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Directive

About: Directive is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5695 publications have been published within this topic receiving 56084 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There is immediate appeal in a liberal democracy that values individual freedom and autonomy in giving weight to advance directives in mental health care, which do not, however, solve all the problems of enforced treatment and early access to treatment.
Abstract: Background: Interest in advance directives in mental health care is growing internationally. There is no clear universal agreement as to what such an advance directive is or how it should function. Aim: To describe the range of issues embodied in the development of advance directives in mental health care. Method: The literature on advance directives is examined to highlight the pros and cons of different versions of advance directive. Results: Themes emerged around issues of terminology, competency and consent, the legal status of advance directives independent or collaborative directives and their content. Opinions vary between a unilateral legally enforceable instrument to a care plan agreed between patient and clinician. Conclusion: There is immediate appeal in a liberal democracy that values individual freedom and autonomy in giving weight to advance directives in mental health care. They do not, however, solve all the problems of enforced treatment and early access to treatment. They also raise new issues and highlight persistent problems. Declaration of interest: The research was funded by the Nuffield Foundation grant number MNH/00015G.

20 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyse the planning process leading to the approval of the expansion of the port of Rotterdam project, which will significantly affect Natura 2000, against sustainability criteria.
Abstract: The Habitats Directive is a key document for the protection of critical natural capital in the European Union. In a manner consistent with the understanding of sustainability in the European Commission, even critical natural capital is subject to trade-offs in favour of economic and social development. This is reflected in Articles 6(3) and 6(4) of the directive. This paper analyses the planning process leading to the approval of the expansion of the port of Rotterdam project – which will significantly affect Natura 2000 – against sustainability criteria. Although it shows that the directive is powerful to promote sustainable planning, the success of the case study was due mainly to elements specific to the particular planning process, namely the use of deliberative public participation mechanisms as well as specific assessment tools. Lessons are drawn and recommendations made to strengthen the Habitats Directive and the national planning processes in relation to projects potentially affecting Natura 2000 sites. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

19 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Andrew McStay1
TL;DR: Assessment of conceptions of consent as detailed by the European Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, the UK government and the behavioral advertising industry, and recommendations to behavioral advertisers on how best to implement opt-in consent policies so as to progress to ethically sound privacy practices.
Abstract: This paper assesses implications for the practical and theoretical understanding of consent in light of the coming into force of the European Cookie Directive (2009/136/EC). This Directive shifts behavioral advertising from being an opt-out practice to an opt-in one requiring consent. The aim of this paper is to assess conceptions of consent as detailed by the European Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, the UK government and the behavioral advertising industry. This is achieved through the application of philosophical understandings of consent generated in the first half of the paper that detail the ways in which these have been applied in health, an area that deals extensively with informed consent. The paper concludes by offering recommendations to behavioral advertisers on how best to implement opt-in consent policies so as to progress to ethically sound privacy practices.

19 citations

MonographDOI
01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the success and failures of the Habitats Directive from a legal and political angle, and brought together international experts to consider the application, implementation and future of the Directive in order to assess whether it is resilient enough to tackle biodiversity loss in the twenty-first century.
Abstract: This book analyses the Habitats Directive; one of the most prominent piece of EU environmental legislation of the past decades. Seen by some as the cornerstone of Europe’s nature conservation policy, among other measures the Directive established the so-called "Natura 2000" ecological network, which covers more than 18% of the surface of the EU. However, despite the fact the Directive was adopted over twenty years ago only 17% of the protected habitats and species in Europe are being adequately protected while 10-60 % of animal species remain under threat. In light of the limited success and the contested nature of the Habitats Directive so far this book examines the successes and failures of the Habitats Directive from a legal and political angle. The book brings together international experts to consider the application, implementation and future of the Habitats Directive in order to assess whether the Habitats Directive is resilient enough to tackle biodiversity loss in the twenty- first century. Particular emphasis is put on the legal regime attached to the Natura 2000 network and its possible impact on land development and the relationship between the Habitats Directive and other topics including liability for ecological damage and transboundary nature conservation.

19 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Ian Brown1
TL;DR: The 2006 Data Retention Directive as mentioned in this paper requires EU-based Internet Service Providers to store information on customers and their online communications and is criticised in a number of recent national constitutional court judgments due to its impact on privacy.
Abstract: The 2006 Data Retention Directive requires EU-based Internet Service Providers to store information on customers and their online communications. The Directive is being reviewed by the European Commission, and has been criticised in a number of recent national constitutional court judgments due to its impact on privacy. It is now being considered by the European Court of Justice. This article describes the likely impact on data retention of further developments in Internet usage, technology and law. It outlines the increasing use of private networks and member community sites that are not subject to the Directive, and the changes in surveillance technology and practice that some member states have proposed in response. It concludes by analysing the key factors to be taken into account in the EC and ECJ reviews, and suggests more proportionate and effective mechanisms for preserving appropriate law enforcement access to communications data.

19 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023836
20221,824
2021129
2020188
2019245
2018280