Showing papers on "Distilled water published in 1971"
TL;DR: Pseudomonas aeruginosa can grow relatively fast in distilled water obtained in hospitals and achieve high cell contaminations which remain stable for long periods of time.
Abstract: Pseudomonas aeruginosa can grow relatively fast in distilled water obtained in hospitals and achieve high cell contaminations which remain stable for long periods of time. Cells grown in distilled water react quite differently to chemical and physical stresses than cells grown in standard laboratory culture media.
297 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that the marked plaque-inhibiting activity of chlorhexidine, previously reported, is based on the long-term effect of chlor hexidine in the mouth, which may be caused by adsorption by this agent on tooth surfaces, pellicle substance, plaque and mucous membranes.
177 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the solubility of carbon dioxide in distilled water and acidified sea water (chlorinity 0-20‰) has been measured over the temperature range 1°-35°C.
93 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reported that the total weight of clays was 1.3-1.6:1, and the best clays were: ASPARTIC, CITRIC, SALICYLIC, TARTARIC, and TANNIC ACIDS.
Abstract: TWO GRAMS EACH OF REPRESENTATIVE CLAY MINERALS WERE SHAKEN AT ROOM TEMPERATURE IN DISTILLED WATER, AND IN 0.01M ASPARTIC, CITRIC, SALICYLIC, TARTARIC, AND TANNIC ACIDS (REPRESENTATIVE OF COMPONENTS OF HUMIC ACID). ALIQUOTS OF CENTRIFUGED SOLUTION, UP TO 102 DAYS DISSOLUTION, WERE ANALYZED FOR SILICON, IRON, ALUMINUM, IRON, MAGNESIUM, CALCIUM, SODIUM, AND POTASSIUM. THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF CLAY MINERALS DISSOLVED BY STRONGLY COMPLEXING ORGANIC ACIDS EXCEEDS THAT DISSOLVED BY DISTILLED WATER BY FACTORS 5 TO 75. DISSOLVED SILICON IN STRONGLY COMPLEXING ACID SOLUTIONS EXCEEDED 2-35 TIMES ITS CONCENTRATION IN DISTILLED WATER; DISSOLVED ALUMINUM, 3-500 TIMES. ASPARTIC, AN AMINO-ACID, DISSOLVED CALCUM AND MAGNESIUM BEST. CLAY MINERALS DISSOLVE INCONGRUENTLY IN DISTILLLED WATER, SILICON PREFERENTIALLY TO A ALUMINUM. IN ALL ACIDS USED, SILICON INCONGRUENTLY EXCEEDS ALUMINUM DISSOLVED FROM ARIZONA AND WYOMING SMECTITES, SEMI-PLASTIC REFRACTORY CLAY, ALSO FOR ILLITES IN SALICYLIC ACID, AND KEOKUK KAOLINITE IN CITRIC AND TANNIC ACID. CONGRUENT DISSOLUTION, OR ALUMINUM INCONGRUENTLY EXCEEDING SILICON, 1.3-1.6:1, OCCURRED WITH BUEKER FLINT CLAY, GEORGIA KAOLINITE, AND ILLITES IN CITRIC, TARTARIC, AND TANNIC ACIDS. PREFERENTIAL SOLUBILITIES OF EITHER SILICON OR A ALUMINUM FROM CLAY MINERALS INDICATE GENETIC MECHANISMS FOR POSSOLS, LATERITES, KAOLIN (ESPECIALLY MOORVERWITTERUNG TYPE), AND BAUXITES. GEOLOGIC AND PEDOLOGIC EXAMPLES ARE CITED. /AUTHOR/
91 citations
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: In this article, the water uptake of rice was found to be primarily related to its surface area which is a function of size and shape, and small and slender varieties absorb more water at a given cooking time than do large and round varieties.
