Showing papers on "Discourse analysis published in 1977"

An introduction to discourse analysis

Abstract: Preface Author's preface1. Introduction 2. Speech acts and conversational maxims 3. The ethnography of speaking 4. Conversational analysis 5. Intonation 6. A linguistic approach 7. Discourse analysis and language teaching 8. The acquisition of discourse 9. The analysis of literary discourse Further reading Bibliography Index

The Scientific Community as Audience: Toward a Rhetorical Analysis of Science.

Abstract: It is time that students of rhetoric bend their skills to an analysis of scientific discourse and the creation of scientific knowledge. In the light of recent historical, philosophical, and sociological approaches to the production of scientific knowledge, and even in some essays directed to rhetoricians, one (at least a sociologist such as I) can find solid reasons for extending rhetorical analysis and criticism to the process of knowledge production in science. After years of dalliance with the reconstructions of a variety of positivisms, hints ofthe "social" and "historical" are appearing in analyses of scientific practice. Of course, the whole tradition of the sociology of science assumes a communitarian practice as the context for the production of scientific knowledge.' Yet of more direct pertinence here is the growing importance of the work of Thomas Kuhn.^ the debate between Kuhn and the critical rationalists.' and the undervalued work of Michael Polanyi" and John Ziman,' which points to the centrality of "community" in understanding the creation of scientific knowledge. Ironically, the latter days of "positivism's" struggle to eradicate metaphysics and establish an objective standard of truth once and for all led // perilously close to using a notion of community as a criterion. The commitment of that tradition to the practice of natural science as a measure of success and the logical failure of successive reformulations of its criterion of meaning have led to a collapse into what looks suspiciously like a consensual theory of truth. In both Feigl' and Nagel's^ formulation of "testability" as a criterion of meaningfulness, it is a collective agreement of scientists which establishes that a statement is testable or has been tested satisfactorily. From a rhetorical point of view one might handle such a communitarian notion of science by the substitution of a conception of

The ritualistic and pragmatic bases of political campaign discourse

Abstract: (1977). The ritualistic and pragmatic bases of political campaign discourse. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 219-238.

Motivational factors in non‐denial apologia

Abstract: In any examination of apologetic rhetoric, an accurate evaluation will be facilitated if the critic understands the needs motivating the speaker when he delivers his message. These needs, which the apoligist discloses through his discourse, are inner‐directed, social, or personal, and they tend to shape the content of the speech itself.Ms. Kruse is a doctoral candidate in rhetoric and public address at The University of Iowa.

Health to Our Mouths: Formulaic Expressions in Turkish and Greek. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society.

Abstract: Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1977), pp. 516-534

Exploiting Pragmatic Rules: Devious Messages.

Abstract: Consideration of the relationship between semantics and pragmatics leads to a formal analysis of pragmatic implications customarily made by auditors in this culture. The analysis isolates four types of responses to yes-no demand questions: (1) explication, (2) prepositional implication, (3) relational implication, and (4) transparent question. It further shows how the latter three types can be exploited by devious communicators and proposes some possible social extensions of the system.

Rhetorical Dramatization in the Development of American Communism.

Abstract: (1977). Rhetorical dramatization in the development of American communism. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 63, No. 4, pp. 413-427.

A foundation for the study of everyday talk

Abstract: As communication scholars we have neglected systematic examination of everyday discourse or talk. Although talk is used as a resource for communication research, it is seldom studied as a topic in its own right. A conceptual framework, grounded in the writings of Schutz and Garfinkel, directs us to search for explanations of how social actors organize their everyday talk in interaction. Such explanations are generated in the form of rules. Rules are defined as both conceptual and methodological tools rather than epistemological building blocks. Three areas which constitute an empirical basis for the study of talk are: (1) the organization of utterance units, (2) the sequencing of utterances, and (3) the structure of turn‐taking. While descriptive accounts of how talk works in interaction can complement more traditional methods of communication research, they are essential if we are to understand the relation of language and speech.

A government as good as its people: Jimmy Carter and the restoration of transcendence to politics

Abstract: (1977). A government as good as its people: Jimmy Carter and the restoration of transcendence to politics. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 249-257.

An Exploration of Generic Aspects of Contemporary American Christian Sermons.

Abstract: (1977) An exploration of generic aspects of contemporary American Christian sermons Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol 63, No 4, pp 384-394

Listening instruction and practice for advanced second language students1

Abstract: The present study acts upon Rivers' (1971 and 1972) urgings to base second language listening instruction on both psychological and linguistic findings and, at the same time, contends that advanced second language students' listening needs call for improvement in processing spoken discourse. Psychological data on memory span is cited to demonstrate that advanced second language students differ from intermediate second language students and from native speakers in processing capacity of a particular type. Linguistic discourse analysis findings are cited to demonstrate the types of clues and continuities second language listeners must attend to if they are to adequately comprehend spoken discourse. A three-phase approach to listening instruction and practice for advanced second language students is proposed to meet their discourse processing needs; English, as the target language, is discussed as the case in point. Phase One consists of practice aimed toward increasing students' familiarity with and accuracy in processing intrasentential items and thus toward reducing the processing time devoted to intrasentential items. Phase Two pushed students to expand the time they have left over for processing discourse relations by requiring them to perform operations beyond those necessary for processing individual sentences. Phase Three consists of instruction in the types of discourse clues and continuities available to listeners and practice in attending to such clues and continuities.

