Directive

About: Directive is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5695 publications have been published within this topic receiving 56084 citations.

Implementation of European Union environmental policy : the case of the Packaging Waste Directive

Abstract: THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EUROPEAN UNION ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY: THE CASE OF THE PACKAGING WASTE DIRECTIVE This thesis provides a critical review of the processes shaping the implementation of European Union (EU) environmental policy. It focuses on two aspects of this dynamic, the interpretation of EU law by Member States and the use of legislative and pricebased policy instruments to achieve policy objectives. The overall aim of the study is to examine the extent to which price-based regulation can contribute to the EU's policy objective of sustainable development. The focus for the research is the formulation of the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive and its implementation in two Member States, Britain and Germany. A variety of research methods were employed, including literature and document searches, personal correspondences, telephone interviews, and postal surveys. The latter stage included a survey of British and German businesses affected by national packaging waste legislation. The first major finding was that the methods used by Member States to implement EU requirements are a major determinant of the sustainability outcomes achieved. By adopting command-and-control legislation and punitive environmental charges, Germany has achieved high recycling rates and significant reductions in packaging consumption. Britain's market-led approach has struggled to achieve its environmental targets but has produced a relatively cost-efficient recycling system. However, the second major finding was that environmental charges have not altered industry behaviour significantly. Whilst German firms were found to be more actively involved in preventative waste management than their British counterparts, this has been brought about primarily by legislative provisions and the readiness of national authorities to resort to constrictive regulation. The main contribution of price-based regulation has instead been the generation of hypothecation revenue for pollution control. From these findings, a conceptual model outlining the sustainability outcomes produced by legislation and price-based regulation is developed and discussed. From this evidence, it is concluded that the use of price-based regulation alongside state-determined implementation has led to some divergence in the sustainability outcomes achieved by EU environmental law. Moreover, the economic approach to environmental problems does little to resolve the fundamental conflicts of priorities between the EU's environmental agenda and its other policy domains. Some options for greater co-ordination of economic instruments at the EU level are suggested and evaluated. The thesis therefore provides a wide-ranging analysis of the practical application of price-based environmental regulation. Its primary contribution is that it assesses how political and practical issues combine to influence the implementation of environmental policy. Furthermore, by assessing EU policy in terms of its contribution to sustainable development, the study has sought to provide a holistic exaniination of the forces determining the success of the EU's environmental programme.-' , i

The Impact of the European Union Insurance Directives on Insurance Company Stocks

Abstract: This article examines the impact of the passage of the Second and Third Life and Non-Life European Insurance Directives on insurance firms located in 14 European Union countries, Norway, and Switzerland. The third directives have a wealth effect on the European insurance market, while the second directives do not. The Third Life Directive resulted in a wealth increase for the European insurance market, while the Third Non-Life Directive had a modest negative wealth effect. The wealth effects differ at both the country and firm level. The directives have differential impacts on firms depending on the firms’ characteristics and those of the market they operated in prior to the directives. Regression results indicate that the second directives have impacted firms in protected markets negatively, especially those with higher debt and higher returns on assets. At the time of the third directives, insurance firms benefited, even those in previously protected markets, indicating that firms may have positioned themselves in preparation for the liberalization of the laws.

King’s Theory as Foundation for an Advance Directive Decision-Making Model

Abstract: This article discusses the utilization of King's conceptual system, transaction process model, and theory of goal attainment as foundations for an advance directive decision-making model. Research has shown nurses may be educationally unprepared, experience conflicts between beliefs and actions, or resist the responsibility to address advance directives and end-of-life issues. Nurses, especially nurse practitioners providing primary care, are in positions to facilitate the process. By understanding and incorporating this model into practice, both the nurse and the client may achieve mutual goal attainment resulting in both increased client autonomy and Patient Self-Determination Act compliance.

The Impact of European Public Contract Law on Networks of Governance: A Relational Approach

Abstract: Scholars increasingly stress the importance of relations rather than locations in planning. Consequently, planning research might not only focus on land use and land-use regulations, but also on the way relations between urban and regional actors are regulated. This paper reflects critically on the European directive on public contracts, which regulates specific relationships between contracting authorities and economic operators, and its potential impact on urban and regional planning. The paper concludes that further juridification of these relations by procurement directive may result in the relative isolation of the actors involved in governance, both private and public, and may decrease the significance of these relational networks.