Showing papers on "Discourse analysis published in 1996"

Social Linguistics And Literacies: Ideology in Discourse

Abstract: Part 1 Background: ideology and theory - the moral basis of discourse analysis literacy - from Plato to Freire background to the "new literacy studies". Part 2 Introduction to sociolinguistics: language and meaning - humans as choosers and guessers discourses and society - language caught up in the social world. Part 3 A theory of discourses: discourses and literacies - two theorems individuals, acts and discourses - humans in the act of making and being made by their discourses.

Beyond the divide between cognition and discourse: using interpretative phenomenological analysis in health psychology

Abstract: This paper introduces interpretative phenomenological analysis (PA) and discusses the particular contribution it can make to health psychology. This is contextualized within current debates, particularly in social psychology, between social cognition and discourse analysis and the significance for health psychology of such debates is considered. The paper outlines the theoretical roots of PA in phenomenology and symbolic interactionism and argues the case for a role for PA within health psychology. Discussion then focuses on one area in the health field, the patient's conception of chronic illness and research in medical sociology from a similar methodological and epistemological orientation to PA is introduced. The paper concludes with an illustration of PA from the author's own work on the patient's perception of renal dialysis.

On actor-network theory : A few clarifications

Abstract: Three resources have been developed over the ages to deal with agency. The first one is to attribute to them naturality and to link them with nature. The second one is to grant them sociality and to tie them to the social fabric. The third one is to consider them as a semiotic construction and to relate agency with building of meaning. The originality of science studies comes from the impossibility of clearly differentiating between these three resources. Microbes, neutrinos of DNA are at the same time natural, social and discourse. They are real, human and semiotic entities in the same breath. The article explores the consequences of this peculiar situation which has not been underlined before science studies forced us to retie the links between these three resources. The actor-network theory as developed by M. Callon and his colleagues is an attempt to invent a vocabulary to deal with this new situation. The article reviews those difficulties and tries to overcome them by showing how they may be used to account for the construction of entities, that is for the attribution of nature, society and meaning

Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach

Abstract: Intro -- Intercultural Communication -- Contents -- Figures -- Series Editor's Preface -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the Third Edition -- 1: What Is a Discourse Approach? -- The Problem with Culture -- Culture is a verb -- Discourse -- Discourse systems -- What Is Communication? -- Language is ambiguous by nature -- We must draw inferences about meaning -- Our inferences tend to be f ixed, not tentative -- Our inferences are drawn very quickly -- Interdiscourse communication and English as a global language -- What This Book Is Not -- Researching Interdiscourse Communication -- Four processes of ethnography -- Four types of data in ethnographic research -- Choosing a site of investigation -- Discussion Questions -- References for Further Study -- 2: How, When, and Where to Do Things with Language -- Sentence Meaning and Speaker's Meaning -- Speech Acts, Speech Events, and Speech Situations -- Grammar of Context -- Seven main components for a grammar of context -- Scene -- Key -- Participants -- Message form -- Sequence -- Co-occurrence patterns, marked and unmarked -- Manifestation -- Variation in context grammar -- "Culture" and Context -- High context and low context situations -- Researching Interdiscourse Communication -- Using the "grammar of context" as a preliminary ethnographic audit -- Discussion Questions -- References for Further Study -- 3: Interpersonal Politeness and Power -- Communicative Style or Register -- Face -- The "self" as a communicative identity -- The Paradox of Face: Involvement and Independence -- Politeness strategies of involvement and independence -- Linguistic strategies of involvement: some examples -- Linguistic strategies of independence: some examples -- Face Systems -- Three Face Systems: Deference, Solidarity, and Hierarchy -- Deference face system (−P, +D).

Language Contact and Change: Spanish in Los Angeles

Abstract: Although the large Hispanic community of Los Angeles is basically a geographically stable urban community, bound by historical, social, linguistic, and cultural factors, both its boundaries and its internal structure are impermanent and undergoing constant change. In this original study of Spanish-English bilinguals in Los Angeles County, Carmen Silva-Corvalan explores in depth the linguistic, cognitive, and social processes underlying language maintenance, as well as changes characteristic of language shift and loss. She brings together analytical techniques employed in sociolinguistics, functional syntax, and discourse analysis.

