Showing papers on "Dilemma published in 2015"
[...]
01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: The Prisoner's Dilemma game has been studied extensively in the field of collective action theory as mentioned in this paper, and it has been shown to be a powerful metaphor for many serious problems in the modern world.
Abstract: "For that which is common to the greatest number has the least care bestowed upon it. Every one thinks chiefly of his own, hardly at all of the common interest; and only when he is himself concerned as an individual. For besides other considerations, everybody is more inclined to neglect the duty which he expects another to fulfill; as in families many attendants are often less useful than a few. Each citizen will have a thousand sons who will not be his sons individually but anybody will be equally the son of anybody, and will therefore be neglected by all alike." -- From Aristotle's "Politics", Written c.a. 350 BC Unless you are in certain specialties of Liberal Arts in the academic world, you probably have never heard the term, Social Dilemma , a dilemma or paradox that commonly results from Collective Action . Like me, you may have read a little bit about the Prisoner's Dilemma a few years ago when it received some publicity in well known publications such as Scientific American . Most of you probably dismissed the Prisoner's Dilemma story as just another academic construction with little real significance. But I found the "collective action problem" -- the "social dilemmas" that is the fundamental characteristic of the Prisoner's Dilemmas, very intriguing. Since I like puzzles, paradoxes, and examples of the apparent diabolical nature of the universe, I became very interested in the subject and continued to give it much thought. From the Prisoner's Dilemma "game" I drifted into the more general and much more significant study of the Social Dilemmas . What I have found is that this little field of study, tucked away in several obscure corners of academia and little known by the general public, is concerned with one of most serious and baffling problems in the civilized world today! Uncontrolled government spending, the deterioration of the public schools, the near collapse of law and order, the loss of individual freedom, out
822 citations
[...]
TL;DR: The innovator's dilemma explores the reasons why incumbent companies fail in the face of certain types of market and/or technological change as mentioned in this paper, and they fail because they listen to their customers, and focus of investing in sustaining technologies.
Abstract: The innovator's dilemma explores the reasons why incumbent companies fail in the face of certain types of market and/or technological change. They fail because they listen to their customers, and focus of investing in sustaining technologies. However, this leaves them unable to cope with rise of disruptive technologies.
Keywords:
disruptive innovation;
disruptive technologies;
sustaining technologies;
technological change;
process technology
519 citations
TL;DR: Exploitation, exploration, and process management: The Productivity Dilemma Revisited as discussed by the authors, which won the Academy of Management Review's Best Article Award in 2003 and Decade Award in 2013.
Abstract: This article reflects on our 2003 article, “Exploitation, Exploration, and Process Management: The Productivity Dilemma Revisited,” which received the Academy of Management Review’s Best Article Award in 2003 and Decade Award in 2013. We consider the context within which we wrote the original article, with particular reference to the theoretical, empirical, and managerial problems salient at that time, and comment on the likely reasons the article has had a sustained influence in the field. Looking forward, we first ask whether the paradoxes and inconsistencies we discussed are still fundamental organizational challenges, and then go further to consider ways the domain of innovation itself has changed. We suggest that because of fundamental shifts in communication and information processing costs and the increasing modularity of products and services, the nature and locus of innovation have changed over the past decade. These secular trends have profound implications for our theories of innovation and org...
207 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that current strategies are on the wrong track in identifying the key obstacle to overcome as a question of the negative representation of insects and an alternative sensorially-driven strategy is suggested, which stands a much greater chance of making people eat insects on a regular basis.
199 citations
Book•
25 Mar 2015
TL;DR: In this article, a proxy for a foreword is proposed for a Foreword and a reading list of Life Irruption is provided, with a discussion of the role of research responsibility in forming public policy return to responsibility.
