Topic
Directive
About: Directive is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5695 publications have been published within this topic receiving 56084 citations.
Papers published on a yearly basis
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that successful adaptation is determined by the compatibility of national and European procedures and practices ('goodness-of-fit'), or domestic institutional veto points.
Abstract: Despite extensive research examining the implications of European integration, the determinants of national adaptation to EU legislation remain poorly understood. There is particular debate as to whether successful adaptation is determined by the compatibility of national and European procedures and practices ('goodness-of-fit'), or domestic institutional veto points. When implementing the Packaging Waste Directive, Britain introduced new legislation swiftly despite severe mismatches between European and national standards and regulatory styles. However, the German government encountered prolonged difficulties negotiating domestic veto points despite making only incremental changes to existing legislation. Whilst this contradicts 'goodness-of-fit' explanations of integration, the situation was reversed for implementation of the Directive's environmental objectives, with Germany exceeding European requirements but Britain struggling to achieve compliance. It is argued that although institutional vetoes are...
41 citations
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25 Sep 2013TL;DR: This implementation of an open-source OpenACC compiler in a main stream compiler framework (OpenUH of a branch of Open64) is presented to serve as compiler infrastructure for researchers to explore advanced compiler techniques, to extend OpenACC to other programming languages, or to build performance tools used with OpenACC programs.
Abstract: OpenACC is an emerging directive-based programming model for programming accelerators that typically enable non-expert programmers to achieve portable and productive performance of their applications. In this paper, we present the research and development challenges, and our solutions to create an open-source OpenACC compiler in a main stream compiler framework (OpenUH of a branch of Open64). We discuss in details our loop mapping techniques, i.e. how to distribute loop iterations over the GPGPU’s threading architectures, as well as their impacts on performance. The runtime support of this programming model are also presented. The compiler was evaluated with several commonly used benchmarks, and delivered similar performance to those obtained using a commercial compiler. We hope this implementation to serve as compiler infrastructure for researchers to explore advanced compiler techniques, to extend OpenACC to other programming languages, or to build performance tools used with OpenACC programs.
41 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the assessment of the environmental hazard of new chemicals before they are placed on the market, represents, in the present critical economic /ecological situation, a particular challenge to the scientific community and the competent authorities.
40 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors employ Rugman and Verbeke's 1998 strategic matrix of firm response to environmental regulation to examine qualitative details of automotive component manufacturers and OEMs in the United Kingdom to judge the volume of offsets generated.
Abstract: Summary
As of 1 January 2006 all automotive OEMs (original equipment manufacturers) and component manufacturers operating within the European Union will need to comply with the End-of-Life Vehicle Directive (referred to hereafter as the EU ELV Directive). The EU ELV Directive compels all OEMs to take back and dismantle all motor vehicles for domestic use at the end of their useful lives. Each component part will then be either reused or recycled. To this end, the ultimate goal of the EU ELV Directive is that all motor vehicles for domestic use will have a reuse or recyclable content of 85% at the end of their useful lives, moving toward 95% by 2015. The burden of the EU ELV Directive falls on both the OEMs and their component manufacturers, forcing them to innovate and “design for disassembly.” This being the case, it offers a unique real world example with which to test the Porter Hypothesis. Porter asserts that strict, correctly formulated environmental regulation can offer a firm secondary benefits through improved product design and the reduction of waste. This in turn allows the firm to offset the cost of compliance. Because the EU ELV Directive has been fashioned to force firms into a process of innovation and redesign, the magnitude of these so-called offsets can be judged. This article employs Rugman and Verbeke's 1998 strategic matrix of firm response to environmental regulation to examine qualitative details of the strategic response of automotive component manufacturers and OEMs in the United Kingdom to the demands of the directive to judge the volume of offsets generated. This analysis shows no support for the Porter Hypothesis and challenges the assumptions of Rugman and Verbeke's model.
40 citations
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TL;DR: When document types were compared, advance health care directive documents included more of the key issues than did living will or durable power of attorney for health care documents (p <.001), suggesting a need for national dialogue to standardize some provisions of AD documents.
Abstract: Purpose: Advance directive (AD) documents are based on state-specific statutes and vary in terms of content. These differences can create confusion and inconsistencies resulting in a possible failure to honor the health care wishes of people who execute health care documents for one state and receive health care in another state. The purpose of this study was to compare similarities and differences in the content of state AD documents. Design and Methods: AD documents for 50 states and the District of Columbia posted on the Partnership for Caring website were reviewed. States and regions of the country were compared for type or types of documents used and issues included in AD documents. Results: Three states had statutory living will documents only; however, these states did allow for appointment of a health care agent for limited end-of-life decisions. Three states had statutory durable power of attorney for health care documents only, 32 had both statutory living will and durable power of attorney for health care documents, and 13 had statutory forms which combine both types of directive in one document (advance health care directives). Of 8 identified key issues, those addressed by at least 90% of states were designation of a proxy, personal instructions for care, general life-sustaining measures, and terminal illness. When document types were compared, advance health care directive documents included more of the key issues than did living will or durable power of attorney for health care documents ( p � .001). Implications: This variability suggests a need for national dialogue to standardize some provisions of AD documents.
40 citations