Dilemma

About: Dilemma is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 16202 publications have been published within this topic receiving 250251 citations. The topic is also known as: Dilemna.

Collective identity and cooperation in a public goods dilemma: A matter of trust or self-efficacy?

Abstract: According to Self-Categorization Theory people may define their self-concept in terms of collective identity when engaged in intergroup comparisons and in terms of personal identity when engaged in interpersonal comparisons. This difference in level of categorization (collective versus personal identity) is believed to affect the extent people identify with their group and subsequently their behavior in social dilemma situations. The present study investigates whether people contribute more in a public goods dilemma when collective identity is made salient than when personal identity is made salient, and further which processes may underlie this behavioral effect. Results revealed that people identified more strongly with the collective and contributed more when collective identity was made salient compared to when personal identity was made salient. Furthermore, this behavioral effect seemed to be mediated by perceptions of self-efficacy rather than by perceptions of the trustworthiness of people’s fellow group members. [1] --------------[2]

The Construction of Moral Dilemmas in Everyday Life

Abstract: This study investigated the extent to which people interpret real-life moral dilemmas in terms of an internal moral orientation, as Gilligan (1982, 1988) has suggested, or in terms of the content of the dilemma, as Wark and Krebs (1996, 1997) have reported. Thirty women and 30 men listed the issues they saw in descriptions of real-life prosocial, antisocial and social pressure types of moral dilemma. Results revealed that Gilligan's model underestimates the influence of dilemma content. Moral dilemmas differed in the extent to which they were viewed in terms of the same issues by different participants. There was relatively little within-person consistency in moral orientation. There were four gender differences. Compared to men, women rated social pressure dilemmas as involving more care-orientated issues, and prosocial dilemmas as more significant. Compared to women, men viewed all dilemmas as involving more justice-based issues, and reported experiencing more antisocial dilemmas.

Dynamic generation of dilemma-based interactive narratives

Abstract: This paper presents a system which automatically generates interactive stories. These are focused on dilemmas in order to create dramatic tension. The system is provided with knowledge of generic story actions and dilemmas based on those cliches encountered in many of today's soap operas. The story designer is only required to provide genre specific storyworld knowledge, such as information on characters and their relations, locations and actions. These dilemmas and story actions are instantiated for the given storyworld and a story planner creates sequences of actions that each lead to a dilemma for a character (who can be the user). The user interacts with the story by making decisions on relevant dilemmas and by freely choosing their own actions. Using this input the system chooses and adapts future story lines according to the user's past behaviour.

Competence and timing dilemma in construction planning

Abstract: Who should be assigned the task of planning a construction project and within what time-frame poses serious problems. Choosing between the likely candidates — manager or staff specialist and their respective strengths and weaknesses — is fraught with pitfalls. The awards and penalties linked to long lead-time planning as against short-term planning befog the decision process. Many companies are vexed by the dilemmas resulting from any solution to the ‘who’ and ‘when’ questions but by sidestepping or overlooking them they invite deficiencies with dire consequences. After an analysis of these issues the article proposes a new approach for the design of the construction planning process.

Developing Democracy Beyond the State

Abstract: This article examines the growth of 'governance beyond the state'. It highlights the problems resulting from the large number of organizations, networks and practices which are making authoritative rules and policies outside the state, and which lie beyond the control of national democratic and constitutional structures. Having set out the double dilemma of the rapid growth of transnational governance and its problematic relationship to democracy, the article criticizes existing approaches to the dilemma. The dominant current perspective, which I label the 'compensatory approach', takes the view that democracy cannot be transposed from the national to the transnational arena, and that other compensatory mechanisms must be found to regulate transnational governance. The paper takes issue with this general consensus that democratization of transnational governance is not a plausible endeavor, and argues that any convincing attempt to reform transnational governance should not avoid the democracy problem. While it is true that our contemporary understanding of the concept of democracy is very closely tied to the state context, the paper argues that we should nevertheless not jettison the concept when attempting to design more legitimate governance structures beyond the state. Rather we should acknowledge the powerful normative and social appeal of democracy as a governing ideal, and should try to identify its conceptual 'building blocks' with a view to thinking about the possible design of legitimate democracy-oriented governance processes beyond and between states. In this spirit, the article proposes an approach to transnational governance which I call the democratic-striving approach. This approach is built on one particular building-block of democracy, which is the fullest possible participation and representation of those affected, with a view to ensuring the public-oriented nature of the norms and policies made. To illustrate the general argument in more concrete terms, the article draws on the example of the International Financial Institutions and the experience of the recent reform of their development assistance policies, known as the Poverty Strategy Reduction Program. The example demonstrates the practical potential of the democratic-striving approach to the reform of transnational governance, and suggests that it could be applied to many other instances of governance beyond the state.