Showing papers on "Direct methanol fuel cell published in 2005"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce the radical approach of applying alkaline anion-exchange membranes (AAEMs) to meet the current challenges with regards to direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs).
Abstract: This article introduces the radical approach of applying alkaline anion-exchange membranes (AAEMs) to meet the current challenges with regards to direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). A review of the literature is presented with regards to the testing of fuel cells with alkaline membranes (fuelled with hydrogen or methanol) and also to candidate alkaline anion-exchange membranes for such an application. A brief review of the directly related patent literature is also included. Current and future research challenges are identified along with potential strategies to overcome them. Finally, the advantages and challenges with the direct electrochemical oxidation of alternative fuels are discussed, along with how the application of alkaline membranes in such fuel cells may assist in improving performance and fuel efficiency.
1,157 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a history of the development and use of hydrogen in the past, present, and future of the hydrogen-powered vehicles and their use in the future.
Abstract: Chapter 1: Introduction. Chapter 2: Coal in the Industrial Revolution, and Beyond. Chapter 3: History of Oil and Natural Gas. Oil Extraction and Exploration. Natural Gas. Chapter 4: Fossil Fuel Resources and Uses. Coal. Oil. Tar Sands. Oil Shale. Natural Gas. Coalbed Methane. Tight Sands and Shales. Methane Hydrates. Outlook. Chapter 5: Diminishing Oil and Gas Reserves. Chapter 6: The Continuing Need for Hydrocarbons and their Products. Fractional Distillation. Thermal Cracking. Chapter 7: Fossil Fuels and Climate Change. Mitigation. Chapter 8: Renewable Energy Sources and Atomic Energy. Hydropower. Geothermal Energy. Wind Energy. Solar Energy: Photovoltaic and Thermal. Electricity from Photovoltaic Conversion. Solar Thermal Power for Electricity Production. Electric Power from Saline Solar Ponds. Solar Thermal Energy for Heating. Economic Limitations of Solar Energy. Biomass Energy. Electricity from Biomass. Liquid Biofuels. Ocean Energy: Thermal, Tidal, and Wave Power. Tidal Energy. Waves. Ocean Thermal Energy. Nuclear Energy. Energy from Nuclear Fission Reactions. Breeder Reactors. The Need for Nuclear Power. Economics. Safety. Radiation Hazards. Nuclear Byproducts and Waste. Emissions. Nuclear Power: An Energy Source for the Future. Nuclear Fusion. Future Outlook. Chapter 9: The Hydrogen Economy and its Limitations. The Discovery and Properties of Hydrogen. The Development of Hydrogen Energy. The Production and Uses of Hydrogen. Hydrogen from Fossil Fuels. Hydrogen from Biomass. Photobiological Water Cleavage. Water Electrolysis. Hydrogen Production Using Nuclear Energy. The Challenge of Hydrogen Storage. Liquid Hydrogen. Compressed Hydrogen. Metal Hydrides and Solid Absorbents. Other Means of Hydrogen Storage. Hydrogen: Centralized or Decentralized Distribution? Safety of Hydrogen. Hydrogen in Transportation. Fuel Cells. History. Fuel Cell Efficiency. Hydrogen-Based Fuel Cells. PEM Fuel Cells for Transportation. Regenerative Fuel Cells. Outlook. Chapter 10: The "Methanol Economy": General Aspects. Chapter 11: Methanol as a Fuel and Energy Carrier. Properties and Historical Background. Present Uses of Methanol. Use of Methanol and Dimethyl Ether as Transportation Fuels. Alcohol as a Transportation Fuel in the Past. Methanol as Fuel in Internal Combustion Engines (ICE). Methanol and Dimethyl Ether as Diesel Fuels Substitute in Compression Ignition Engines. Biodiesel Fuel. Advanced Methanol-Powered Vehicles. Hydrogen for Fuel Cells from Methanol Reforming. Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC). Fuel Cells Based on Other Fuels and Biofuel Cells. Regenerative Fuel Cell. Methanol for Static Power and Heat Generation. Methanol Storage and Distribution. Methanol Price. Methanol Safety. Emissions from Methanol-Powered Vehicles. Methanol and the Environment. Methanol and Issues of Climate Change. Chapter 12: Production of Methanol from Syn-Gas to Carbon Dioxide. Methanol from Fossil Fuels. Production via Syn-Gas. Syn-Gas from Natural Gas. Methane Steam Reforming. Partial Oxidation of Methane. Autothermal Reforming and Combination of Steam Reforming and Partial Oxidation. Syn-Gas from CO2 Reforming. Syn-Gas from Petroleum and Higher Hydrocarbons. Syn-Gas from Coal. Economics of Syn-Gas Generation. Methanol through Methyl Formate. Methanol from Methane Without Syn-Gas. Selective Oxidation of Methane to Methanol. Catalytic Gas-Phase Oxidation of Methane. Liquid-Phase Oxidation of Methane to Methanol. Methanol Production through Mono-Halogenated Methanes. Microbial or Photochemical Conversion of Methane to Methanol. Methanol from Biomass. Methanol from Biogas. Aquaculture. Water Plants. Algae. Methanol from Carbon Dioxide. Carbon Dioxide from Industrial Flue Gases. Carbon Dioxide from the Atmosphere. Chapter 13: Methanol-Based Chemicals, Synthetic Hydrocarbons and Materials. Methanol-Based Chemical Products and Materials. Methanol Conversion to Olefins and Synthetic Hydrocarbons. Methanol to Olefin (MTO) Process. Methanol to Gasoline (MTG) Process. Methanol-Based Proteins. Outlook. Chapter 14: Future Perspectives. The "Methanol Economy" and its Advantages. Further Reading and Information. References. Index.
