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Directive

About: Directive is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5695 publications have been published within this topic receiving 56084 citations.


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Book
13 Oct 2014
TL;DR: The first critical evaluation of the EU Defence and Security Procurement Directive 2009/81/EC is presented in this article, which aims to ensure non-discrimination, competition and transparency in the security sectors.
Abstract: Buying Defence and Security in Europe is the first critical evaluation of the EU Defence and Security Procurement Directive 2009/81/EC, which is now the basis for public and private entities buying armaments and sensitive goods and services in the EU. This instrument aims to ensure non-discrimination, competition and transparency in the security sectors. Part one provides a critical analysis of the economical, historical, political, military-strategic and legal contexts of the new EU Defence and Security Procurement Directive. Part two covers the main aspects of the Directive: its scope, procedures, security of supply and information, offsets and subcontracting, and finally its review and remedies system. This book is an essential overview of a legislative milestone in the field.

23 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There is a growing interest in advance directives in health care and the dominant view is that by executing an advance directive a person can exhibit so-called prospective autonomy, and so he or she can try to maintain a measure of autonomy even after having become incompetent.
Abstract: There is a growing interest in advance directives in health care. In a number of jurisdictions the legal status of advance directives is regulated by law, or legal regulation is being discussed. Advance directives have emerged as a vehicle for people to control post-competence medical interventions.1 In an advance directive, a person can formulate his or her personal preferences and wishes with regard to medical treatment and care in case of future incompetence, and so he or she can try to maintain a measure of autonomy even after having become incompetent. An advance directive may also designate an agent who will ultimately be responsible for implementing the declarant’s instructions, or, in the absence of discernible instructions, for making medical decisions on behalf of the incompetent patient. The dominant view is that by executing an advance directive a person can exhibit so-called prospective autonomy.2 A refusal of treatment that is formulated in an advance directive is generally considered to operate as an extension of a competent patient’s moral and legal right to refuse treatment, based on the principle of respect for autonomy and individual self-determination.3 The dominant ethical and legal point of view is that a refusal of treatment by a competent patient should be respected, even if we think that this decision is unwise, and even if this refusal may lead to an earlier death of the patient.4 Exemplary for the role of advance directives in the context of patient self-determination is the following statement of the American Academy of Neurology Ethics and Humanities Subcommittee (1996): “Completing and following advance directives (in dementia) is desirable ethically because it permits a type of patient self-determination even in states of incompetence.” (p.1181) The potential benefits of advance directives are obvious. Not only can persons prospectively promote personal values and conceptualizations of dignity, but also the ultimate decision-makers on behalf of the incompetent patient can receive crucial guidance.5

23 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the knowledge and attitudes of the Greek public towards marine plastic pollution and the EU Single-Use Plastics Directive by interpreting the results of a questionnaire and found that participants expressed positive attitudes towards it including their willingness to pay and act in order to reduce their plastic waste.

23 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the Netherlands, the Birds Directive was only adopted in 1998, 17 years after the deadline fixed by the directive as mentioned in this paper, and not all the sites that fall under the criteria of the Directive have been included in the list, and the legislation does not include the required provision concerning compensation for areas that are protected under the Habitats Directive and then damaged by activities that are authorized in the public interest.
Abstract: Nature conservation policy in European countries is increasingly determined by the requirements of a wide range of international agreements. The most important are two EU directives (the Birds Directive and the Habitats Directive) and four conventions(the Ramsar Convention, the Bern Convention, the Bonn Convention and the UN Convention on Biological Diversity). The main foci of these instruments are habitats and species that are of international importance or require international cooperation to secure their effective conservation. Despite the importance of these habitats and species, implementation of the instruments has been uneven. The Netherlands provides a interesting example of implementation issues. The legislation necessary to enable the government to legally designate areas that have to be protected under the Birds Directive was only adopted in 1998, 17 years after the deadline fixed by the directive. This legislation has enabled the government to nominate areas for designation under the Birds and Habitats Directive. However, not all the sites that fall under the criteria of the Directives have been included in the list, and the legislation does not include the required provision concerning compensation for areas that are protected under the Habitats Directive and then damaged by activities that are authorized in the public interest. In the case of the Ramsar Convention, the government is planning to increase the number of designated sites, but the total number of sites will still represent inadequately the types of wetland of international importance that are found in the Netherlands. Despite this uneven implementation, the instruments - particularly the EU Directives - are having far-reaching effects on nature conservation in Europe. The most important consequences are that ecological considerations are the sole and absolute criteria for determining whether a site should be protected under the EU Directives and that many areas that until now only enjoyed limited protection under the spatial planning system now have to be legally protected from virtually all forms of damage. However, in practice many development plans take only limited account of the biodiversity conservation requirements implied by international conventions.

23 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the level of implementation of the Directive in Italy by developing a comparative analysis of the quality of integration of SEA within the design of the spatial coordination plan of a set of Italian provinces.

23 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023836
20221,824
2021129
2020188
2019245
2018280