Directive

About: Directive is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5695 publications have been published within this topic receiving 56084 citations.

Civic Citizenship Reintroduced? The Long‐Term Residence Directive as a Post‐National Form of Membership

Abstract: This paper presents how the Long-Term Residence Directive has created a status that can be considered as a subsidiary form of EU citizenship. This key revolution has been operated by EU law since this status escapes direct control by Member States that are obliged to grant EU long-term residence and the rights associated with it to third-country nationals (TCNs) fulfilling the conditions in the Directive. This represents a fundamental development and may be distinguished from the acquisition by TCNs of national/EU citizenship, which constitutes a prerogative of State sovereignty. Indeed, the recent cases by the Court of Justice analysed below confirm this truly post-national form of membership and have profound implications for the relationship between borders, territory and population in the EU.

Consumer Product Safety

Abstract: Part 1 Consumer product safety regulation: introduction data collection pre-market controls post-market controls export controls. Part 2 Product safety - the European dimension: why is product safety a matter of concern to Europe? technical barriers to trade technical standards directive positive harmonization relationship between essential safety requirements and standards standardization conformity assessment EHLASS general product safety directive fortress Europe conclusions. Part 3 International product safety: introduction WTO GATT ISO OECD UN conclusions. Part 4 United States: introduction consumer product safety commission voluntary standardization conclusions. Part 5 United Kingdom: introduction accident data collection legal regulation standardization consumer movement conclusions. Part 6 France: introduction history institutions law of 1 August 1905 law of 21 July 1983 general criminal law reform standards conclusions. Part 7 Germany: introduction data collection institutions geratesicherheitsgesetz (GSG) implementation of the EC General Product Safety Directive standardization conclusions. Part 8 Conclusions: internationalization of consumer product safety role of the regions deregulation - standards and beyond consumer input regulators exports final hopes.

The revision of the European blood directives: A major challenge for transfusion medicine.

Abstract: Aim Using both patient-focused and donor-focused perspectives, to review the current EU blood directives, in order to derive proposals, in principle, for what should evolve during the revision process of these directives. Methods Review of the EU blood directives in the light of scientific literature, related reports from the Directorate General Health and Consumers (DG SANTE), and from the Council of Europe (CoE). Results The analyses led us to present the main following proposals: developing voluntary unpaid donations: the directives should consider taking into consideration ethically acceptable forms of compensation consistent with altruistic donation (including plasma donations for fractionation); current expertise: more extensive utilization of the expertise of blood establishments and their consultants should be considered; donor selection: an evidence-based approach for basing donor deferral criteria on sound scientific evidence should be promoted; donor reactions: measures to prevent donor reactions and to make donations safer for the donors should also be included; quality control: The quality control requirements should relate to the Council of Europe Blood Guide specifications: these should become minimum standards (as is the case with monographs of the European Pharmacopeia), facilitating regular update of blood component lists and related specifications and compliance with the specifications; haemovigilance: because of reporting difficulties (e.g. lack of number of blood products transfused), the effectiveness of haemovigilance has so far been limited. This should lead appropriate bodies to investigate alternative or complementary ways to help improve patient safety, taking into consideration, in principle, patient blood management and the appropriate use of blood products. Furthermore, donor vigilance, which is still absent from the current directive should be included in a revised directive. Conclusions These proposals for revising the current EU blood directives (if taken into account and given appropriate regulatory formulation) should help to optimize patient safety and donor care, progress the compliance with the ethical principles for donors and improve the efficiency of the healthcare systems dedicated to transfusion medicine.

The applicability of the EU product liability directive to software

Abstract: EU law is vitally important to the computer and information technology industries as it regulates the ways in which these industries may operate within the EU. It is submitted that the application of the European Union (EU) directive to software should not be determined by the technical and commercial peculiarities of software, as technology changes too fast to make it practical to have legal liability depend on such technicalities. Furthermore, it makes no difference to the victims whether software was acquired in the form of a standard package or custom made software, or whether it is tangible or not, they are only aware of the damage it caused.