Life Stories: The Creation of Coherence

Abstract: Charlotte Linde. Life Stories: The Creation of Coherence. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. xiv and 242 pp. $49.95 cloth. This book takes a broadly sociolinguistic approach to the life story, which the author characterizes as a discourse unit crucial for the presentation of self in everyday life. Life Stories is a richly innovative study, packed with insights into the way we use stories to create and maintain an identity over time. Like other groundbreaking works, the book outlines problems that warrant further investigation, sometimes raising as many questions as it resolves. Describing the life story as a social unit exchanged between people, an oral unit that can be contrasted with written autobiographies, and a discontinuous unit shaped through a series of tellings over an extended duration (4), Charlotte Linde goes on to offer a more precise definition of life stories: A life story consists of all the stories and associated discourse units, such as explanations and chronicles, and the connections between them, told by an individual during the course of his/her lifetime that satisfy the following two criteria: 1. The stories and associated discourse units contained in the life story have as their primary evaluation a point about the speaker, not a general point about the way the world is. 2. The stories and associated discourse units have extended reportability; that is, they are tellable and are told and retold over the course of a long period of time. (21) Linde's study focuses on life stories in which issues of profession play a preeminent role (53-57), but her more particular concern is the creation of coherence by tellers as well as listeners of such stories. For Linde, coherence is not only a property of texts, deriving from the way the parts of the text relate to the whole and from the way the text relates to other texts of its type, but also a "cooperative achievement" of the speaker and the addressee (12). In her account of how we build up coherent discourse units in telling the story of our lives, the author draws on a number of subfields within (socio)linguistics, including discourse analysis, the lexicogrammatical study of discourse cohesion initiated by M. A. K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan, and the ethnomethodological school of conversation analysis. As Life Stories proceeds, the book displays a special indebtedness to the method of narrative analysis developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s by William Labov and Joshua Waletzky. Following an overview of the problems connected with the life story in chapter 1, chapter 2 ("What is a Life Story") spells out the technical definition of life stories quoted above and contrasts this discourse unit with other modes of self-presentation in other research contexts, including autobiography and biography, journals and diaries, and the life history in psychology and anthropology (37-50). In discussing extended reportability as a criterion for the life story, Linde makes the point that The reportability of a given event or sequence of events is not fixed; it depends not only on the nature of the events, but on the relation of the speaker and addressee(s), the amount of time that has passed between the event and the telling of the story, and the personal skills of the speaker as narrator. (22) Hence the life story is at once structurally and interpretively open; it is subject to expansion and contraction by the addition of new stories and the loss of old ones, and furthermore the reinterpretation of old stories continually produces new evaluations of self (31). Such considerations prompt Linde to pose a question that may already have occurred to the reader at this stage of the analysis: namely, "whether it is meaningful to treat as a unit an entity that is so fluid, and so subject to constant reinterpretation and revision, that it can never be completed" (35-36). Unfortunately, Linde fails to address this problem adequately here, using only the analogy of a cloud of butterflies to suggest that the life story, too, is a sort of composite entity (36). …

Civil Society and Crisis: Culture, Discourse, and the Rodney King Beating

Abstract: Narrative methods are used to analyze the cultural dynamics of civil society through a comparison of African-American and "main-stream" newspaper coverage of the Rodney King crisis in Los Angeles. The newspapers' different narrative constructions affected the selection and interpretation of significant crisis events, shaped social expectations about how the crisis would be resolved, and constrained the range of symbolic strategies available to local political elites. Through and application of narrative methods, this case demonstrates how the analysis of plot, character, and genre can help explain the interplay between the analytic and concrete forms of culture and the dynamics of social problems and social change more broadly.

Risk and the regulated self: the discourse of health promotion as politics of uncertainty

Abstract: Employing the concepts of risk and governance, this paper develops a specific theoretical and critical perspective on the discourse of health promotion. The paper begins by examining some problems with the influential formulations of risk offered by Ulrich Beck and Anthony Giddens. It then discusses some recent Foucaultian contributions on the topics of risk and governance, and particularly the work of Robert Castel, which draw attention to the role of risk discourse and self-regulatory techniques of governance in those societies exhibiting a form of rule known as 'neo-liberalism'. The paper examines health promotion in the light of the new preventive strategies of social administration that have emerged in these societies and that target the 'at risk' individual and utilise the agency of subjects in processes of self-regulation. It explores some implications of the new risk discourse for the self, and raises some questions about the politics of the enterprise of health promotion as a whole.