Abstract: In 1961, 20 samples of rice, average moisture content 12.8%, milled to full polish in a commercial huller and in 1968-1969, samples, average moisture content 13.5%, milled by standard laboratory methods, were cooked in distilled water in a boiling water-bath, temp. 97.5 degree C, cooled in water for 1 min, spread over a wire screen, stirred over filter paper sheets for 3 sec and weighed. On cooking for a constant time of 20 min each, the 20 different rice varieties varied widely in their apparent water uptake (1.65-2.45 g/g). Water uptake by the rice was found to be primarily related to its surface area which is a function of size and shape. Small and slender varieties absorb more water at a given cooking time than do large and round varieties. Water uptake was generally unrelated to other physicochemical and quality characteristics, except for a small inverse relationship with protein content and gelatinization temp. It was also affected by cracks and abdominal white, by age and processing. All varieties cooked for their optimal times showed a relatively constant water uptake of approximate equal to2.5 and attained a moisture content of 75%. The best correlation is obtained when the value is expressed as a ratio of the water uptake at 70-80 degree C to that at boiling temp. thereby eliminating the interfering effects of surface area, cracked and chalky kernels, age and protein content.
89 citations
TL;DR: Formamide, ethane 1,2-diol and dioxane technical grade, were obtained from Hopkin and Williams Ltd and all solutions were made up using double distilled water.
Abstract: Formamide, ethane 1,2-diol and dioxane technical grade, were obtained from Hopkin and Williams Ltd. The first two were used without further purification but dioxane was refluxed with hydrochloric acid followed by distillation over sodium metal to remove peroxides. All other chemicals used were AnalaR grade and all solutions were made up using double distilled water.
81 citations
TL;DR: Clinically, nickel Eczema seems to have changed its character compared with earlier reports: 16 patients reported that the onset had been on their hands; and at their first consultation 25 patients had hand eczema; in another 16 patients other parts of the body were also affected.
Abstract: SUMMARY.— In eczema patients with nickel allergy, immunogtobulin E (IgE) and the threshold of sensitivity were determined by means of patch testing with dilutions of nickel sulphate (NiSO4). In 4 of the 47 patients investigated the IgE value was raised. Two of these were women in whom, at the age of 20, the onset of nickel eczema took place on the ear lobes. The occurrence of atopic diseases in the patients was of the same frequency (9%) as in other investigations, whereas the frequency among relatives was higher (38% as against 19–22%). The mean threshold of sensitivity in 53 patients was 0.43% (distilled water) and 0.51% NiSO4 (petrolatum). Ten patients reacted to concentrations below 0.039% in distilled water. The lowest thresholds were obtained in patients who were simultaneously sensitive to both nickel and cobalt. No connection was observed between the severity of the skin disease and the threshold of sensitivity. With higher concentrations of nickel in 3 non-atopic patients, pustular test-reactions were observed, which disappeared at lower concentrations. Clinically, nickel eczema seems to have changed its character compared with earlier reports: 16 patients reported that the onset had been on their hands; and at their first consultation 25 patients had hand eczema; in another 16 patients other parts of the body were also affected.
57 citations
TL;DR: The method described is efficient in waters of high quality and may be useful for recovering viruses in renovated, and perhaps in tap waters, but not in waters containing certain organic matter unless that matter is first removed.
Abstract: A method is described for quantitatively recovering small amounts of viruses from large volumes of buffered, distilled water. Development of the method was motivated by the anticipated need for testing large volumes of renovated sewage for viruses. The method consists of adsorbing viruses onto cellulose nitrate membrane filters (0.45 mum pore size) from water containing sufficient Na(2)HPO(4) to produce a molarity of 0.05 and sufficient citric acid to produce a pH of 7, and eluting the adsorbed viruses in 3% beef extract under extended sonic treatment. Complete recovery of poliovirus 1, echovirus 7, and coxsackievirus B3 resulted when less than 100 plaque-forming units were added to 1-liter quantities of water. Recoveries of reovirus 1 were almost as good. Preliminary studies indicate that good recoveries can be made from 25-gal quantities of water. The method described is efficient in waters of high quality and may be useful for recovering viruses in renovated, and perhaps in tap waters, but not in waters containing certain organic matter unless that matter is first removed.