Abstract: About the Author Random yet Necessary Appreciation Notes The (Un)Structure of This Book 1: A Proxy for a Foreword 2: Methodological Language Creates "Realities": Labels and Language Matter Why Do Labels Matter? Different Uses of Labels Qualitative Researchers' Romance With the Meaning Labels Create, Act, Provoke, and Do Other Things Using Labels of Reflexivity and Triangulation Possibilities of Linguistic Creativity and Innovation in Research: Living With Words Without Stable Meaning Reading List of Life 3. Data-Wants and Data Entanglements: Data Matter Data Directionality The Dilemma of Data-Wants Data's Past Data Object Interlude: Knowledge Context Analytical Interactions in the Existing Literature What Might Data Want? The Paradox of Wanting/Interacting Reading List of Life Irruption 1: Introducing Undirectionality and Uncertainty Through Images 4. Fluid Methodological Spaces: Methodologies Matter What Do Linear Methodologies Do? What Might Happen in Fluid Methodological Spaces? Conceptualizing Fluid and Incorporeal Methodological Spaces Connecting With Massumi and Deleuze Connecting With Baudrillard Connecting With Mol and Law Annemarie Mol's Fluid Methodology Another Conceptualization Beyond Mol's Methodological Singularity The Unexpected Lives of Methodologies Without Methodology Reading List of Life 5. Afterword: This Project (and Other Projects Alike) May Be "Failing" Productively Irruption 2: Performance, Philosophy, and Not-Knowing 6. Methodological Responsibility Outside Duty: Responsibility Matters Why Does Responsibility Matter? The Role of Research Responsibility in Forming Public Policy Return to Responsibility Imaging Responsibility as Resisting Closure and Holding a Space for the Other Imaging Responsibility as Responding to Urgency Imaging Responsibility as Rupturing Tradition, Authority, and Order Researchers' Responsibilities To Come Reading List of Life 7. Teaching and Learning the Unteachable: Pedagogies Matter Teaching Through the Teachable Past and Transferable Experiences Dilemma 1: Qualitative Research Occurs "Here" or "There" Dilemma 2: Qualitative Research Methods as Luxury or Necessity Dilemma 3: Qualitative Research Methods May Be Personally Favored but Socially Marginalized Learning With(out) Teachable Teaching Teaching With the Past: Some Ghost Stories Curriculum Events and Erasure of a Ghost Curriculum A Series of Unthinkable and Unknowable Classroom Events Beginning Again and Again: New Projects, New Methodologies Reading List of Life 8. Productive Paradoxes in Participant-Driven Research: Communities and Audiences Matter Body Maps as Tools for Reflection on PDR PDR Exemplars from Student Researchers Working Together With the National Association on Mental Illness (NAMI): A Community-Based Classroom Project Voice, Diversity, and Literacy Leadership With Young Children at Risk: Learning From and With Child-Care Workers Another Understanding of PDR: Where To Go From Here Reading List of Life Irruption 3: Living Uncertainty References Index
154 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the collective action literature is presented, showing that collective action participation has emotional and identity-related consequences for activists that shape their motivation to engage in future action.
Abstract: This review addresses three recent developments in the collective action literature. First, we demonstrate that normative and non-normative collective action participation can be predicted by different psychological variables. Second, we show that collective action participation has emotional and identity-related consequences for activists that shape their motivation to engage in future action. Third, we illustrate that members of disadvantaged groups are faced with two dilemmas—the dilemma of alternative ways of identity management and the dilemma of affective loyalties towards the outgroup—both of which present barriers to social change by undermining protest intentions. In the final part of the review, we outline an integrative framework that maps out the dynamic processes between antecedents of, barriers to and outcomes of collective action participation and highlight a number of directions for future research.
149 citations
TL;DR: In this article, heuristics guide the implementation of social preferences in one-shot Prisoner's Dilemma experiments, and the results show that social preferences can be used to guide the execution of social preference.
Abstract: Heuristics guide the implementation of social preferences in one-shot Prisoner's Dilemma experiments
116 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that foreign language influences moral judgment by reducing access to normative knowledge in the context of a consequentialist action that involves killing one individual to save five.
Abstract: We investigated whether and why the use of a foreign language influences moral judgment. We studied the trolley and footbridge dilemmas, which propose an action that involves killing one individual to save five. In line with prior work, the use of a foreign language increased the endorsement of such consequentialist actions for the footbridge dilemma, but not for the trolley dilemma. But contrary to recent theorizing, this effect was not driven by an attenuation of emotions. An attenuation of emotions was found in both dilemmas, and it did not mediate the foreign language effect on moral judgment. An examination of additional scenarios revealed that foreign language influenced moral judgment when the proposed action involved a social or moral norm violation. We propose that foreign language influences moral judgment by reducing access to normative knowledge.
104 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors look at complications related to viewing authenticity as a value or criterion of positive and make recommendations for addressing this dilemma, including having a diverse group of leadership role models, having goals for learning as well as for performance and accepting the need for changes in one's personal narrative.
Abstract: The article looks at complications related to viewing authenticity as a value or criterion of positive. It says that leadership typically requires learning and adapting to new roles and challenges through the adoption of new behaviors which may feel inauthentic, at least at first. It offers recommendations for addressing this dilemma, including having a diverse group of leadership role models, having goals for learning as well as for performance, and accepting the need for changes in one's personal narrative. INSET: The Cultural Factor.