Making meaning in classrooms: Social processes in small‐group discourse and scientific knowledge building

Abstract: This study analyzed student talk in working groups during four laboratory investigations. Its purpose was to understand the process by which students solve scientific problems, the difficulties students encounter in developing the requisite pieces of scientific arguments while negotiating their social roles, and the ways these roles shape task engagement and the development and articulation of the arguments themselves. The discourse of 6 groups of four students each was audiotaped and 2 groups were videotaped during the planning, execution, and interpretation of student-designed experiments in a 10th-grade interdisciplinary science class. Goals of student engagement, knowledge building within an intellectual framework, and construction of scientific arguments were used to examine conceptual difficulties and social interactions. Within-group comparisons across labs and across-group comparisons within labs were made. It was determined that: (a) students became much better at using the scientific method to construct convincing arguments, and (b) specific social roles and leadership styles developed within groups that greatly influenced the ease with which students developed scientific understanding. The results demonstrate not only that knowledge building involves the construction of scientifically appropriate arguments, but that the extent to which this knowledge building takes place depends on students learning to use tools of the scientific community: their expectations about the intellectual nature of the tasks and their role in carrying these tasks out: and the access they have to the appropriate social context in which to practice developing skills. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Conceptual structure, discourse and language

Abstract: Eventually, you will totally discover a other experience and talent by spending more cash. still when? accomplish you agree to that you require to acquire those all needs similar to having significantly cash? Why don't you try to acquire something basic in the beginning? That's something that will guide you to understand even more going on for the globe, experience, some places, later than history, amusement, and a lot more?

Social interaction, social context, and language: Essays in honor of Susan Ervin-Tripp.

Abstract: Contents: Contributors. Part I: Susan Ervin-Tripp.Susan Ervin-Tripp: A Mind in the World. A Brief Biography of Susan Ervin-Tripp. Bibliography of Publications by S. Ervin-Tripp. S. Ervin-Tripp, Context in Language. Part II: Pragmatics and Sociolinguistics. R. Brown, The Language of Social Relationship. C.J. Fillmore, The Pragmatics of Constructions. M.H. Goodwin, Shifting Frame. A. Grimshaw, Code-Switching or Code-Mixing: Apparent Anomalies in Semi-formal Registers. D. Hymes, Oral Patterns as a Resource in Children's Writing: An Ethnopoetic Note. W.R. Miller, Language Socialization and Language Differentiation in Small Scale Societies: The Shoshoni and Guarijio. Part III: Social and Interactive Processes in Language Acquisition. E.S. Andersen, A Cross-Cultural Study of Children's Register Knowledge. N. Budwig, What Influences Children's Patterning of Forms and Functions in Early Child Language? W.A. Corsaro, D.W. Maynard, Format Tying in Discussion and Argumentation Among Italian and American Children. A. Duranti, E. Ochs, Use and Acquisition of Genitive Constructions in Samoan. J. Dunn, Arguing with Siblings, Friends, and Mothers: Developments in Relationships and Understanding. J.B. Gleason, R. Ely, R.Y. Perlmann, B. Narasimhan, Patterns of Prohibition in Parent-Child Discourse. L. Nader, Regulating Household Talk. K. Nakamura, The Use of Polite Language by Japanese Preschool Children. B.B. Schieffelin, E. Ochs, The Microgenesis of Competence: Methodology in Language Socialization. A. Kuntay, D.I. Slobin, Listening to a Turkish Mother: Some Puzzles for Acquisition. M. Pak, R. Sprott, E. Escalera, Little Words, Big Deal: The Development of Discourse and Syntax in Child Language. Part IV: Narrative. A. Aksu-Koc, Frames of Mind Through Narrative Discourse. M. Bamberg, J. Reilly, Emotion, Narrative, and Affect: How Children Discover the Relationship Between What to Say and How to Say It. R.A. Berman, Form and Function in Developing Narrative Abilities. A. Nicolopoulou, Narrative Development in Social Context. A.M. Peters, The Development of Collaborative Story Retelling by a Two-Year-Old Blind Child and His Father. Part V: Bilingualism. P.V. Hull, Bilingualism: Some Personality and Cultural Issues. L.W. Fillmore, What Happens When Languages Are Lost? An Essay on Language Assimiliation and Cultural Identity. Part VI: Discourse in Institutional Settings. J. Gerhardt, C. Stinson, The Therapeutic Encounter: Neutral Context or Social Construction? J.J. Gumperz, On Teaching Language in Its Sociocultural Context. R.T. Lakoff, True Confessions? Pragmatic Competence and Criminal Confession. M.C. O'Connor, Managing the Intermental: Classroom Group Discussion and the Social Context of Learning. Part VII: Gender Difference in Language Acquisition and Use. J. Cook-Gumperz, B. Scales, Girls, Boys and Just People: The Interactional Accomplishment of Gender in the Discourse of the Nursery School. L. Hinton, The New Old Ladies' Songs: Functional Adaptation of Hualapai Music to Modern Contexts. V. John-Steiner, Women's Collaborative Interactions. A. Kyratzis, J. Guo, "Separate Worlds for Girls and Boys"? Views from U.S. and Chinese Mixed-Sex Friendship Groups. M.D. Lampert, Studying Gender Differences in the Conversational Humor of Adults and Children. G. Redeker, A. Maes, Gender Differences in Interruptions. A. Sheldon, L. Rohleder, Sharing the Same World, Telling Different Stories: Gender Differences in Co-constructed Pretend Narratives.

