Dilemma

About: Dilemma is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 16202 publications have been published within this topic receiving 250251 citations. The topic is also known as: Dilemna.

Innovation in American Government : Challenges, Opportunities, and Dilemmas

Abstract: Innovation does happen--even in government! Despite all the news about government scandals and failures, public officials are innovative. This book analyzes numerous examples of ingenious problem solving--in education in California, in the Department of Juvenile Justice in New York City, in government operations in Minnesota, in human service programs across the country. All organizations, both public and private, need innovation, but making innovation work in government is a greater challenge than doing so in business. This book identifies a number of dilemmas that complicate the process of innovating in American government. For example, there is the " trust dilemma" Innovation may be necessary to establish public faith in the ability of government agencies to perform, but before the public grants agencies a license to be truly innovative, it needs to be convinced that these same agencies have the ability to perform. The contributors to this book analyze a number of issues raised by the task of innovation, including: Who is responsible for innovating? How can innovative individuals and teams be held accountable? What kinds of organizational arrangements beget the most innovation? How can innovation be fostered in agencies devoted to routinization? How should innovative ideas be disseminated? And what exactly is an " innovation" anyway? The contributors gathered data for this book from winners and finalists in the Ford Foundation's Innovations Awards program, as well as from other innovators and innovations. In addition to the editors, the contributors are Babak J. Armajani, Michael Barzelay, W. Lance Bennett, Paul Berman, Richard F. Elmore, Robert M. Entman, Lee S.Friedman, Thomas N. Gilmore, Olivia Golden, James Krantz, Laurence E. Lynn Jr., Mark H. Moore, Beryl Nelson, Ellen Schall, Malcolm Sparrow, William Spelman, Deborah A. Stone, and Marc D. Zegans.

An American Health Dilemma

Abstract: New updated! The latest book from a very famous author finally comes out. Book of an american health dilemma, as an amazing reference becomes what you need to get. What's for is this book? Are you still thinking for what the book is? Well, this is what you probably will get. You should have made proper choices for your better life. Book, as a source that may involve the facts, opinion, literature, religion, and many others are the great friends to join with.

The age of exploration and exploitation: Younger-looking leaders endorsed for change and older-looking leaders endorsed for stability

Abstract: The current contribution extends theorizing on leadership and the exploration–exploitation dilemma using an evolutionary perspective. A theoretical connection is made between the exploration–exploitation dilemma and age-biased leadership preferences for exploratory change versus stable exploitation. For the majority of human evolution our species was semi- or entirely nomadic and the trade-off between exploration versus exploitation had substantial physical- and experience-based requirements which align with leadership opportunities as moderated by age. Thus, given the consistency and importance of correctly assigning leadership for the exploration–exploitation dilemma, human evolution has likely selected for age-biased leadership endorsement. Across three experiments we find that younger-looking leaders are endorsed for times of exploratory change and older-looking leaders for stable exploitation. Further, our results indicated that older leaders are endorsed for leading conservative exploitation of nonrenewable resources and younger leaders for exploration of renewable alternatives (i.e., green leadership). The results introduce an age-biased leadership endorsement hypothesis.

Solomon's Knot: How Law Can End the Poverty of Nations

Abstract: Sustained growth depends on innovation, whether it's cutting-edge software from Silicon Valley, an improved assembly line in Sichuan, or a new export market for Swaziland's leather. Developing a new idea requires money, which poses a problem of trust. The innovator must trust the investor with his idea and the investor must trust the innovator with her money. Robert Cooter and Hans-Bernd Schafer call this the "double trust dilemma of development." Nowhere is this problem more acute than in poorer nations, where the failure to solve it results in stagnant economies. In Solomon's Knot, Cooter and Schafer propose a legal theory of economic growth that details how effective property, contract, and business laws help to unite capital and ideas. They also demonstrate why ineffective private and business laws are the root cause of the poverty of nations in today's world. Without the legal institutions that allow innovation and entrepreneurship to thrive, other attempts to spur economic growth are destined to fail.

Blowing the Whistle on Police Violence. Gender, Ethnography and Ethics

Abstract: This article highlights a number of issues related to the witnessing of ‘illegal’ police violence by researchers. Empirical evidence is drawn from fieldwork conducted for a larger study of police culture, which is the first examination of gender relations in the British police. This extensive ethnographic study is used to highlight the way fieldwork can lead to a number of ethically ambiguous situations. Whether to ‘blow the whistle’, to express disapproval, report to senior officers or some other authority on viewing violence or ‘ excessive force’ is analysed. A number of scenarios are described which are used to reflect upon the personal ethical stance that often has to be used to resolve such issues. It might be asked whether there is any point in spending long hours conducting a police ethnography for any reason other than to blow the whistle on their indiscretions. As this type of research may involve encounters with violence, however, it raises certain ethical, practical and theoretical problems. In this article the dilemmas faced by field workers when they witness deviance in the form of violent acts are discussed. Indeed, although being present when something ‘illegal’ occurs is a fairly universal problem for participant observation studies, at the beginning of a project ethnographers rarely have an instruction manual which goes further than the general methodological issues such as those raised by Ferrell and Hamm (1998), King and Wincup (2000) or Wolcott (1999). In texts such as these, numerous aspects of observational research are described, the ethical ambiguities of fieldwork are raised, but few practical resolutions are suggested. In this article two categories of dilemma facing ethnographers who may encounter violent acts will be examined. First, the difficulty of actually identifying the phenomenon, so that during observations in the field, violence can be differentiated from legitimate force. In ‘real life’ research situations this is more problematic than it might seem, as Gilligan argues (2000: 91), ‘there is a consensus that we lack a theory of violence adequate to enable us to explain, predict and prevent violent behaviour.’ A second difficulty discussed in this article is what the fieldworker might do when violence is identified as having happened. In effect, how difficult decisions can be made despite the ‘physical and bodily, as well as intellectual and methodological’ immersion in the research site (Coffey 1999: 70). These two points will be discussed here within a framework which acknowledges the effects of police occupational culture, the nature of group solidarity it fosters and the ‘hazards faced by whistleblowers’ such as the ‘cold shoulder treatment’ (Chan 1996: 121).