Directive

About: Directive is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5695 publications have been published within this topic receiving 56084 citations.

Relationships between various attitudes towards self-determination in health care with special reference to an advance directive.

Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The subject of patient self-determination in health care has gained broad interest because of the increasing number of incompetent patients. In an attempt to solve the problems related to doctors' decision making in such circumstances, advance directives have been developed. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between public attitudes towards patient autonomy and advance directives. SUBJECTS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A stratified random sample of 600 adults in northern Sweden was surveyed by a questionnaire with a response rate of 78.2%. The subjects were asked about their wish for control of their health care, their concerns about health care, their treatment preferences in a life-threatening situation (both reversible and irreversible), and their attitudes towards the application of advance directives. RESULTS: Numerous relationships between various aspects of self-determination in health care (desire for control, fears of over-treatment, and choice of treatment level) in general and advance directives, in particular, were found. Those who wanted to have a say in their health care (about 94%) also mainly supported the use of an advance directive. CONCLUSIONS: The fact that almost 30% of the respondents were undecided concerning their personal use of advance directives points to a lack of knowledge and to the necessity of education of the public on these issues.

The EU Services Directive: Gains from Further Liberalization

Abstract: The EU Services Directive was adopted in 2006 to foster competition in services across Europe. However, progress in liberalizing services has fallen short of expectations due to the article 15 of the Directive, which allows countries to maintain pre-existing restrictions if judged necessary to protect the public interest. Through input output analysis, this paper finds important multiplier effects of greater efficiency services to the rest of the economy. A renewed impulse to the liberalization process could be given by enhancing the advocacy role of national competition authorities in interpreting the notion of public interest underpinning existing regulations.

Data protection regulation and the promotion of health research: getting the balance right.

Abstract: Health research is essential for better public health and health care. However, the use of personal data in research could be put under threat by amendments recently adopted by the European Parliament. Individual patient records provide a vital resource for health research for the benefit of society. These records form the basis for observational studies of the factors influencing health and disease and help researchers identify suitable participants to invite them to take part in clinical trials concerning their condition. It is equally essential to make most use of the research that has already been completed. By re-using patient research data where appropriate, participants in trials are then assured that the data they contribute help to further knowledge without unnecessary duplication of research.1 In the European Union (EU), the use of patient data in research in Member States is governed by the Data Protection Directive, which has been criticized as overly complex, sometimes ambiguous and presenting an obstacle to epidemiological and other research. Furthermore, variability in the implementation of the EU Directive in different countries has impeded the collection and use of complete, accurate and homogenous data in multi-centre studies, for example using diabetes registries.2 The Directive is now being revised as a General Data Protection Regulation (DPR) with the objectives to harmonize data protection within the EU, facilitate the flow of data across borders and enhance privacy protection. Although reservations had again been expressed at the potential for jeopardizing the use of personal data in health research,3 the proposed reforms did initially offer new opportunities to researchers, enabling international collaboration by streamlining the currently complex data protection rules. The European Commission’s draft DPR acknowledges that research generates valuable knowledge for society and includes an important exception …

Deposit Guarantee Schemes in Europe: Is the Banking Union in Need of a Third Pillar?

Abstract: Four years after the original proposal was put on the table, a fully revised Deposit Guarantee Directive has been adopted on 16 April 2014 This article first offers an analysis of the Directive’s contribution to stability of the financial system and to the internal market Three elements of the Directive are key in this respect: coverage level, payout period and funding of European deposit guarantee schemes The Directive is then put in the broader perspective of the Banking Union As one of its three pillars the Banking Union sets forth a common deposit guarantee system, surpassing considerably the Directive’s scope and ambition This article examines the extent to which a pan-European alternative would indeed provide a more solid contribution to financial stability than Member States’ schemes as harmonised by the Deposit Guarantee Directive The analysis draws from legal history, legal analysis and (law and) economics