86 citations
TL;DR: This video explains how to build ethical robots with real-time decision-making capabilities and shows how simple and easy it is to design and build ethical machines.
Abstract: Working out how to build ethical robots is one of the thorniest challenges in artificial intelligence.
70 citations
TL;DR: Nurse educators should help students construct emotionally coherent narratives to make sense of their experiences, actions and identities and to better prepare them for future professionalism dilemmas.
Abstract: Aim
To provide depth and breadth in the analysis of nursing students’ written narratives of ‘most memorable’ professionalism dilemmas.
Background
While nursing students are taught professionalism through formal curricula, they commonly experience workplace‐based professionalism dilemmas. Although non‐UK studies have begun to explore students’ lived experiences of dilemmas, they lack detail about when and where dilemmas occur, who is involved, what students do and why and how students feel.
Design
Online survey of healthcare students including 294 nursing students from 15 UK nursing schools.
Method
Nursing students provided a written narrative of their most memorable dilemma (December 2011–March 2012) as part of a survey examining the impact of professionalism dilemmas on moral distress. We conducted thematic and discourse analysis of all narratives and narrative analysis of one exemplar.
Findings
The most common themes were patient care dilemmas by healthcare personnel or students, student abuse and consent dilemmas. Of the dilemmas, 49·6% occurred over 6 months previously, 76·2% occurred in hospitals and 51·9% of perpetrators were nurses. 79·3% of students reported acting in the face of their dilemma. Of the narratives, 88·4% contained negative emotion talk and numerous significant relationships existed between types of emotion talk and dilemmas. Our narrative analysis demonstrates the impact of dilemma experiences through emotion talk and more subtle devices like metaphor.
Conclusion
Findings extend previous research with nursing and medical students. Nurse educators should help students construct emotionally coherent narratives to make sense of their experiences, actions and identities and to better prepare them for future professionalism dilemmas.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors suggest that firms whose leaders experience affective commitment are more likely to achieve their goals, based on self-determination theory, and they suggest that family business and human resource management scholars agree.
Abstract: Family business and human resource management scholars suggest that firms whose leaders experience affective commitment are more likely to achieve their goals. Building on self–determination theory...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that urban development still shows a close instrumentalism on the creation process of urban spaces, and that planning through processes of "co-creation" has become a priority for practitioners, urban activists, and scientific researchers.
Abstract: Planning through processes of “co-creation” has become a priority for practitioners, urban activists, and scientific researchers. However, urban development still shows a close instrumentalism on g...
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of group size on cooperation in the Prisoner's Dilemma has been investigated, and it was shown that large groups are more cooperative in the Public Goods game, but less cooperative in N-person Prisoner Dilemmas.
Abstract: Social dilemmas are central to human society. Depletion of natural resources, climate protection, security of energy supply, and workplace collaborations are all examples of social dilemmas. Since cooperative behaviour in a social dilemma is individually costly, Nash equilibrium predicts that humans should not cooperate. Yet experimental studies show that people do cooperate even in anonymous one-shot interactions. In spite of the large number of participants in many modern social dilemmas, little is known about the effect of group size on cooperation. Does larger group size favour or prevent cooperation? We address this problem both experimentally and theoretically. Experimentally, we find that there is no general answer: it depends on the strategic situation. Specifically, we find that larger groups are more cooperative in the Public Goods game, but less cooperative in the N-person Prisoner's dilemma. Theoretically, we show that this behaviour is not consistent with either the Fehr & Schmidt model or (a one-parameter version of) the Charness & Rabin model, but it is consistent with the cooperative equilibrium model introduced by the second author.
TL;DR: In this paper, a rich data set derived from a 2-year action research study in an Australian state sport organization revealed a lack of stakeholder engagement underpinned by confusion about stakeholder-governing responsibility as the central issues in developing governance capability.
Abstract: This study is positioned within the nonprofit sport context and builds on an emerging body of work in sport governance to investigate how nonprofit sport organizations can develop their governing capability. A rich data set derived from a 2-year action research study in an Australian state sport organization revealed a lack of stakeholder engagement underpinned by confusion about stakeholder-governing responsibility as the central issues in developing governance capability. The lessons drawn from the Squash Vic experience integrated with sport governance literature and stakeholder theory show the need to embed the notion of stakeholder salience or primacy to explain and clarify the dilemma of multiple stakeholders and the lack of stakeholder engagement in the governing process. We introduce Fassin’s (2012) notion of “stakeowner” and associated ideas of reciprocity and responsibility as a helpful characterization of the legal members in the stakeholder-governance relationship.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that evidence-based practice suffers from a dilemma wher applied knowledge in social work is limited and argue that it is not a working strategy for relevant applied knowledge.
