scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers on "Directive published in 1985"


Journal ArticleDOI

32 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined how conversational directives expand strategically in negotiation interaction and found that when participant goals are discrepant and a less cooperative context is apparent, when the procedures for conducting the negotiation are not as rigid, when participants have a substantial relational history, and when the negotiation content is personally involving, then more face-threatening directives are used.
Abstract: This study examined how conversational directives expand strategically in negotiation interaction. The directive expansions were examined in relationship to four contextual parameters that are most influential in structuring communication choices in negotiation: participant goals and interests, the negotiation procedures, relational history of the negotiators, and the topic or issue consuming the interaction. Findings revealed that when participant goals are discrepant and a less cooperative context is apparent, when the procedures for conducting the negotiation are not as rigid, when participants have a substantial relational history, and when the negotiation content is personally involving, then more face‐threatening directives are used. The significance of these results is discussed with respect to the value of focusing on directives as a means of learning how the negotiation of information influences the negotiation over specific outcome proposals.

27 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper found that the preference for imperatives is largely a consequence of the antagonistic relationships within the migrant farmworker community, and that the set of decision rules used in choosing among directive variants according to social criteria is a function of the following factors: crosscultural (i.e., social class and ethnic) variation, and social and physical characteristics of the interaction setting.
Abstract: The choice of English directive variants has been hypothesized by ErvinTripp (1976, 1977) to be determined by several social and ecological factors: the relative social ranks of the speaker and recipient, their ages, their familiarity, the presence or absence of outsiders, territorial location, and task expectations. The major goal of this investigation is to test ErvinTripp's hypotheses concerning the relationship between these variables and the choice of the identified syntactically based directive variants (imperatives, imbedded imperatives, need statements), using a distinctly different sample: a predominantly black male migratory agricultural labor population in the United States's eastern seaboard region. The data indicate that the imperative form is used almost exclusively in those contexts where the syntactically based directive variants were expected to occur. Thus, most of the predictions derived from Ervin-Tripp's model for these directive variants were contradicted. The preference for imperatives is suggested to be largely a consequence of the antagonistic relationships within the migrant farmworker community. The results of this study also suggest that the set of decision rules used in choosing among directive variants according to social criteria is a function of the following factors: crosscultural (i.e., social class and ethnic) variation, and social and physical characteristics of the interaction setting. (Directives, migrant farmworkers, cultural differences, en

24 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the UK Government has claimed that any public health measures inherent in the EEC shellfish directive are covered adequately by current UK practice, but this stance is questioned in the light of a recent viral study.

3 citations



Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the concept of shared resources as opposed to that of international commons and present a trend toward establishing consultation and active cooperation requirements whenever action under a Directive may affect a shared natural resource or a shared environment.
Abstract: In reviewing regulatory legislation adopted by the European Economic Community (EEC) concerning natural resource development, conservation, and use when two or more member states share the resources, the author focuses on the concept of shared resources as opposed to that of international commons. There is a trend toward establishing consultation and active cooperation requirements whenever action under a Directive may affect a shared natural resource or a shared environment. The trend could be strengthened, though, with (1) more articulate and specific drafting of member states' obligations requiring information and data exchange and consultation, (2) ensuring that interstate consultation and cooperation mechanisms are commensurate in scope with the relevant Directive, and (3) securing the active involvement of the Community.

2 citations


01 Sep 1985
TL;DR: This article examined the development of pragmatic competence during the elementary school years and found that children develop a cognitive model of pragmatic relations in conversation, which is important especially in comprehending inexplicit directives embedded within written narratives.
Abstract: This report examines the development of pragmatic competence during the elementary school years. It presents findings of an quasiexperimental study that contrasted first, third, and fifthgrade students' comprehension of directives varying in degree of explicitness. The directives were embedded within written and picture book narratives. The children read the written stories and listened to the picture book stories prior to answering questions related to pragmatic relations expressed in the texts. Significant findings indicate that alternative directive processing strategies evolve as children gain experience in varying language choice in different social settings. These strategies, reciprocity, reflexivity, and reasoning, reflect a gradual shift in children's thinking from reliance on situational context to consideration of the relationship of form, function, and context in comprehension. A reasoning processing strategy emerges as children develop a cognitive model of pragmatic relations in conversation. Utilization of such a model appears to be important especially in comprehending inexplicit directives embedded within written narratives.

1 citations