48 citations
TL;DR: Human erythrocyte membrane proteins were dissolved in water employing a modification of the method of Mazia and Ruby and aggregated readily in the presence of low concentrations of electrolytes, suggesting that most of the water dissolved proteins are highly dissociated.
21 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an insulated heat-sink containing Freon-12® (N.B.P. −21.6°F) provides a reproducible system for measurement of thermal properties of fruit products.
Abstract: SUMMARY— An insulated heat-sink containing Freon-12® (N.B.P. −21.6°F) provides a reproducible system for measurement of thermal properties of fruit products. The difference in time required to remove the latent heat of fusion of the “eutectic” mixture in comparison with distilled water measures the “bound” water. The 34-37%“bound” water in papaya (var. solo) pulp is unaffected by varying pH in the range 3.0–6.0. Less than 10% water is bound in guava, passion fruit and pineapple juice products with up to 35% sucrose added. Thermal conductivity of the solid phase “eutectic” mixture in the 5–50% soluble solids range fits the regression Y = ABx, Y = (3.69) (0.96)x where x = percent total soluble solids (TSS) and Y = thermal conductivity (Cal x 103/(cm2) (sec) (°C/cm)). The relationship of freezing point to TSS values as 1.10 + 0.64 (TSS) in the test system is significant (P < 0.01) in the range 5–50% TSS. The time for fusion (θw) of sucrose/water in the range 5–50% TSS fits the regression: log θw= (−0.8325) (−0.0165) (TSS) or θw= (0.984) (0.164)TSS sec. Addition of solutes such as sucrose will inhibit gelation without affecting “bound” water values. Pectin gel structures apparently are dependent on secondary bonding and independent of “bound” water per se.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an experimental method is described by which it is possible to follow continuously the uptake and release of certain radioactive isotopes and the uptake of water by the roots of young plants.
Abstract: An experimental method is described by which it is possible to follow continuously the uptake and release of certain radioactive isotopes and the uptake of water by the roots of young plants.
The method has been used in a study of the ion fractions related to the initial uptake of phosphate in the roots of sunflower plants. Two non-bound fractions were identified: one which was leachable in distilled water and another which was released from the roots only by a bathing medium containing inactive phosphate. Experiments using conventional analysis technique corroborated the results obtained by the recording technique.
Patent•
13 May 1971
TL;DR: Hardening of distilled water, partic. the distillate from desalination of sea water or brackish water, is effected by gasifying the distilled water with CO2 produced by acidifying raw water and subsequently neutralising the CO2-contng. as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Hardening of distilled water, partic. the distillate from desalination of sea water or brackish water, is effected by gasifying the distillate with CO2 produced by acidifying raw water and subsequently neutralising the CO2-contng. water with calcium and/or magnesium compounds, pref. to the stage where all aggressive CO2 is removed.
TL;DR: In this paper, all anions or cations were removed from potato extract and were replaced by a single, naturally occurring anion or cation in an effort to determine the relative effect of each on the sloughing of potato tissue.
Abstract: All anions or cations were removed from potato extract and were replaced by a single, naturally occurring anion or cation in an effort to determine the relative effect of each on the sloughing of potato tissue. The treated extracts were used in cooking soaked potato tissue slices. In the anion series, citrate caused the greatest amount of sloughing. Other cooking media and treatments in decreasing order of effectiveness were untreated extract, malate, oxalate, chloride, and distilled water. In the cation series, sodium and potassium caused significantly more sloughing than the untreated extract. Magnesium and calcium firmed the potato tissue, resulting in less sloughing than that obtained with distilled water.