304 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the viability of using polyion complex (PIC) membranes made by blending 84% deacetylated chitosan and sodium alginate biopolymers for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) was investigated.
283 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a passive, air-breathing liquid feed direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) with no external pumps or other auxiliary devices was designed, fabricated and tested with different methanoil concentrations.
275 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a visual study of the CO 2 bubble behavior in the anode flow field of an in-house fabricated transparent Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC), which consisted of a membrane electrode assembly (MEA), two bipolar plates with a single serpentine channel, and a transparent enclosure.
268 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of noble metal catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes (MWNT and SWNT) and also on a high surface area carbon powder Vulcan XC-72, for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) fed with hydrogen contaminated with CO and also for the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) was presented.
250 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the behavior of palladium-based anode catalyst for direct methanol and Direct Formic acid fuel cells (DFAFCs), and showed that the performance loss of DFAFC can be fully recovered by applying a positive potential at the fuel cell anode after short-term life test.
245 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrocatalytic performance of iron phthalocyanine, FePc, dispersed on a high surface area carbon substrate (Vulcan XC 72) was investigated in acid medium.
233 citations
TL;DR: PtRu/C nanocatalysts were prepared by changing the molar ratio of citric acid to platinum and ruthenium metal salts from 1: 1, 2:1, 3:1 to 4:1 using sodium borohydride as a reducing agent as mentioned in this paper.
224 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)/silica hybrid membranes were evaluated for use as a proton exchange membrane for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC).
211 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the preparation of carbon-supported Pt-Ni alloy catalysts at a 40 wt% total metal loading and with high Ni content within the alloys and their electrocatalysis for the oxygen reduction reaction has been studied.
TL;DR: In this article, a series of sulfonated naphthalene dianhydride based polyimide copolymers were studied to assess their potential for fuel cell applications.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of various operating parameters on the performances of a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) were studied and the experimental results showed that all the studied operating parameters, except the cathode humidification, have significant effects on the DMFC cell performances.
TL;DR: In this paper, the mean diameter of the PtRu nanoparticles was found to be lowest for PtRu-1 followed by PtRu2 and PtRu3, which is attributed to the formation of a more homogenous alloy nanoparticle system from the thermolysis of the single-source molecular precursor.
TL;DR: In this article, an organic/inorganic composite membrane for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) application was prepared with sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and layered silicate such as organic-montmorillonite (OMMT) by solution intercalation technique.
TL;DR: In this article, a passive liquid-feed direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) with neither external liquid pumps nor gas blowers is modeled mathematically, and analytical solutions predicting the performance of this type of fuel cell operating with different methanoline concentrations are obtained.
TL;DR: In this article, Nafion/silica/phosphotungstic acid (PWA) composite membranes were studied for low temperature (100 °C) direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs).
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of inorganic-organic hybrid membranes were prepared with a systematic variation of the zirconium oxide content via in situ ZIRconia formation.
TL;DR: The results concluded that some alloy catalysts showed higher catalytic activities and better CO tolerance than the Pt-only catalyst; Pt56Ru44/C have displayed the best electrocatalytic performance among all carbon-supported catalysts.
