirtydilemmas were structured tobe similar tothe Footbridge dilemma (“instrumental” dilemmas, in whichthedeathofonepersonisameanstosavemorepeople),andthirtydilemmasweredesignedtobesimilartotheTrolleydilemma(“incidental” dilemmas, in which the death of one person is a foreseen but unintended consequence of the action aimed at saving more people). Besides type of dilemma, risk-involvement was also manipulated: the main character’s life was at risk in half of the instrumental dilemmas and in half of the incidental dilemmas. We provide normative values for the following variables: (i) rates of participants’ responses (yes/no) to the proposed resolution; (ii) decision times; (iii) ratings of moral acceptability; and (iv) ratings of emotional valence (pleasantness/unpleasantness) and arousal (activation/calm) experienced during decision making. For most of the dependent variables investigated, we observed significant main effects of type of dilemma and risk-involvement in both subject and item analyses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors make a theoretical connection between the exploration-exploitation dilemma and age-biased leadership preferences for exploratory change versus stable exploitation using an evolutionary perspective.
Abstract: The current contribution extends theorizing on leadership and the exploration–exploitation dilemma using an evolutionary perspective. A theoretical connection is made between the exploration–exploitation dilemma and age-biased leadership preferences for exploratory change versus stable exploitation. For the majority of human evolution our species was semi- or entirely nomadic and the trade-off between exploration versus exploitation had substantial physical- and experience-based requirements which align with leadership opportunities as moderated by age. Thus, given the consistency and importance of correctly assigning leadership for the exploration–exploitation dilemma, human evolution has likely selected for age-biased leadership endorsement. Across three experiments we find that younger-looking leaders are endorsed for times of exploratory change and older-looking leaders for stable exploitation. Further, our results indicated that older leaders are endorsed for leading conservative exploitation of nonrenewable resources and younger leaders for exploration of renewable alternatives (i.e., green leadership). The results introduce an age-biased leadership endorsement hypothesis.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, a leading innovation expert and his HBS colleague explore the reasons for this sluggishness and find that investments in different types of innovation have different effects on growth but are all evaluated using the same (flawed) metrics.
Abstract: Sixty months after the 2008 recession ended, the economy was still sputtering, producing disappointing growth and job numbers. Corporations seemed stuck: Despite low interest rates, they were sitting on massive piles of cash and failing to invest in new initiatives. In this article, a leading innovation expert and his HBS colleague explore the reasons for this sluggishness. The crux of the problem, they say, is that investments in different types of innovation have different effects on growth but are all evaluated using the same (flawed) metrics. Performance-improving innovations, which replace old products with better models, and efficiency innovations, which lower costs, don't produce many jobs. (Indeed, efficiency innovations eliminate them.) Market-creating innovations, which transform products so radically they create a new class of consumer, do generate jobs for their originators and for the economy. But the assessment metrics that financial markets--and companies--use always show efficiency and performance-improving innovations to be better opportunities. This is the capitalist's dilemma: Doing the right thing for long-term prosperity is the wrong thing for investors, according to the tools that guide investments. Those tools, however, are based on an unexamined assumption: that capital is scarce, and that performance should be assessed by how efficiently companies use it. The truth is, capital is no longer scarce, and our tools need to catch up to that reality. INSETS: Idea in Brief;Untitled;Spreadsheets: The Fast Food of Strategic Decision Making;When the World Is Awash in Capital

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that the support that men often receive in their academic careers tends to be taken for granted, while women are expected to advance on their own in order to prove that they are sufficiently qualified.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors investigates the twin cultural (conservatism) and economic (neo-liberalism) challenge to gender justice through a discussion of female employment in Turkey, where essentialist views of women's difference continue to be used to legitimize the confinement of women to care work and the character of employment relations in a neo-liberal environment.
Abstract: This article investigates the twin cultural (conservatism) and economic (neo-liberalism) challenge to gender justice through a discussion of female employment in Turkey, where essentialist views of women's difference continue to be used to legitimize the confinement of women to care work and the character of employment relations in a neo-liberal environment renders women's participation in working life practically impossible. The article shows how neo-liberalism can actually act in tandem with cultural conservatism to shape a social order where traditional gender norms are reasserted, crippling parity of participation. It is argued that a widely shared tendency to regard cultural norms and labor market relations as natural phenomena presents an obstacle against the development of a transformative agenda for the eradication of gender injustice.


