Showing papers on "Distilled water published in 1970"

Helium isotope effect in solution in water and seawater.

Abstract: The isotope effect in the solution of helium in water from 0° to 40°C has been determined by microgasometric measurements of the solubilities of pure helium-3 and helium4. At 0°C helium-3 is less soluble than helium-4 in both distilled water and sea-water by 1.2 percent. The observed fractionation factor is 0.988±0.002 at 0°C and appears to decrease with increasing temperature at the rate of 0.0001 per degree Centigrade, although the existence of this trend is of limited statistical certainty. The measured isotope effect is in agreement with the ratio of helium-3 to helium-4 in surface ocean water reported by Clarke, Beg, and Craig.

Diffusion of hydrogen in iron

Abstract: A mass spectrometer was used to study hydrogen diffusion and trapping phenomena in fullyannealed and slightly cold-worked pure iron specimens which were in contact with distilled water or dilute acidic Buffer solutions. In the case of fully-annealed iron and slightly coldworked iron, hydrogen can diffuse into iron only when the iron contacts water directly. This diffusion phenomenon of hydrogen increased markedly with temperature and was accelerated by abrasion and hydrogen ion concentration in dilute acid. Abrasion and hydrogen ions in a dilute acidic Buffer solution did not affect the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen,D, but increased the hydrogen concentration at the iron surface contacting water or Buffer solution,C s . The permeability of hydrogen in fully-annealed iron in contact with distilled water and the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in fully-annealed and slightly cold-worked iron for the temperature range 10° to 100°C were measured. Trapping parameters in the slightly cold-worked iron were calculated.

Household water distillation system

Abstract: A heating element controlled by a level detecting switch can be used to provide the basic vapor-liquid phase relationship in a fully automatic apparatus for providing distilled water directly from a tap water line. The water line pressure can be used to provide energy for drawing off the purified water and for discharging the residue.

Determination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by biochemical test methods. I. An improved method for gluconate oxidation test.

Abstract: A new test method was devised for microbial gluconate oxidation, using an ammonium molybdate reagent. One loopful (about 2 mg wet wt.) of the test organism, grown on a nutrient agar plate for 18 hr, is transferred into 1 ml of the test liquid medium consisting of (NH4)2SO4 0.5 mg, potassium gluconate 10 mg, NaCl 5 mg, KH2PO4 2 mg, MgSO4·7H2O 0.1 mg, and 1 ml of distilled water, incubated at 37 C for 6 hr without shaking, and then mixed with 3 ml of 1% aqueous solution of ammonium molybdate and 0.2 ml of glacial acetic acid. The mixture is heated in boiling water for 5 min, followed by abrupt cooling with running water. A deep blue colour appears in a positive result. A total of 39 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed positive results by this method, whereas Aeromonas, Vibrio, Proteus group, Klebsiella, Citrobacter and Enterobacter A group were all negative. Though some strains of Enterobacter B group showed a weak blue colour, it could be easily differentiated from the deep blue colour of Pseudomonas. Longer incubation of test microbes in the test medium, and longer heating of the reaction mixture gave unsatisfactory results.

A Modified Pyridine-Silver Stain for Teased Preparations of Motor and Sensory Nerve Endings in Skeletal Muscle

Abstract: This technique has been developed especially to stain sensory receptors which have been localised intramuscularly by electrophysiological means. Rat intertransverse caudal muscles, removed immediately after death, are fixed for 24 hr in a freshly prepared mixture of absolute ethyl alcohol, 4.5 ml; distilled water, 5 ml; and concentrated HNOa, 0.1 ml. After a further 24 hr in 10 ml of absolute ethyl alcohol containing 0.1 ml of ammonia solution (sp. gr. 0.88), the muscles are washed in distilled water for 30 min and placed in full strength pyridine for 2 days. They are then washed for 24 hr in distilled water (changed 5-8 times) and left in 2% AgNO3, in the dark for 3 days at 25 C. Following reduction in 10 ml of 5% formic acid containing 0.4 gm of pyrogallol for 6-24 hr, the specimens are washed briefly in distilled water and stored in pure glycerol. The nerve endings can then be teased out and mounted in glycerol, under cover glasses ringed with a waterproof cement. The advantage of this method is that i...

Changes in specific airway resistance during prolonged breathing of moist air.

