Topic
Disadvantaged
About: Disadvantaged is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 17050 publications have been published within this topic receiving 337157 citations. The topic is also known as: disadvantaged person.
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TL;DR: This paper analyzed career survival models and interaction effects between gender and different measures of social capital and information openness and found that female actors have a higher risk of career failure than do their male colleagues when affiliated in cohesive networks, but women have better survival chances when embedded in open, diverse structures.
Abstract: That social capital matters is an established fact in the social sciences. Less clear, however, is how different forms of social capital affect gender disadvantages in career advancement. Focusing on a project-based type of labor market, namely the U.S. film industry, this study argues that women suffer a “closure penalty” and face severe career disadvantages when collaborating in cohesive teams. At the same time, gender disadvantages are reduced for women who build social capital in open networks with higher degrees of diversity and information flow. Using large-scale longitudinal data on career profiles of about one million performances by 97,657 film actors in 369,099 film productions between the years 1929 and 2010, I analyze career survival models and interaction effects between gender and different measures of social capital and information openness. Findings reveal that female actors have a higher risk of career failure than do their male colleagues when affiliated in cohesive networks, but women have better survival chances when embedded in open, diverse structures. This study contributes to the understanding of how and what type of social capital can be either a beneficial resource for otherwise disadvantaged groups or a constraining mechanism that intensifies gender differences in career advancement.
160 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined heterogeneous treatment effects of a universal child care program in Germany by exploiting variation in attendance caused by a reform that led to a large expansion staggered across municipalities, finding that children with lower (observed and unobserved) gains are more likely to select into child care than children with higher gains.
Abstract: We examine heterogeneous treatment effects of a universal child care program in Germany by exploiting variation in attendance caused by a reform that led to a large expansion staggered across municipalities. Drawing on novel administrative data from the full population of compulsory school entry examinations, we find that children with lower (observed and unobserved) gains are more likely to select into child care than children with higher gains. Children from disadvantaged backgrounds are less likely to attend child care than children from advantaged backgrounds but have larger treatment effects because of their worse outcome when not enrolled in child care.
159 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine how experience generates developmental change and how the relationship between self and others changes across the lifespan and, in turn, affects the teacher-learner relationship, and describe the processes that promote separateness, indepAndence, interdepAndence and autonomy in adult learners.
Abstract: Does the capacity to learn increase or decrease over time? How does the sense of self and identity change over the adult years? What are the educational implications of that change? And how can teachers acknowledge the experience their adult students bring to the classroom?In this book, Mark C. Tennant and Philip Pogson draw on the field of developmental psychology to provide new insights into the critical connections between experience and learning in all areas of adult education and training. Integrating findings from both adult developmental psychology and adult teaching and learning, the authors examine how experience generates developmental change. They look at how the relationship between self and others changes across the lifespan and, in turn, affects the teacher-learner relationship. And they describe the processes that promote separateness, indepAndence, interdepAndence, and autonomy in adult learners." Learning and Change in the Adult Years" thoroughly explores the role of development in adult learning, the investment of 'self' in learning, and the link between social development and personal development to give teachers and trainers both the concepts and tools for promoting autonomy and self-direction in learners. Mark Tennant is dean of faculty and professor of adult education in the Faculty of Education, University of Technology, Sydney. He has published numerous articles in international journals on the theme of lifespan development and learning. His book "Psychology and Adult Learning" won the 1990 Cyril Houle Award for outstanding literature in adult education. Philip Pogson is staff development manager at the University of Sydney, Australia. He has held a number of positions in education and training at both the university level and in vocational training for the long term disadvantaged unemployed.
159 citations
TL;DR: Dreby et al. as discussed by the authors examined how migrant parents' gender affects transnational families' economic well-being and found that even though immigrant mothers are structurally more disadvantaged than immigrant fathers, mother-away families are often thriving economically because of mothers' extreme sacrifices.
Abstract: This article examines how migrant parents' gender affects transnational families' economic well-being. Drawing on 130 in-depth interviews with Salvadoran immigrants in the United States and adolescent and young adult children of migrants in El Salvador, I demonstrate that the gender of migrant parents centrally affects how well their families are faring. Gender structurally differentiates immigrant parents' experiences through labor market opportunities in the United States. Simultaneously, gendered social expectations inform immigrants' approaches to parental responsibilities and remitting behaviors. Remittances-the monies parents send-directly shape children's economic well-being in El Salvador. I find that even though immigrant mothers are structurally more disadvantaged than immigrant fathers, mother-away families are often thriving economically because of mothers' extreme sacrifices. Key Words: Central American families, economic well-being, El Salvador, immigrant families, parenting and parenthood, transnationalism. Parents from various countries migrate to the United States in search of employment and wages to improve their children's lives (Dreby, 2006; Parrenas, 2005a; Schmalzbauer, 2005). Men and women, however, face differences in opportunities (United Nations Population Fund, 2006) that possibly lead to associated disparities in their transnational families' economic well-being. In fact, this study finds that children in Salvadoran transnational families may not always benefit equally from their parents' migration and the resultant remittances. Although some enjoy considerable upward mobility and economic stability, others continue to encounter the same economic challenges that led their parents to migrate, and others yet are struggling to barely subsist. As this article demonstrates, how children fare economically depends a great deal on their migrant parents' gendered opportunities and approaches to parental responsibilities. Transnational Families Transnational families are families whose "members of the nuclear unit (mother, father, and children) live in two different countries" (Dreby, 2006, p. 33). Their strategy of survival relies on the ability to maximize earnings by sending one or more of their core members to work abroad while some or all dependents stay in the home country (Burawoy, 1976). This is certainly not a new phenomenon among migration streams to the United States (Espiritu, 1997; Foner, 1997; Glenn, 2002; Lopez Castro, 1986; Massey, Alarcon, Durand, & Gonzalez, 1987; Robles & Watkins, 1993). Contemporary transnational families, however, face new contexts and are importantly characterized by a greater inclusion of women migrants (Donato, 1992; Gabaccia, 1992; HondagneuSotelo, 2003). The contemporary U.S. economy, with a large service sector in urban centers like Los Angeles, draws heavily on female immigrants (Hondagneu-Sotelo, 2003) - many of whom are mothers. Given gendered family roles and expectations (Thome, 1992), transnational family experiences are likely to differ on the basis of migrant parents' gender. Recent studies of transnational families composed of migrant parents and nonmigrant children examine parenting practices (Dreby, 2006; Menjivar & Abrego, 2009; Parrenas, 2005a), survival strategies across borders (Schmalzbauer, 2005), children's roles and behaviors (Dreby, 2007), and the spatial fragmentation of caregiving (Ehrenreich & Hochschild, 2002; Hondagneu-Sotelo & Avila, 1997; Landolt & Da, 2005). They demonstrate that families with migrant mothers often face great social stigma and that children have different expectations of their migrant parents by gender. Aside from their emphasis on gendered emotional experiences of separation, however, these studies generally forgo systematic examination of economic variability among transnational families. Consequently, they fail to expose the mechanisms that lead to differences in families' economic well-being. …
159 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined an affirmative action program for "lower-caste" groups in engineering colleges in India and found that despite poor entrance exam scores, lowercaste entrants obtained a positive return to admission.
159 citations