Abstract: Nanosized Pt, PtRu, and Ru particles were prepared by a novel process, the hydrosilylation reaction. The hydrosilylation reaction is an effective method of preparation not only for Pt particles but also for other metal colloids, such as Ru. Vulcan XC-72 was selected as catalyst support for Pt, PtRu, and Ru colloids, and TEM investigations showed nanoscale particles and narrow size distribution for both supported and unsupported metals. All Pt and Pt-rich catalysts showed the X-ray diffraction pattern of a face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure, whereas the Ru and Ru-rich alloys were more typical of a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure. As evidenced by XPS, most Pt and Ru atoms in the nanoparticles were zerovalent, except a trace of oxidation-state metals. The electrooxidation of liquid methanol on these catalysts was investigated at room temperature by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The results concluded that some alloy catalysts showed higher catalytic activities and better CO toleran...
TL;DR: In this paper, the adsorption characteristics of the intermediate reactants of a multistep reaction on a gold film electrode in alkaline solutions were studied by combining surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements with Fourier transform electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (FT-EIS).
TL;DR: In this paper, carbon supported Pt-Sn alloy catalysts were prepared by reduction of Pt and Sn precursors with formic acid, and their electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation was compared with commercial Pt/C and Pt 75 Sn 25 /C catalysts.
TL;DR: The observed decrease in sulfur content in the polymer upon incorporation of PtRu nanoparticles may have adversely affected the measured catalytic activity by decreasing the conductivity of PPyDEHS.
Abstract: Platinum-ruthenium nanoparticles stabilized within a conductive polymer matrix are prepared using microwave heating. Polypyrrole di(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate, or PPyDEHS, has been chosen for its known electrical conductivity, thermal stability, and solubility in polar organic solvents. A scalable and quick two-step process is proposed to fabricate alloyed nanoparticles dispersed in PPyDEHS. First a mixture of PPyDEHS and metallic precursors is heated in a microwave under reflux conditions. Then the nanoparticles are extracted by centrifugation. Physical characterization by TEM shows that crystalline and monodisperse alloyed nanoparticles with an average size of 2.8 nm are obtained. Diffraction data show that crystallite size is around 2.0 nm. Methanol electro-oxidation data allow us to propose these novel materials as potential candidates for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) application. The observed decrease in sulfur content in the polymer upon incorporation of PtRu nanoparticles may have adversely affected the measured catalytic activity by decreasing the conductivity of PPyDEHS. Higher concentration of polymer leads to lower catalyst activity. Design and synthesis of novel conductive polymers is needed at this point to enhance the catalytic properties of these hybrid materials.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of electrode preparation procedure on the structural properties of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and consequently on the performance of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) was investigated.
TL;DR: In this paper, polyvinyl alcohol-silica composite proton exchange membranes were obtained by a sol-gel process in acidic conditions using aminopropyltriethoxysilane as an inorganic precursor and functionalized with phosphonic acid.
Abstract: Poly(vinyl alcohol)–silica composite proton-exchange membranes were prepared by a sol–gel process in acidic conditions using aminopropyltriethoxysilane as an inorganic precursor and functionalized with phosphonic acid. Phosphorylation of the membranes was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and ion-exchange capacity (IEC) studies. These membranes were extensively characterized for their thermal and mechanical stabilities, physicochemical and electrochemical properties using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), water uptake studies, proton conductivity and methanol permeability measurements. The silica content in the membrane matrix and the time allowed for the phosphorylation were optimized as functions of the membrane properties. It was observed that the PVA–silica composite acts as an excellent methanol barrier possessing good hydrophilicity and proton conductivity. Moreover, from estimation of the selectivity parameter among all the synthesized membranes, 50% silica composition and 3 h of phosphorylation resulted in the best proton-exchange membrane, which exhibited about 20% more suitability in comparison to Nafion 117 membrane for direct methanol fuel cell applications.
TL;DR: In this paper, a micro direct methanol fuel cell (μDMFC) with active area of 1.625 cm 2 has been developed for high power portable applications and its electrochemical characterization carried out in this study.
TL;DR: In this paper, nanophase ceria (CeO 2 ) was incorporated into the cathode catalyst Pt/C to increase the local oxygen concentration in an air atmosphere, leading to enhanced singlecell performance of direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC).
TL;DR: In this article, the Nafion-SPEEK-Nafion composite membrane was prepared by immersing the poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) in the NAFion-containing casting solution.
TL;DR: In this paper, two types of sulfonated co-polyimides (co-SPIs) with ion exchange capacities of 1.83-2.32meq/g were prepared from 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTDA), and common non-sulfonated diamines via statistical polycondensation reaction.
TL;DR: Using dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscope (SEM), it was shown that a high carbon-number alcohol/water, mixed solvent is more effective than low-carbon-number mixed solvents in dispersing Nafion molecules as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: In this paper, an inorganic-organic composite membrane was used to increase the chemical/thermal stability of the sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (sPEEK) polymer for direct methanol fuel cell applications.