TL;DR: There was a significant reduction in synthetic hydroxyapatite and enamel dissolution for acidogenic streptococci in a medium made with a highly mineralized water from a low caries area in northwest Ohio, when compared with media made with distilled water and water that contained 1.5 ppm fluoride.
Abstract: There was a significant reduction in synthetic hydroxyapatite and enamel dissolution for acidogenic streptococci in a medium made with a highly mineralized water from a low caries area in northwest Ohio, when compared with media made with distilled water and water that contained 1.5 ppm fluoride.
TL;DR: Normal saline, distilled water, and two commercial surface-active solutions were used in this double-blind trial to determine the efficiency to increase sputum evacuation in 20 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
TL;DR: A modified Wilhelmy-type film balance was used to investigate monolayer properties of partially saponified poly n -butyl acrylate at the air/water interface as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this article, the potential problems with distilled water that may occur if plastic or resin components are included in the distillation system are discussed in this report, which may confuse the interpretation of the pesticide analytical data.
TL;DR: During virus transmission experiments with nematodes, many specimens of Trichodorus pachydermus Seinhorst showed little or no motility after extraction from soil by the method of Oostenbrink (1960), so it was possible to change the usual extraction procedure so that active T. pachyDermus nematode could be obtained.
Abstract: During virus transmission experiments with nematodes, many specimens of Trichodorus pachydermus Seinhorst showed little or no motility after extraction from soil by the method of Oostenbrink (1960). These nematodes were useless for experiments. Experiments were carried out to determine the reason for this reduced activity. As a result, it was possible to change the usual extraction procedure so that active T. pachydermus nematodes could be obtained. In a pot experiment, the influence of tap water containing Cu++ ions on the population development of T. pachydermus was determined and compared with the influence of distilled water.
TL;DR: Best approximation to the microscopic appearance of fresh cooked beef was obtained by 20 min rehydration in room temperature distilled water followed by overnight equilibration in the refrigerator, and this procedure also offered good differentiation of meat grade and cooking time effects by instrumental texture measurements.
Abstract: Rehydration procedure had a significant effect on microscopic appearance, manner of liquid release on mechanical chewing, numerical values for the mechanical parameters of texture, correlations between objective measurements (Warner-Bratzler Tenderometer, Kramer Shear Press and General Foods Texturometer) and the ability of instrumental measurements to show grade and cooking level effects. To a lesser extent, it also affected residual errors and coefficients of variation. As compared to cold distilled water, rehydration in warm 1% NaCl appeared to toughen the meat fibers while allowing more water to be absorbed intrafibrally. This water did not release easily on mechanical chewing. Overnight equilibration of drained samples increased the diameter of meat fibers, roughness of those rehydrated in the hot salt solution and smoothness of those rehydrated in cold distilled water. Best approximation to the microscopic appearance of fresh cooked beef was obtained by 20 min rehydration in room temperature distilled water followed by overnight equilibration in the refrigerator. This procedure also offered good differentiation of meat grade and cooking time effects by instrumental texture measurements.
TL;DR: Sequence modifications show that chromatin does not reduce silver by itself, and this method stains the sites of high histone concentration...
Abstract: Cells from monolayer culture of Chinese hamster line Don were treated by Colcemid (0.1 μg/ml) for 2 hr, trypsinized and spun; resuspended in 0.5% sodium citrate solution for 10 min, respun, and then resuspended in a small volume of the supernatant. Slide preparations were made by smearing, followed by air drying for 1 min at room temperature. They were fixed and stained by the following sequence: 2.5% glutaraldehyde in Millonig's buffer, 30 min; distilled water, 6 min, 5 changes; ammoniacal silver at 18-26 C, 10 sec; distilled water, 30 min, 5 changes; 2.5% formalin, 2 min; and distilled water, 3 changes during 15 min. Staining solution: add 225 ml of 5% Na2CO3 to 75 ml of 10% AgNO3, then add concentrated NH4OH slowly, drop by drop, until the solution is transparent. Finally add 300 ml of dstilled water. Cells treated with cold 0.25 N HCl before fixation were not stained. Sequence modifications show that chromatin does not reduce silver by itself. This method stains the sites of high histone concentration...
