Directive

About: Directive is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5695 publications have been published within this topic receiving 56084 citations.

New draft on European directive on confidential data.

Abstract: The council of the European Union has just agreed and published a new draft of the European directive on “protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data.”1 Earlier drafts (in 1990 and 1992) caused considerable concern for the future of epidemiological research.2 3 4 5 6 Compared with previous versions, the new, third draft allows member states more leeway over decisions on many important issues related to scientific research and government statistics. Previous threats to epidemiological research included limits on how long data could …

Keeping things different: coexistence within European markets for cleantech and biofuels

Abstract: Environmental policy increasingly resorts to market-based instruments in order to meet sustainability objectives. The ‘carbon market’ instituted by the European Emissions Trading directive from 2003 is a canonical example, which has been described, and critiqued, as a delegation of policy objectives to market exchanges. In this paper, we examine the complex ways in which the operationalization of policy objectives and the organization of markets are intertwined, focusing on two other examples of European environmental regulation. The first one is the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control directive from 1996, which defined the ‘best available techniques’ to curb emissions in air, water and soil. The second one is the Renewable Energy Directive from 2009, which introduced criteria for the definition of the sustainability of biofuels. Through the analysis of the design and implementation of these two directives, we identify a central concern for the coexistence of various objects, and various i...