Topic
Directive
About: Directive is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5695 publications have been published within this topic receiving 56084 citations.
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
More filters
TL;DR: It is suggested that institutions develop treatment policies for situations in which the wishes of patients who lack decisional capacity are not known, and these policies should be designed to promote the patients' best interests.
Abstract: Living wills and other advance directives currently play a limited role in medical decision making. A new federal law, the Patient Self-Determination Act, will require health care providers in hospitals, nursing homes, and other facilities to inquire about the presence of advance directives, to record patient preferences in the medical record, and to develop institutional policies regarding the implementation of these directives. Unfortunately, the law does little to promote discussion or preparation of advance directives before hospitalization. Additional efforts to promote the use of advance directives can take place in the outpatient medical care system, in attorneys' offices, or through health insurers. Because most people have not yet prepared an advance directive, we suggest that institutions develop treatment policies for situations in which the wishes of patients who lack decisional capacity are not known. These policies should be designed to promote the patients' best interests, as defined by the consensus of the institutions' staff and members of the surrounding community.
187 citations
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: The authors discusses the choice of directives as the focus for an analysis of children's speech acts that is based on several advantages, such as diversity of structure, not diversity of social features but systematic, regular, unmarked requests, which do not refer to what the speaker wants.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the choice of directives as the focus for an analysis of children's speech acts that is based on several advantages. It presents some adult directives to provide a framework for the discussion of the child's abilities. The major finding of the adult research was that there were relatively consistent differences in the type of directive used, as a function of the social features of the speech situation. The most systematic data were obtained in white collar, task-oriented settings such as offices, laboratories, and hospitals. The chapter presents the evidence on directives at the earliest stages of communication, from the work of Bates, Carter, Dore, and Halliday, all of which mention the onset of verbal directives. Adults realize directive intents through speech acts that take different syntactic forms. So the major differences between adults and young children is not diversity of structure, not diversity of social features but systematic, regular, unmarked requests, which do not refer to what the speaker wants. Wide use of tactful deviousness is a late accomplishment.
179 citations
TL;DR: The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) constitutes a complex regulation that calls for numerous decisions under uncertainty on the part of the implementing agencies in the member states as mentioned in this paper, and an important instrument to both manage and, where possible, reduce uncertainty is the participation of interested parties and the broader public.
Abstract: The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) constitutes a complex regulation that calls for numerous decisions under uncertainty on the part of the implementing agencies in the member states. This contribution first discusses two different types of uncertainty that may arise in the implementation of the WFD and identifies ways to manage them. Results of a text analysis show that uncertainties are not systematically addressed either in the directive itself or in CIS guidance documents. This paper shows that an important instrument to both manage and, where possible, reduce uncertainty is the participation of interested parties and the broader public. The focus lies on the perspective of the competent authority that has the responsibility to develop and implement the management plan. The paper concludes with recommendations of how to profit from public participation in managing uncertainty but also of where to look out for possible stumbling blocks. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
179 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors have interpreted the changes in the procedures of the Habitats directive and the role given to negotiations as well as the issues raised by the nature conservation policies that could no longer be restricted to scientific criteria.
Abstract: Decreed in May 1992 by the eec with a view to conserving biodiversity, the Habitats directive envisages, between now and the year 2004, constructing a European ecological network named Natura 2000. The implementation of the network, based firstly on compiling a list of habitats and species that could be recognized as being of Community importance, generated considerable conflict in France, to the extent that the directive was suspended in July 1996. The analysis of the Habitats directive system has taken a two-fold approach. The procedures first of all correspond to the tools for reaching the goals set out in the Brussels text, in the time allowed and based on scientific criteria. The second dimension refers to an interpretation of the debates and conflicts generated by the application of the directive's conservation measures on the territory. This second dimension in fact would have been difficult to implement were it not for the support of the area administrators, since their involvement was crucial. In this context, we have interpreted the changes in the procedures of the Habitats directive and the role given to negotiations as well as the issues raised by the nature conservation policies that could no longer be restricted to scientific criteria.
179 citations
TL;DR: The long-awaited General Data Protection Regulation of the EU was provisionally agreed in December 2015 and publication of the final version of the regulation is expected around July 2016, but the final details are still being ironed out.
175 citations