A reply to Henry Widdowson's 'Discourse analysis: a critical view'

Abstract: 1 certain ways. There are differing positions within CDA,3 but in the notes /hich follow I shall refer only to my own work. One preliminary point to be lade about Widdowson’s article is that its target is confusingly unclear. He efines his ’main purpose’ in the article as to show that the name ’critical iscourse analysis’ is a contradiction in terms because CDA is interpretation, nd therefore not analysis (p. 159). But a large part of the article is taken up with critique of those who fail to distinguish text and discourse. I have always made us distinction in my work, and actually in a way which is roughly similar to Viddowson’s, though with important distinctions I return to. So what are we to iake of this sentence: ’There has been confusion, I have argued, about the ature of discourse (as distinct from text) and about analysis (as distinct from iterpretation) and I have suggested that this confusion is bred of commitment’

Arguing development policy : frames and discourses

Abstract: Introduction - discourse analysis and policy discourse, Des gasper and Raymond Apthorpe reading development policy and policy analysis - on framing, numbing, numbering and coding, Raymond Apthorpe analyzing policy arguments, Des Gasper re-reading "mountainous", "isolated", "inaccessible" and "small" - the case of Bhutan, Adam Pain methodological nationalism and the misunderstinding of East Asian industrialization, Charles Gore reading Americans on democracy in Africa - from the CIA to "good governance", David Moore essentialism in and about development discourse, Des Gasper.

Power, Meaning and Identity: critical sociology of education in the United States

Abstract: The sociology of education in the US is extremely varied in its theoretical and methodological tendencies, its visions of what research is for, and its political sensibilities. This article describes a number of the most interesting recent developments within critically‐oriented sociology of education in the US. It pays particular attention to work on the politics of meaning. It discusses representative examples within the sociology of curriculum. It then takes up ‘critical’ and ‘postmodern/poststructural’ work on critical discourse analysis, identity politics, political economy and the labor process, and racial formation. Finally, it concludes with a discussion of the continuing tensions between the critical and postmodern/poststructural communities methodologically, conceptually, and politically.

Issues of Relevance for Discourse Analysis: Contingency in Action, Interaction and Co-Participant Context

Abstract: There are three themes on which I would like to focus attention, whose full incorporation into the analysis of discourse is, in my view, critical for its optimum further development. What needs to be incorporated is an orientation 1) to action, 2) to interaction, and 3) to multi-party interaction. It will turn out that orientation to each of these themes confronts the student of discourse with a sort of challenge whose depth and consequentiality has not yet been fully registered or explored, but is likely to be substantial. What becomes inescapable in facing up to action, interaction and multi-party interaction is the challenge of contingency. What exactly I mean by “contingency” will only come into view over the course of the discussion of empirical materials; as it cannot be usefully elaborated here, I will return to the import of contingency at the end.

