Dilemma

About: Dilemma is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 16202 publications have been published within this topic receiving 250251 citations. The topic is also known as: Dilemna.

Japan's Economic Dilemma: The Institutional Origins of Prosperity and Stagnation

Abstract: 1. Introduction 2. Three theoretical issues 3. The rise of the coordination and stability principles 4. Coordination, excessive competition, and the high growth 5. Stability, total employment, and the welfare society 6. The roads toward the bubble 7. The crisis of the welfare society 8. Epilogue.

Is there any solution to the "brain drain" of health professionals and knowledge from Africa?

Abstract: African public health care systems suffer from significant "brain drain" of its health care professionals and knowledge as health workers migrate to wealthier countries such as Australia, Canada, USA, and the United Kingdom. Knowledge generated on the continent is not readily accessible to potential users on the continent. In this paper, the brain drain is defined as both a loss of health workers (hard brain drain) and unavailability of research results to users in Africa (soft brain drain). The "pull" factors of "hard brain drain" include better remuneration and working conditions, possible job satisfaction, and prospects for further education, whereas the "push" factors include a lack of better working conditions including promotion opportunities and career advancement. There is also a lack of essential equipment and non-availability or limited availability of specialist training programs on the continent. The causes of "soft brain drain" include lack of visibility of research results in African journals, better prospects for promotion in academic medicine when a publication has occurred in a northern high impact journal, and probably a cultural limitation because many things of foreign origin are considered superior. Advocates are increasingly discussing not just the pull factors but also the "grab" factors emanating from the developed nations. In order to control or manage the outflow of vital human resources from the developing nations to the developed ones, various possible solutions have been discussed. The moral regard to this issue cannot be under-recognized. However, the dilemma is how to balance personal autonomy, right to economic prosperity, right to personal professional development, and the expectations of the public in relation to adequate public health care services in the developing nations.

Governance of social dilemmas in climate change adaptation

Abstract: In the field of adaptation governance research, current discussion on the barriers to adaptation shows that theoretical explanations for why institutions emerge and how they enable or constrain adaptation are underdeveloped. In this Perspective, we show that there is a significant opportunity to advance the understanding of adaptation governance by integrating insights that have been developed in the extensive commons literature on the institutions that work to overcome social conflicts or dilemmas. 'Realist-materialist' approaches to understanding such collective action are particularly valuable to adaptation governance research because they emphasize how biophysical conditions give rise to certain types of social dilemma. Climate change affects these biophysical conditions, and thus may alter dilemmas or create new ones. Based on realist-materialist reasoning, this Perspective describes six types of dilemma, illustrates each with a case from the adaptation literature and draws on insights from the commons literature regarding relevant contextual conditions and effective policy instruments for overcoming social dilemmas. The dilemma types provide entry points for rigorous comparative adaptation research to deepen understanding of how context influences adaptation governance processes.

Branzi's Dilemma: Design in Contemporary Culture

Abstract: Introduction My subject today is a challenge faced by many individuals and groups in the new circumstances of contemporary culture: how to find identity and moral purpose when central values are essentially contested. I call this challenge Branzi's dilemma because the problem was stated with elegance and clarity by Andrea Branzi in a 1985 essay called "We Are the Primitives." I I cite this essay neither because I agree with Branzi's way of solving the problem nor because I intend to discuss his philosophy of design in detail. Rather, it provides a useful way to focus attention on one of the fundamental changes that have taken place in design over the last two decades, a change that continues to unfold with gathering force in directions that few people can anticipate and no one can entirely comprehend. The occasion that draws us together, a conference on pleasure and responsibility in design, is a sign of that change.2 Whether by accident or forethought, the organizers have selected one of the variations of Branzi's dilemma as our theme, and we will address this theme from a variety of perspectives. However, I want to raise a cautionary note before we begin. We should be concerned that unless the deeper dilemma that stands behind our discussions is well understood, we may simply repeat old doctrines or propound new dogmas, contributing little to the advance of design at a time when its disciplines and professions require thoughtful reconsideration that goes beyond ideology. Perhaps the current situation would not present difficulty if the direction of design rested entirely in the hands of designers. In such a case, where we would go, we shall go in addressing the issue of pleasure and responsibility. Indeed, this is how some designers prefer to see the current situation, and they act accordingly. But the direction of design is not entirely in the hands of designers, no matter how much we cling to the old mythic idea of the designer as a heroic cultural figure leading the avant-garde. No doubt, there will always be an avant-garde. This is what sustains confidence among some people that the heroic model of design will remain adequate to new challenges-and there is a tincture of truth in this confidence. However, the fate of design does not lie entirely within the framework of design culture or in the hands of a few gifted individuals. It lies within the framework of culture as a whole. This framework is changing before our eyes, altering the attitudes of the This article was originally presented as a keynote address at "Design: Pleasure or

Asia's orthographic dilemma

Abstract: This work examines the use of Chinese characters in East Asia. It tackles the issue from many different perspectives, along the way deflating several popular fallacies.