Abstract: Effects of increased water content of inspired air at 21–38 °C on specific airway resistance (sRaw) in 107 healthy subjects were measured with a body plethysmograph Mean sRaw increased insignificantly at 23 °C with 92% relative humidity (water content, 207 g∙m−3) for up to 71 h but became significant at 6 h with water content 25 g∙m−3 Increases were greater when evaporated tap water was inhaled than when distilled water was used It is postulated that the increase in sRaw is due to mucosal swelling and to contaminants in tap water A theory of respiratory "water elimination" is proposed to replace the concept of respiratory water loss

Cavitation Erosion in Nonaqueous Liquids

Abstract: Cavitation erosion rates in the organic liquids formamide, ethanol,acetone and glycerol are compared with the rate in distilled water. As is to be expected,these non-ionizing liquids, which are chemically less reactive with metals than water, show lower damage rates. The cavitation damage rates have also been measured for solutions of these organic liquids in water and all these solutions show a monotonic decrease in going from pure water to the pure organic liquid except glycerol. The water-glycerol solutions go through a minimum damage rate for a solution with molecular ratio of glycerol to water of approximately 1 to 1. Solutions of ethanol in glycerol show a maximum in damage rate for a solution with molecular ratio, glycerol/ ethanol, of about 2 to 1. Qualitative differences in the cavitation bubble cloud in the various liquids studied are indicated by short exposure photographs.

The Effect of Environment on the Fracture of Adhering Aluminum Oxide

Abstract: The spacing of cracks in anodic layers grown on 1100‐0 and 7075‐T6 aluminum was measured as a function of the strain in the substrate and as a function of environment. The environments were distilled water, sea water, methanol, and dry air. In general, the cracks produced by a given substrate strain were densest in the materials exposed to distilled water and least dense in those exposed to dry air. An analysis is given whereby the fracture strength of the oxide, , can be derived from the minimum crack spacing observed, . The result is , where τ is the interfacial shear stress between oxide and substrate, and is the oxide thickness. Values of which are obtained in dry air approach those reported for sapphire whiskers. The effect of other environments is to reduce by 10–20% in methanol, 20–40% in sea water, and 30–40% in distilled water.

Hair-setting device

Abstract: A hair-setting device including a number of curlers and a steam chest for steaming the curlers to a temperature not exceeding that of boiling water and to coat them with pure distilled water so that the hair is uniformly treated in terms of temperature as well as the type of moisture which contacts the hair. The steam chest includes a closure having an access opening which permits the removal of the curler from its interior, the curler being supported out of contact with the water which is boiled in the steam chest to steam the curler. The curler has a tubular hollow body and has good moisture and heat retention characteristics which permits the same to retain a temperature in the hair of not less than approximately 150* F. for a minimum of approximately 2 minutes after being heated in and removed from a 212* F. aqueous environment.

Virus Inactivation during Phosphate Precipitation

Abstract: Phosphate removal from aqueous solutions by precipitation with calcium and aluminum results in large poliovirus Type I and bacteriophage T2 removals. Tests conducted in distilled water-phosphate solutions and filtered domestic wastewater effluent are described. The Freundlich isotherm is used to predict the removal of the two viruses from distilled water solutions. The pH during precipitation affects poliovirus removals. The mechanism of removal is believed to be mostly by chemical adsorption with some physical sorption occurring simultaneously. This is concluded from the inability to recover all viruses from the sludge. The sludge represents a potential health hazard and must be carefully handled. Virus removals are greater in distilled water-phosphate solutions than in wastewater treatment plant effluent. Results are extended to full scale treatment plants indicating that virus removals in excess of 98% and 92% may be expected from precipitation processes using aluminum or calcium, respectively.

Water heating and purification system

Abstract: Apparatus for producing distilled water and undistilled hot water including a hot water tank with an insulated lower portion and an uninsulated upper portion, condensation occurring on the walls forming the upper portion and resultant condensate being collected in a distillate trough positioned below the walls of the upper portion. A withdrawal tube adjustable in height extends below the water surface and means are provided in the inlet line to throttle the flow of incoming water to correspond closely to the flow from the hot water system under maximum demand conditions. A separate vaporizing vessel can be used in combination with a conventional hot water heater, the operation thereof requiring recirculation of water from the vessel to the hot water heater at periodic intervals.

Thin Layer Chromatography of Synthetic Dyes (X)