The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , 1675–1975: A sociohistorical discourse analysis

Abstract: This study traces the evolution of scientific research writing in English from 1675 to 1975. Two separate methods of discourse analysis – rhetorical analysis focusing on broad genre characteristics, and sociolinguistic register analysis – are applied to a large corpus of articles from the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. The two sets of results are then interpreted vis-a-vis the Royal Society's social history to yield an integrated description. Findings indicate that: (a) research writing in the 17th – 18th centuries was substantially influenced by communicative norms of author-centered genteel conduct; (b) greater attention to methodology and precision in the interest of scientific specialization brought about pronounced textual changes in the 19th century, although gentlemanly norms were still in evidence; and (c) by the late 20th century, expanded theoretical description/discussions appear to have replaced experiments and methods as the rhetorical centerpiece of the research article. (Discourse analysis, rhetorical analysis, register, social studies of science, scientific writing, corpus linguistics)

Dilemmas of Discourse-Oriented Teaching in One Middle School Mathematics Classroom

Abstract: In this article we focus on the middle school mathematics lessons of 1 teacher who has been relatively successful at instituting discourse-oriented teaching in her mathematics classes over a 3-year...

Discourse analysis: exploring action, function and conflict in social texts

Abstract: Focuses on discourse analysis, a recent development in social psychological methodology, concerned with how language is used to construct accounts of the social world which are used intentionally in attempts at persuasion and legitimization. Views language as the site of contradiction, paradox and contested power and focuses on its social rather than linguistic organization. Describes the methodology and illustrates it through references to published work in psychology and consumer research. Proposes a wide range of possible applications in marketing and gives warnings in relation to difficulties in practice and validation.

You Can Be the Baby Brother but You Aren't Born Yet: Preschool Girls' Negotiation for Power and Access in Pretend Play.

Abstract: (1996). You Can Be the Baby Brother, But You Aren't Born Yet: Preschool Girls's Negotiation for Power and Access in Pretend Play. Research on Language and Social Interaction: Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 57-80.

Introduction: Discourse analysis and policy discourse

Abstract: Introducing a collection on policy discourses and argumentation in international development, this review clarifies meanings of ‘discourse analysis’, and emphasises that discourse analysis requires systematic attention to texts as well as contexts. It outlines work in policy discourse analysis, notably on metaphors, framing and policy narratives.

An Examination of the Quality of Narratives Produced by Children With Language Disorders

Abstract: A team of regular and special educators used a holistic scoring procedure to rate the overall quality of spoken and written narratives produced by students with language disorders and their age-, l...

Dual-Language Planning at Oyster Bilingual School: "It's Much More Than Language.".

Abstract: This article describes how Oyster Bilingual School's two-way Spanish-English language plan functions in its sociopolitical context. Language planning and implementation at Oyster Bilingual School constitute a dynamic, multilevel, multidirectional process in which language minority and language majority members of the Oyster community collaborate in their efforts to define bilingualism and cultural pluralism as resources to be developed. The Spanish-English language plan is one part of a larger identity plan that aims to promote social change by socializing children differently from the way children are socialized in mainstream U.S. educational discourse. In addition, the ethnographic/discourse analytic approach presented can be applied in investigating how other language plans function in their sociopolitical contexts.

Students' Interaction with Computer Representations: Analysis of Discourse in Laboratory Groups

Abstract: Language use in student laboratory groups makes apparent students' conceptions in science, their interpretation of the activity or task, and the negotiation of the roles of the members. This article reports on a methodological approach to analyze student discourse systematically. Four Grade 12 lab groups working on microcomputer-based laboratories (MBL) are the focus of the study. The MBL experiences were used to help students link oscillatory motion to graphical representations. Study of student discourse reveals the role the computer plays in the group context and the ways that this context is shaped by the computer. Developing a better understanding of the role of the computer in student conversations suggests ways to fruitfully construct contexts for learning physics. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.