TL;DR: In this article, a relatively simple volatilization procedure is described for the determination of residual isopropanol in oilseed meals and flours, where a 1 g sample is placed in a 100 ml serum bottle, 200 µl of distilled water containing 0.075 mg of ethanol is added and the bottle is sealed with a rubber stopper and heated at 110 C for 1 hr.
Abstract: A relatively simple volatilization procedure is described for the determination of residual isopropanol in oilseed meals and flours. A 1 g sample is placed in a 100 ml serum bottle, 200 µl of distilled water containing 0.075 mg of ethanol is added and the bottle is sealed with a rubber stopper and heated at 110 C for 1 hr. A 2 ml aliquot of the headspace gas is analyzed by gas chromatography using the added ethanol as an internal standard. Values determined by this procedure for three cottonseed, two peanut and two fish meals or flours which had been processed with isopropanol, ranged from 10 to 12,000 ppm and were of the same order of magnitude as values determined by a modification of the Todd azeotropic distillation procedure. Advantages of the volatilization over the azeotropic distillation procedure are that less operator and gas chromatograph time are required per analysis.
Patent•
18 Aug 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, a multi-stage flash-evaporator for desalination of sea water is described, where distilled water is produced from sea water or other saline solution by contacting it in heat exchanger 3 with hot mineral oil, or other water-immiscible liquid, passing the heated sea water through a multistage flash evaporator 2 1.. 2 n, and condensing the vapours evolved in the higher-pressure flash stages 2 1, 2 n, 2 n+1, by means of oil circulating through condenser tubes in these stages, and
Abstract: 1,242,875. Evaporators, flash type; desalination of sea water. COMMISSARIAT A L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE. 19 Nov., 1968 [22 Dec., 1967], No. 54819/68. Heading B1B. Distilled water is produced from sea water, or other saline solution, by contacting it in heat exchanger 3 with hot mineral oil, or other water-immiscible liquid, passing the heated sea water through a multi-stage flash evaporator 2 1 .. 2 n , and condensing the vapours evolved in the higher-pressure flash stages 2 1 , 2 n , 2 n+1 , by means of oil circulating through condenser tubes in these stages, and also circulating through a heater 8 and the direct-contact heat-exchanger 3 wherein the feed sea water is heated. Before the sea water enters heat-exchanger 3, it is preheated by passing it through the condenser tubes 4 of the lower-pressure flash stages. The condensate (i.e. distilled water) is collected in trays 6, and withdrawn from the lowest-pressure stage 2 n . The oil preferably has a higher density than water. The sea water flows upwardly in dispersed form through heat-exchanger 3 and the oil flows downwardly. The condenser tubes may be made of mild steel provided with an outer coating or paint.
TL;DR: In this paper, the electric potential differences between similar electrodes in the ice and water respectively were measured as functions of time, rate of freezing and temperature differences within the ice layer, and the charge separation at the ice/water interface caused by selective rejection of ions always exceeded that due to temperature gradients within ice at freezing rates greater than 10 μm s−1.
Abstract: 75-ml samples of de-ionized, distilled water were frozen and electric potential differences between similar electrodes in the ice and water respectively were measured as functions of time, rate of freezing and temperature differences within the ice layer. The charge separation at the ice/water interface caused by selective rejection of ions always exceeded that due to temperature gradients within the ice at freezing rates greater than 10 μm s−1.
Patent•
08 May 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, a method of purifying crude amphotericin B comprises dissolving the crude antibiotic in dimethylformamide, adding distilled water to the solution in amount equal to half the volume of the dimethyl-formamide used, acidifying the resulting mixture to a pH of between 2 and 3A6, removing the precipitated impurities, adding to the filtrate a volume of water equal to the volume used, adjusting the pH of the solution to pH of from 6A5 to 7A0 and recovering the precipitate product.
