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Directive

About: Directive is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5695 publications have been published within this topic receiving 56084 citations.


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Book
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the history of the one-room schoolhouse, its development, and its role in the development of teachers and children in the context of the school.
Abstract: Each part ends with 'Conclusion,' and each chapter concludes with 'Exercises,' 'References,' and 'Suggested Readings.' I.INTRODUCTION. 1.Supervision for Successful Schools. Supervisory Glue as a Metaphor for Success. Who Is Responsible for Supervision? Organization of This Book. The Agony of Thought and Feeling. II.KNOWLEDGE. 2.The Norm: Why Schools Are as They Are. The Work Environment or Culture of Schools. The Legacy of the One-Room Schoolhouse. Blaming the Victim and Structural Strain. To Qualify, Summarize, and Propose. 3.The Exception: What Schools Can Be. Background to School Effectiveness Studies. Early Effective School Research. More Recent Effective School Research. Should All Schools Apply Effective Schools Research? The 'How' of Effective Schools. A Cause Beyond Oneself. What to Do with Successful Schools Research: Some Propositions. 4.Adult and Teacher Development within the Context of the School: Clues for Supervisory Practice. Adults as Learners. Adult and Teacher Development. Developmental Theories of Motivation. Development: Ebb and Flow. Considering Teacher Development within the Context of the School. Influences on Teacher Development. Propositions. 5.Reflections on Schools, Teaching, and Supervision. Effective Teaching Research: A Historical Perspective. Cautions Concerning Effective Teaching Research. The Coast of Britain. Effective and Good Schools: The Same? Instructional Improvement and Effective Teaching. Beliefs about Education. Supervision Beliefs. Supervisory Platform as Related to Educational Philosophy. Checking Your Own Educational Philosophy and Supervisory Beliefs. What Does Your Belief Mean in Terms of Supervisor and Teacher Responsibility? The Authors Supervisory Platform. Summary, Conclusions, and Propositions. III.INTERPERSONAL SKILLS. 6.Supervisory Behavior Continuum: Know Thyself. Outcomes of Conference. Your Own Interpersonal Behavior Approach. Valid Assessment of Self. Johari Window. Cognitive Dissonance. Summary, Conclusions, and Preview. 7.Developmental Supervision: An Introduction. Case Study One. Case Study Two. Case Study Three. Case Study Four. Developmental Supervision. Summary and a Look Ahead. 8.Directive Control Behaviors. Directive Control Behaviors with Individuals. Directive Control Behaviors with Groups. A History of Overreliance on Control. Issues in Directive Control. When to Use Directive Control Behaviors. Moving From Directive Control toward Directive Informational Behaviors. 9.Directive Informational Behaviors. Directive Informational Behaviors with Individuals. Directive Informational Behaviors with Groups. Issues in the Directive Informational Approach. When to Use Directive Informational Behaviors. Moving from Directive Informational toward Collaborative Behaviors. 10.Collaborative Behaviors. Collaborative Behaviors with Individuals.

578 citations

MonographDOI
26 May 2005
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the domestic impact of EU law: the state of the art and beyond, and make sense of compliance patterns: a typology of compliance in the Member States.
Abstract: Preface 1. Introduction: flexible EU governance in domestic practice 2. Theorising the domestic impact of EU law: the state of the art and beyond 3. EU social policy over time: the role of Directive 4. The Employment Contract Information Directive: a small but useful social complement to the internal market 5. The Pregnant Workers Directive: European social policy between protection and employability 6. The Working Time Directive: European standards taken hostage by domestic politics 7. The Young Workers Directive: a safety net with holes 8. The Parental Leave Directive: compulsory policy innovation and voluntary over-implementation 9. The Part-time Work Directive: a facilitator of national reforms 10. Voluntary reforms triggered by the Directives 11. The EU Commission and (non-)compliance in the Member States 12. Beyond policy change: convergence of national public-private relations? 13. Implementation across countries and Directive 14. Why do Member States fail to comply? Testing the hypotheses suggested in the literature 15. Making sense of compliance patterns: a typology 16. Conclusions: myth and reality of 'social Europe' References.

539 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The new EU water framework directive is concisely and critically presented in this article, which institutionalises ecosystem-based objectives and planning processes at the level of the hydrographic basin as the basis for water resource management.

416 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results challenge current policy and law advocating instructional advance directives as a means of honoring specific patient wishes at the end of life and suggest other methods of improving surrogate decision making should be explored.
Abstract: Background Instructional advance directives are widely advocated as a means of preserving patient self-determination at the end of life based on the assumption that they improve surrogates' understanding of patients' life-sustaining treatment wishes. However, no research has examined whether instructional directives are effective in improving the accuracy of surrogate decisions. Participants and Methods A total of 401 outpatients aged 65 years or older and their self-designated surrogate decision makers (62% spouses, 29% children) were randomized to 1 of 5 experimental conditions. In the control condition, surrogates predicted patients' preferences for 4 life-sustaining medical treatments in 9 illness scenarios without the benefit of a patient-completed advance directive. Accuracy in this condition was compared with that in 4 intervention conditions in which surrogates made predictions after reviewing either a scenario-based or a value-based directive completed by the patient and either discussing or not discussing the contents of the directive with the patient. Perceived benefits of advance directive completion were also measured. Results None of the interventions produced significant improvements in the accuracy of surrogate substituted judgment in any illness scenario or for any medical treatment. Discussion interventions improved perceived surrogate understanding and comfort for patient-surrogate pairs in which the patient had not completed an advance directive prior to study participation. Conclusions Our results challenge current policy and law advocating instructional advance directives as a means of honoring specific patient wishes at the end of life. Future research should explore other methods of improving surrogate decision making and consider the value of other outcomes in evaluating the effectiveness of advance care planning.

400 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: How the Directive has been interpreted is reviewed, focusing on its intentions and how they were applied, revealing the absence of the paradigm shift towards the systems (integrated) thinking that the WFD was grounded on, as a fundamental problem with its implementation.

399 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023836
20221,824
2021129
2020188
2019245
2018280