Abstract: The quantitative thin layer chromatographic method of a greenish fluorescent substance, 2, 3, 4-trichloro-5, 7-dibromo-6-hydroxyxanthone-1-carboxylic acid found in commercial phloxine (Food Red No. 104) was studied.The maximum wave length of this substance was at 251mμ and 368mμ in 0.1N sodium hydroxide solution. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 1-10μg/ml at 251mμ and 1-20μg/ml at 368mμ (Fig. 1). The maximum of the spectrum shifted from 368mμ to 383mμ by addition of ethyl alcohol. Also the determination of this substance was readily performed with a fluorometric method. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 1×10-7M-4×10-6M at 494mμ (emission maximum) (Fig. 3). The fluorescence intensity was increased by addition of ethyl alcohol, and the maximum of intensity was obtained the ratio 1: 1 between 0.2N sodium hydroxide solution and ethyl alcohol (Fig. 2).The quantitative thin layer chromatographic method was applied for the determination of 2, 3, 4-trichloro-5, 7-dibromo-6-hydroxyxanthone-1-carboxylic acid in commercial phloxine. The amount of this substance was measured with an ultraviolet spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods after it is separated on chromatoplates using a solvent system of methyl ethyl ketone, n-propyl alcohol and distilled water (20: 2: 3) and eluted with distilled water. The recovery in these methods was satisfactory to both an ultraviolet spectro-photometric and fluorometric methods, and the results obtained are shown in Table 3. In case of the ultraviolet spectrophotometric method the absorbance at 251mμ and 368mμ of the material eluted from the silica gel layer has influence on the determination of this substance. Therefore, the absorbance at these wave lengths was investigated using various silica gel adsorbent (Tables 1 and 2). On the silica gel layer the minimum detectable amount was found to be 0.01μg of 2, 3, 4-trichloro-5, 7-dibromo-6-hydroxyxanthone-1-carboxylic acid (Table 4). Commercial phloxine was found to contain 1-3.02 per cent of this substance (Table 5).

Improvements in and relating to the Evaporation of Liquids

Abstract: 1,182,021. Evaporators, multi-stage; desalination of water. A. E. J. CHOCOUET. 20 Feb., 1967 [18 Feb., 1966], No. 8043/67. Addition to 956,789. Heading BIB. Liquid, e.g. sea water, is evaporated in a series of stages 15 . . . 18, the first of which is heated by steam supplied by pipes 8, 9, 10 from a turbine system 1 . . . 4 generating electric energy, the vapour from stage 18 is expanded in turbine 20 and brings about the compression of vapour withdrawn from stage 17 into compressor 21, and some of the compressed vapour is used as heating-medium in stage 16. The remainder of the compressed vapour is condensed in heat-exchanger 26. Stages 16, 17 and 18 are operated in multipleeffect. Sea water is supplied to the system through pipe 7. The distillate, salt-free water, formed in the heating-elements of stages 16, 17, 18, and in heat-exchanger 26, is withdrawn from the system via heat-exchanger 24. Brine is withdrawn from stage 18 and heatexchanger 25. The sea water feed to stage 15 is preheated in heat-exchangers 24, 25, 26. Water withdrawn from the heating-element of stage 15 is returned by pipe 19 to the boiler for the steam-turbine. The shut-off devices in pipes 8, 9, 10 may be controlled by a device 14 sensitive to the output of distilled water.

Serum tocopherol measurement: effect of unsuspected impurities in water.

Abstract: SummaryRecoveries of d, l-alphatocopherol from serum using a simple screening procedure were found to be satisfactory (95–100%). Poor recoveries (66–76%) using a second method involving aqueous solutions were due to traces of impurity in distilled water and were increased to 86–95% by the addition of disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA). It is recommended that EDTA be added to aqueous solutions used in procedures for extraction or measurement of tocopherol.

Nitrate and detergent recovery in aerated soil columns.

Abstract: The plant nutrient, nitrate, and the surfactant, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), were applied in solutions to the surface of aerated columns (93 cm) of layered soil. Distilled water coutaining 0.01N CaSO₄ was used to displace the nitrate and LAS through the columns while a steady water flow was maintained through the soil. The columns were water saturated at both extremities but unsaturated throughout most of the column length. Oxygen-helium mixtures containing 0.2, 5, and 20% oxygen provided three different aeration levels. Recovery of nitrate in the liquid effluent was 73, 81, and 87% of that amount originally applied to the soil surface for the respective three levels of oxygen. Recovery of LAS was 50.4, 50.0, and 48.7% of the surface application for the same oxygen levels. These recovery results show that denitrification in a flowing soil-air-water system depended upon the level of oxygen, but the oxidation of LAS was not affected by the oxygen level. Actual times allowed to insure complete displacement of nitrate and LAS from the soil columns were 16.65, 15.42, and 17.67 days, respectively, for the 0.2, 5, and 20% oxygen treatments.

Susceptibility of Gun Steels to Stress Corrosion Cracking

Abstract: : Precracked cantilever beam specimens extracted from specific gun tubes were subjected to a constant load in various environments to determine fracture times. Specimens exhibited stress corrosion susceptibility in 3% NaCl, distilled water and 100% RH air, with 3% NaCl being the most degrading environment. Variations in susceptibility appeared on a tube to tube basis and were related to the temper embrittled condition of the tube. Additional tests in distilled water, varying yield strength material, showed that fracture time was decreased and crack growth rates increased as the yield strength was increased.