Abstract: In this article, we call into question evidence-based practice as a working strategy for relevant applied knowledge in social work. We argue that evidence-based practice suffers from a dilemma wher ...
25 Mar 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, the trajectories of three types of public ritual (carnival, Independence Day and other military parades, and local-level religious processions) as principal axes in defining the values and attitudes that shape urban Brazil are analyzed.
Abstract: In this work on Brazilian social rituals, Roberto DaMatta focuses on the trajectories of three types of public ritual (carnival, Independence Day and other military parades, and local-level religious processions) as principal axes in defining the values and attitudes that shape urban Brazil. At this level, he seeks to contribute to theories of dramatisation and ideology, by examining the styles, forms and actors of these three sets of rituals. Emphasis is upon three particular ways that ritual manipulates and transforms elements and relationships: reinforcement, inversion and neutralisation. This theoretical approach should be of interest to philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists and students of comparative religion.
TL;DR: Repeated IB demonstrates that IB is aptly named: it reflects a genuine deficit in moment-by-moment conscious perception, rather than a form of inattentional amnesia.
Abstract: Perhaps the most striking phenomenon of visual awareness is inattentional blindness (IB), in which a surprisingly salient event right in front of you may go completely unseen when unattended. Does IB reflect a failure of perception, or only of subsequent memory? Previous work has been unable to answer this question, due to a seemingly intractable dilemma: ruling out memory requires immediate perceptual reports, but soliciting such reports fuels an expectation that eliminates IB. Here we introduce a way of evoking repeated IB in the same subjects and the same session: we show that observers fail to report seeing salient events’ not only when they have no expectation, but also when they have the wrong expectations about the events nature. This occurs when observers must immediately report seeing anything unexpected, even mid-event. Repeated IB thus demonstrates that IB is aptly named: it reflects a genuine deficit in moment-by-moment conscious perception, rather than a form of inattentional amnesia.
TL;DR: The notion of the "Anglosphere" was adopted on the Eurosceptic right of British politics as an alternative to European integration as mentioned in this paper, which was a response to a political dilemma that not only used historical consciousness and political tradition as its point of departure, but as its place of destination too.
Abstract: British participation in the historical process of European integration has been persistently framed as a policy dilemma of the highest order. This dilemma was itself coloured by the existence of policy traditions that oriented Britain away from Europe and towards political communities tied to a historical interpretation of British nationality. Euroscepticism is symptomatic of these traditions and dilemmas while at the same time sustaining them. But Eurosceptics face a dilemma of their own. What serious alternative do they propose? The notion of the ‘Anglosphere’ was adopted on the Eurosceptic right of British politics as an alternative to European integration. As a politics of disengagement by the Cameron government played out in Europe, a policy of re-engagement began with Britain's former Dominions. Here was a response to a political dilemma that not only used historical consciousness and political tradition as its point of departure, but as its place of destination too.
TL;DR: In the run-up to the 2010 General Election in the United Kingdom this coordination dilemma was prominent as the capacity of the Cabinet Office to exert control over arm's-length bodies, either directly or indirectly, received intense criticism as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A growing literature on ‘agencification’, ‘quangocratization’, and the ‘autonomization’ of the state has highlighted a coordination dilemma in contemporary public governance whereby governments rely on delegated governance but are frustrated by the lack of control that arises from such structures. In the run-up to the 2010 General Election in the United Kingdom this coordination dilemma was prominent as the capacity of the Cabinet Office to exert control over arm's-length bodies, either directly or indirectly, received intense criticism. This article presents the findings of the first detailed research project to examine the subsequent Coalition Government's approach to this dilemma. It argues that in relation to the governance of public bodies, the role and capacity of the Cabinet Office has been transformed. In mapping this development the article explores the implications of the centre striking back in the context of ‘post-New Public Management’ reforms.
TL;DR: In this article, a conceptual approach is developed combining insights from sociology, transition research, management and sustainable entrepreneurship research with a focus on narratives as a translation mechanism in situations where tensions emerge between corporate narratives and unexpected societal trends, e.g., the emergence of sufficient lifestyles.