The Enactment of Returning: A Naturalistic Study of Talk.

Abstract: Talk constitutes people and situations. People and situation categorizations are related to one another through talk. The resulting systemic categorization is a specific enactment. Members’ categorizations of self, other members, and the situation may be tacit Sacks’ membership categorization devices (MCD) are modified to handle tacit categorizations. A componential approach to members’ categorization of people and situations is refined through the explication of members’ talk. Further explication displays how member constituted people and situation categories interact to accomplish systemically the enactment of returning.

Topics in Discourse Analysis

Abstract: This thesis deals with the theory and analysis of connected English discourse. The abstract theory of discourse, and its distinguishing characteristics, are discussed. Some problems in computer analysis of discourse are delineated; a method of analysis, based on a modified system of predictions, is introduced, and illustrated with examples from simple stories. A program embodying these concepts is described. Finally, possibilities for discourse, and its place in computational linguistics, are discussed, and directions for further work indicated.

Rhetorical Strategies in the Courtrooms of Territorial Arkansas.

Abstract: The courtroom orators of the early 1800's and the audiences which they addressed were quite different from those involved in modern judicial proceedings, and different rhetorical strategies were required for victory in these early legal dramas. This study provides an examination and explanation of the often colorful rhetoric of the frontier lawyers in Arkansas Territory, 1819–1836

Sticks and Stones and Words: Women in the Language

Abstract: Out of centuries of domination by males has come a language that subordi nates females. Girls and women from birth are barraged with words that are harmful to their self-images. Traditionalists argue that the language should not be changed to bring women into equality because of the "sanc tity" of ancient language patterns. But which is more important, the improvement of social conditions or the protection of words whose roots lie in archaic languages and whose only claim to being "right" lies in their establishment by male-dominated cultures? Let's not sacrifice women at the altar of words and tradition.

Case Relationships in the Creative Oral Language of Preoperational and Concrete Operational First Graders.

Abstract: The creative oral language elicited from 45 preoperational and 40 concrete operational first grade students was analyzed to study the relationship between cognitive development and .the types of case relationships produced. Each .child's language'was analyzed for eight noun/verb relationships, including state, process, action, experience, location, direction, duration, and instrumentals. The findings indicated that the type, of. language a child produces is limited by the child's cognitive capacity. The preoperational youngsters' produced more static language because they were functioning' with static and immobile thought. The concrete operational subjects, on the other hand, were mcre used to operating with dynamic thought processes, so their language reflected a more dynamic nature, such as the increased production of extranuclear sentence elements Yike locatives, ablatives, durations, and .instrumentals. (RL) CASE RELATIONSHIPS IN THE, CREATIVE ORAL LANGUAGE OF PREOPERATIONAL AND CONCRETE OPERATIONAL FIRST GRADERS Patrick P. McCabe INTRODUCTION In this investigation, the' act of reading was seen as a psycholinguistic process where a reader interacts with printed material in order to recreate the meaning which án author intended. In this framework, the reader is, not seen as a passive recipient of written language, but is seen as someone who is constantly striving to máe sense of the material through the use of various cues supplied by an author. .Those cues may be of a conceptual (where similar • experiences are •shared) , syntactic, or graphic nature. Therafore wheri'a reader is presented with familiar cues, communication is facilitated; it is inhibited when unfamiliar cues are -used on the part of the author. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK This investigation drew 'upon three areas of research for its rationale. The theory of case relationships as articulated' by Chafè (1970), Fillmore (1968) , and 4nderson (1971) was the first area. These theorists suggested certain intraclausàl roles'which nouns fill in relatidn to verbs as one way to begin to describe the semantic structure of language. Fillmore (1968) described such case relationships as "... universal, probably innate concepts which identify certain types of judgments that human beings are capable of making about events that are going on around them." These roles are: (1) action-agent, (2) staté-patient, (3) process-patie nti (4) experiential-expériencer, (5) locátive, (6) ablative/allative, (7) duration, and (8) instrumental. Empirical evidence for the case notions indicated above Tame from studies conducted by Shafto (1973), Kintsch and Keenan (1973). Fairweather (1975), and Suci and Hamacher (19771. These investigat'örs explained the data from their studies in terms of the notions of case relationships. They suggested that an examination of these roles offered a more satisfactory explanation of their data than an examination of the structure of the language presented to the subfects in terms of the positions of the various sentence elements such as sub-