Abstract: 1298172 Amphotericin B purification LENINGRADSKY NAUCHNO - ISSLEDOVATELSKY INSTITUT ANTIBIOTIKOV 8 May 1971 13906/71 Heading C2A A method of purifying crude amphotericin B comprises dissolving the crude antibiotic in dimethylformamide, adding distilled water to the solution in amount equal to half the volume of dimethylformamide used, acidifying the resulting mixture to a pH of between 2 and 3A6, removing the precipitated impurities, adding to the filtrate a volume of water equal to the volume of dimethylformamide used, adjusting the pH of the solution to a pH of from 6A5 to 7A0 and recovering the precipitated product. Preferably, the solution of the crude antibiotic in dimethylformamide is prepared by mixing 1 part by weight of crude antibiotic with from 10 to 20 parts by volume of dimethylformamide, followed by acidifying the resulting mixture with hydrochloric acid to pH 7 to 7A5. Then the mixture is stirred for 1A5 to 2 hours until the heptaenes are completely dissolved. Distilled water is then poured slowly into the mixture with stirring, in an amount of half the volume of the dimethylformamide used. The pH of the resultant solution is brought to 2A0 to 3A6 and the resultant precipitate, which consists mainly of antibiotically inactive heptaenes, is filtered off. Then further distilled water, equal in volume to that of the dimethylformamide used, is added and the pH of the mixture raised to 6A5 to 7A0 with 10% sodium hydroxide solution. The precipitated antibiotic is either filtered off or centrifuged and washed with 50% n-propyl alcohol and then acetone. Finally the amphotericin B is dried under vacuum.
01 May 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, a group of membrane separation experiments were carried out with distilled water and 1% 2190-TEP lubricating oil, and the results of the oil-water tests showed that the oil concentration could be reduced from 10,000 to less than 25 parts per million in a single pass through the membrane.
Abstract: : The oil-separation characteristics of cellulose-acetate membranes were experimentally analyzed with a bench-scale apparatus. Experiments were initially conducted on distilled water solutions to determine permeate (product water) flux rate through the membrane as a function of operating time when the feedwater contained minimal impurities. A group of membrane separation experiments were then carried out with distilled water and 1% 2190-TEP lubricating oil. For the oil-water tests, the change in permeate flow rate with time and the oil concentration of the permeate, the feedwater, and the waste water were measured. The results of the oil-water tests showed that the oil concentration could be reduced from 10,000 to less than 25 parts per million in a single pass through the membrane. The primary difficulty was a gradual decrease in permeate flux rate that resulted from the membrane becoming coated with an oil film.
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: The present report describes a method for using atomic absorption spectrophotometry for the determination of trace heavy metals (lead, copper, cadmium and zinc) in extracted human permanent teeth.
Abstract: Since atomic absorption spectrophotometry was introduced for the determination of magnesium in blood serum by Willis in 1960, many studies have been published on the use of the method for determination of trace metals in biological materials. However, reports on trace heavy metals in teeth are scarce. Much more analytical data are necessary.The present report describes a method for using atomic absorption spectrophotometry for the determination of trace heavy metals (lead, copper, cadmium and zinc) in extracted human permanent teeth.(1) A tooth was dissolved in 5 ml of nitric acid, and then dried and ashed by heating in a silica crucible for 10 hr in a muffle furnace at 400-450°C. The ash was dissolved by gentle warming in 5ml of hydrochloric acid and transferred to a 20 ml volumetric flask. Distilled water was added to make 20ml of sample solution.(2) Mixed working standard solutions were used for the determination of lead, copper and cadmium.(3) Lead, copper and cadmium were chelated by 3ml of 1% ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) and extracted simultaneously with 5 ml of methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) from 10 ml of the sample solution at pH 3.5. Zinc was determined directly in diluted water solutions.(4) Interferences of calcium in measurements were investigated. Calcium interferences were compensated by the addition of citric acid both to the working standards and sample solutions, and also by addition of calcium to the working standard solutions.(5) Detection limits were approximately 0.7 μg Pb, 0.3 μg Cu and 0.03μg Cd in a final volume of 20ml, equivalent to one whole tooth.