Journal ArticleDOI
22 Apr 2014-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: Results indicate that humans groups can handle the fundamental “dual exploration-exploitation dilemmas” successfully, and that social learning about simple choice-frequencies can help produce collective intelligence.
Abstract: The exploration-exploitation dilemma is a recurrent adaptive problem for humans as well as non-human animals. Given a fixed time/energy budget, every individual faces a fundamental trade-off between exploring for better resources and exploiting known resources to optimize overall performance under uncertainty. Colonies of eusocial insects are known to solve this dilemma successfully via evolved coordination mechanisms that function at the collective level. For humans and other non-eusocial species, however, this dilemma operates within individuals as well as between individuals, because group members may be motivated to take excessive advantage of others' exploratory findings through social learning. Thus, even though social learning can reduce collective exploration costs, the emergence of disproportionate “information scroungers” may severely undermine its potential benefits. We investigated experimentally whether social learning opportunities might improve the performance of human participants working on a “multi-armed bandit” problem in groups, where they could learn about each other's past choice behaviors. Results showed that, even though information scroungers emerged frequently in groups, social learning opportunities reduced total group exploration time while increasing harvesting from better options, and consequentially improved collective performance. Surprisingly, enriching social information by allowing participants to observe others' evaluations of chosen options (e.g., Amazon's 5-star rating system) in addition to choice-frequency information had a detrimental impact on performance compared to the simpler situation with only the choice-frequency information. These results indicate that humans groups can handle the fundamental “dual exploration-exploitation dilemmas” successfully, and that social learning about simple choice-frequencies can help produce collective intelligence.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore what might drive organizations to erroneously abandon a potentially successful venture, and they suggest that sometimes organizations should "press on the accelerator" and stay the course despite adversity.
Abstract: When an important venture seems to unravel, decision makers may face a dilemma. Do they persist and risk becoming caught up in a spiral of escalating commitment, or “apply the brakes” when they may be within an ace of success? Escalation of commitment is thought to be a ubiquitous and costly mistake. Yet sometimes organizations should “press on the accelerator” and stay the course despite adversity. This paper explores what might drive organizations to erroneously abandon a potentially successful venture.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue for an alternative conceptual approach to frequent flying, which elaborates the structural reproduction of the "flyers' dilemma" rather than its individual, psychological effects, and argue that frequent flying may represent a site of behavioural addiction, characterized by guilt, suppression and denial.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarize the evolution of the dilemma zone researches and discuss the future directions of dilemma zone research, including the future direction of yellow light dilemma zone hazard measurement.
Abstract: The yellow light dilemma zone is widely known as an area on the high-speed intersection approach, where vehicles neither safely stop before the stop line nor proceed through the intersection during amber interval. Within such an area, a vehicle might be involved in a right-angle crash or rear-end collision. This issue has been extensively discussed over five decades in traffic engineering field, covering from theory to practice. However, few comprehensive review literatures on the amber signal dilemma zone problems can be found. The objective of this paper is to summarize the evolution of yellow light dilemma zone researches. Basic definition and boundary of dilemma zone followed by driver behavior and dilemma zone hazard measurement are depicted. At last, the future directions of yellow light dilemma zone research are discussed.

Book
04 Aug 2014
TL;DR: Theories of Democratic transparency and foreign policy success are discussed in this article, where the authors present evidence for support, spending and success of National Security Oversight Institutions (NSOI).
Abstract: Acknowledgements Introduction Contents I Democracy Classified: The Uses of Secrecy 1 Theories of Democratic Transparency and Foreign Policy Success 2 Not So Exceptional: The Theory, Uses, and Reality of National Security Secrecy in Democracies II The Abuses of Secrecy and Public Consent 3 The Potential Abuses of National Security Secrecy 4 The Consequences of Potential Abuse for Public Consent III Democracy Declassified: the Dilemma and Oversight 5 Solving the Secrecy Dilemma 6 The Consequences of National Security Oversight in Democracies IV The Evidence 7 A View of National Security Oversight Institutions 8 Revealing Evidence: Support, Spending and Success V Conclusion 9 Implications and Innovations Appendices: Formal Models, Data and Statistical Result Bibliography

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a critical assessment of Dubai's approach to tourism development, focusing on its cultural implications, and observe ways in which the destination is building an image based on iconographic grandeur, monumental innovation and super-modernism.
Abstract: The aim of this conceptual paper is to provide a critical assessment of Dubai's approach to tourism development, focusing on its cultural implications. The work initially observes ways in which the destination is building an image based on iconographic grandeur, monumental innovation and super-modernism. In doing so, the enquiry indicates that one fundamental sociological concern for destination Dubai is its perceived lack of cultural consistency, particularly in terms of the absorption of the old into the new. This position is evident through a paucity of heritage resources and institutions associated with the tourism market, as well as limited public knowledge concerning the ethnic and traditional elements of the indigenous society. Emphasising a more culturally focused tourism agenda could help to socially sustain and ground local communities (and identities) threatened by rapid urbanisation and Westernisation. However, one noted dilemma relates to the complexity of defining and deconstructing indigeno...