Method of disinfecting water and ion exchange resin compounds for use therein

Abstract: 1331648 Tri-iodides of anion-exchange resins KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY RESEARCH FOUNDATION 23 Nov 1970 [3 Dec 1969 2 Nov 1970] 55644/70 Heading C3P [Also in Division C1] Strongly basic anion exchange resins such as those based on polystyrene and containing, for example, quaternary ammonium, alkyl pyridinium, tertiary sulphonium, quaternary phosphonium and quaternary alkyl groups, are treated with an aqueous solution containing triiodide ions I 3 - , and thus converted into a triiodide " salt " form which is hardly ionized in water. Alternatively the resin may be reacted with an iodide and then with elemental iodine by forming a slurry in water. The thus treated resins are characterized in that on passing distilled water through them, they liberate less iodine (in any of its oxidizing forms, such as I 2 , I 3 -, IO 3 - &c.), than will give a positive result on testing the passed water with a cadmium iodidelinear starch test reagent. In the examples the tri-iodide is produced by dissolving elemental iodine in KI solution, and passing the resulting solution through the various resins specified above, commercially available as Ionac (quart alkyl type), Stamex (tert. sulphonium type). Rexyn, "Amberlite"-Trade Mark (both quart ammonium types) and " Dowex " (Trade Mark). The resins are used for removing bacteria from water (see Division C1), the bacteria being destroyed by the tri-iodide ions.

Dual Plant for Producing Both Power and Process Heat for Distilling Liquid.

Abstract: 1,188,842. Evaporators, flash type, desalination of water; production of power. UNITED KINGDOM ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY. 20 May, 1968 [22 May, 1967], No. 23727/67. Heading B1B. [Also in Division F1] Salt water is desalinated and power is produced by burning fuel with compressed air in combustion chamber 11 to which distilled water is supplied through pipe 13, expanding the steam/gas effluent from chamber 11 in axial flow turbine 14 which drives alternator 15 and air-compressor 10, contacting the expanded steam/gas effluent from the turbine in packed bed 21 with salt water sprayed from pipe 23, and leading the heated salt water and condensate from well 17 to the first of a series of flash vaporization chambers a..h. Uncondensed vapours and gases leave the plant through stack 24. Salt water to be distilled flows through the condenser tubes 31 of the flash chambers. The condensate of the steam flashed in chambers a..h collects in trays 32 and runs into main 33. A metered quantity of the distilled water in main 33 is supplied to combustion chamber 11, and the remainder is withdrawn from the plant through pipe 34. About a third of the salt water which has passed through the condenser tubes of flash chambers h to e may be passed through pipe 23 to the packed bed 22. The remainder of the brine feed flows through the plant as shown.

Dual purpose plants for production of power and high purity water

Abstract: 1,215,930. Gas turbine plant. UNITED KINGDOM ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY. Aug.21, 1968 [Sept.20, 1967], No.42860/67. Heading F1G. [Also in Divisions B1 and F4] Power and distilled water are produced in a plant comprising gas turbine 7 in combination with a water distillation plant 2 wherein the hot exhaust gases from the turbine are conducted through tubes 17 in heat exchange with an aqueous solution, e.g. sea water, flowing through a series of chambers 10, whereby some of the water is vapourized in each chamber. The water-vapour, formed in the chambers 10, condenses on heat-exchange tubes 13; and the condensate collects on trays 14, and is withdrawn through line 15. Liquid or gaseous fuel from source 5 is injected into combustion chamber 3 which is fed with air from axial-flow compressor 4. Distilled water from line 16 is also injected into combustion chamber 3. The resultant mixture of combustion gases and super-heated steam flows to turbine 7 which is mechanically coupled to electrical generator 8 and compressor 4.

Application of fluoride electrode to analysis of environmental and biological samples (F Series No. 14)

Abstract: In order to compare the effectiveness of several topical fluoride application procedures, the enamel biopsy was applied to determine the removed fluoride and calcium by acid etching. The biopsy was carried out with the following technique; in the middle area of the labial surface of deciduous or permanent incisors, the acid etching was made with a filter paper disc (∅ 5mm) containing perhydrochloric acid (2M). The disc was removed and shaken in distilled water and the fluoride was determined by a fluoride electrode using a microsample dish.The difference between the mean fluoride contents of deciduous and permanent teeth was not significant ranging from 363 to 540 ppm. There was no increase of fluoride levels of surface enamel with the increase of age.The effect of topical fluoride application was compared on extracted teeth between the pretreatment by either neutral or acidified sodium fluoride or stannous fluoride. The largest retention of fluoride in surface enamel was found after the treatment with phosphate-fluoride solution at pH 3 and the removed calcium by acid was also lowest by this procedure.