01 Sep 1971
05 Feb 1971
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used different sources of water (tap water, distilled, acidified tap, and acidified distilled water) and different fertilizer treat· menu to seek the best method of growing peanut planu under greenhouse conditions.
Abstract: Experiments were conducted using different sources of water (tap. lake. distilled, acidified tap. and acidified distilled water) and different fertilizer treat· menu to seek the best method of growing peanut planu under greenhouse con ditions. Distilled water proved to be best; acidification of tap water was beneficial. Use of acidifying soluble fertilizers (21-7-7 and 20-20-20) in combination with distilled water. sand, and plastic pots gave good results. We have experienced considerable diffi culty from time to time in growing healthy peanut plants in our greenhouse. Early growth usually appears to be normal, but gradual deterioration in the appearance of the plants takes place shortly after bloom ing. The symptoms most often observed are a general yellowing of the plants, mottling of the leaves, browning of leaf margins, and lack of vigor. Inadequate fertility might have been considered to be the cause of the problem, had we not experi enced similar difficulties when several fer tility treatments and soil media were used. Some preliminary evidence indicated that the trouble might be caused or accentuated by the source of the water we used. To gain further evidence as to whether or not different water sources might have an influence on peanut growth and produc tion, tbe following three experiments were designed.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of small amounts of various anions added to distilled water on sealing effects were studied by impedance test, dyeing test and Kape test, and also examined by electron microscope and electron diffraction.
Abstract: Influences of small amounts of various anions added to distilled water on sealing effects were studied by impedance test, dyeing test, and Kape test, and also examined by electron microscope and electron diffraction.The anions used in these studies were PO4---, SO4--, F-NO3-and Cl-as acids, P2O7---, PO4---, SO4--, SiO3--, Cr2O7--, and Cl-as Na salts, and OH-as NaOH, KOH, and NH4OH.Aluminum specimens, which had been anodized in sulfuric acid, was sealed for 20 min. in boiling distilled water containing a small amount of each anion.The results obtained were as follows:(1) PO4--- and SiO3-- gave the most harmful effects on sealing of anodic oxide films and inhibited the bohmite reaction by strong specific adsorption by the proton space charge of anodic oxide films.(2) OH- strongly promoted the bohmite reaction which was proved by the examination with electron microscope and by electron diffraction.
07 Jan 1971
TL;DR: Wicks as discussed by the authors measured the concentration of nitrogen in distilled water using a dynamic, turbulently mixed saturation chamber and showed that there is a significant difference in nitrogen concentrations between the turbulent mixed system and the unmixed system.
Abstract: approved: Redacted for Privacy C. E. Wicks The concentration of nitrogen in distilled water was measured using a dynamic, turbulently mixed saturation chamber. Concentrations at three temperatures (12.3, 19.6, and 25.5°C) and three pressures (760, 1520, and 2280 mm Hg) were investigated. Results are presented as mole fractions, XN and Bunsen coefficients, 2 a . A comparison of concentrations obtained by turbulent mixing is made to concentrations obtained by only surface absorption with no mixing. Concentrations are reported on the fifth day after turbulent bubbling ceases. It is shown that there is a significant difference in nitrogen concentrations between the turbulently mixed system and the unmixed system. Values taken from the turbulently mixed system are approximately 130 percent higher than literature values. Values taken from the unmixed system are 7 to 9 percent higher than literature values. The turbulently mixed system's concentrations closely approximate Henry's Law.