Abstract: In the context of the larger sustainability discourse, “sufficiency” is beginning to emerge as a new value throughout Western societies, and the question asked in this article is: Can we observe and conceptually identify opportunities to link successful business strategies of incumbents to principles of sufficiency? Thus, how feasible is sustainable entrepreneurship for incumbents? In this paper, a conceptual approach is developed combining insights from sociology, transition research, management and sustainable entrepreneurship research with a focus on narratives as a translation mechanism in situations where tensions emerge between corporate narratives and unexpected societal trends, e.g., the emergence of sufficient lifestyles. It will be shown that even though these are still a niche phenomenon, a focus on corporate narratives is an important element in understanding the role of incumbents in transitions to sustainability.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of public service motivation (PSM) on decisions on whether or not to collaborate in prisoner's dilemma games were examined. But no study has examined the effects on the antecedents of collaboration.
TL;DR: Management of the U.S. Ebola “crisis” has crystallized this dilemma, where if you don’t communicate uncertainty and end up being wrong, you risk losing even more credibility.
Abstract: Communicating uncertainty often undermines perceived expertise, but if you don't communicate uncertainty and end up being wrong, you risk losing even more credibility. Management of the U.S. Ebola “crisis” has crystallized this dilemma.
TL;DR: It is found that larger groups are more cooperative in the Public Goods game, but less Cooperative in the N-person Prisoner's dilemma, which is consistent with the cooperative equilibrium model introduced by the second author.
Abstract: Social dilemmas are central to human society. Depletion of natural resources, climate protection, security of energy supply, and workplace collaborations are all examples of social dilemmas. Since cooperative behaviour in a social dilemma is individually costly, Nash equilibrium predicts that humans should not cooperate. Yet experimental studies show that people do cooperate even in anonymous one-shot interactions. In spite of the large number of participants in many modern social dilemmas, little is known about the effect of group size on cooperation. Does larger group size favour or prevent cooperation? We address this problem both experimentally and theoretically. Experimentally, we find that there is no general answer: it depends on the strategic situation. Specifically, we find that larger groups are more cooperative in the Public Goods game, but less cooperative in the N-person Prisoner's dilemma. Theoretically, we show that this behaviour is not consistent with either the Fehr & Schmidt model or (a one-parameter version of) the Charness & Rabin model, but it is consistent with the cooperative equilibrium model introduced by the second author.
TL;DR: This article argued that the researcher's dilemma caused by tendencies to conflate metatheory and paradigm in the crafting of dissertations and these tendencies conflate meta-theory and paradigms in the research process.
Abstract: The purpose of the present paper is to advance arguments that reflect on the researcher’s dilemma caused by tendencies to conflate metatheory and paradigm in the crafting of dissertations and these...
Book•
30 Apr 2015TL;DR: The emergence of commons and other forms of institutions for collective action in western Europe from the late Middle Ages onwards has been discussed in this article, where common land and common rights in Flanders are discussed.
Abstract: Introduction 1. The emergence of commons and other forms of institutions for collective action in western Europe from the late Middle Ages onwards 2. Common land and common rights in Flanders 3. From rules to practice: case description, sources and methodology 4. The choices of the commoners: understanding utility, efficiency and equity on the commons through the behavior of the commoners 5. Dealing with dilemmas: conclusions 6. Epilogue: the revenge of history? The return of the homo cooperans in present-day western European countries.
TL;DR: A methodology is proposed and presented to support organizations in developing and structuring the integration process of their individualized MSs, and consequently minimize problems that are generators of inefficiencies, value destruction and loss of competitiveness.
TL;DR: An instance-based learning cognitive model (IBL-PD) is proposed to explain how cooperation emerges over time and results are consistent with the selfish hypothesis but when this information is made explicit, the best predictions result from the dynamic expectations hypothesis.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the challenges faced by China to reconcile its economy, energy system and environmental security, and analyze China's dilemma in energy, economy and environment from the perspective of its participation in current global supply chains.
Abstract: China’s current national policies promote high levels of economic growth, transforming China into a “world factory”, but at a high cost in terms of energy and the environment. At the same time, this growth and transformation also forms the backbone of China’s economy, underpinning social stability. China faces a dilemma to reconcile its economy, energy system and environmental security. Each aspect of this triad is discussed in this study to illuminate the challenges faced by China, and China’s dilemma in energy, economy and environment is analyzed from the perspective of its participation in current global supply chains. While China must import a significant proportion of its energy and a large proportion of primary materials, a large share of these imports are returned to the global market as industrial exports. China is bound by its own course of action and unable to radically change its position for the foreseeable future as the road to economic development and employment stability is through policies built on exports and shifting development models, presenting a tough socio-economic trade-off. China’s growth challenges are discussed as an example of challenges more broadly faced in the developing world. China’s success or failure in achieving a sustainable developmental pattern will inevitably have a significant influence on the global environment.