Showing papers on "Distilled water published in 1977"
TL;DR: In this article, suspended matter collected from Rhine river water were resuspended in distilled water, in diluted artificial sea water (1 : 1), in artificial sea, and in 'nitrate sea water', respectively at pH's 7.5 and 8.0.
72 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors defined several factors influencing the methylation of mercuric ion in soil and found that it is possible to extract the mercury methylating factor from soil with a solution of 0.5N sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
Abstract: The results from this work define several factors influencing the methylation of mercuric ion in soil. Two of the most important findings were that it is possible to extract the mercury methylating factor from soil with a solution of 0.5N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and that this factor is responsible for the abiological methylation of Hg in the soils under investigation. The ability of the soil extract to methylate Hg is influenced by temperature, mercuric ion concentrations, and solution pH. In addition, it was found that the methylating ability of the soil extract was stable at high temperatures (121C), but was lost after exposure to ultraviolet radiation. When the 0.5N NaOH extract of soil was separated into a soluble fraction and an insoluble precipitate, the ability to methylate mercuric ion remained with the soluble fraction. It was found that the methylating factor was lost when the 0.5N NaOH extract was dialyzed against distilled water. Other work showed that the methylating factor passes through dialysis tubing into the distilled water.
70 citations
TL;DR: Two primary causative agents, 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin, of earthy musty odor in water supplies readily adsorb on granular activated carbon at the threshold odor limit, 0.1 /ig/l as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Two primary causative agents, 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin, of earthy-musty odor in water supplies readily adsorb on granular activated carbon at the threshold odor limit, 0.1 /ig/l. Distilled water solutions and real and simulated natural water solutions were used in batch equilibrium tests and continuous flow column experiments. Most of the adsorbed compounds could be recovered by extraction of the carbon with dioxane. Solution pH has no major effect on adsorption, but the adsorption capacity of both compounds is significantly reduced by humic substances.
62 citations
TL;DR: The data prove that high pressure protein films can consist of alpha-helix as well as non-alpha-helIX structures and, differently from another cytolytic protein, melittin, delta-toxin does not resume the alpha- Helix conformation in going into the film phase from the extended chain in 6 M urea.
41 citations
TL;DR: A highly significant effect of the five solutions was found showing that the taste system becomes functional before the time of hatching, and Distilled water produced on an unexpectedly large response in the embryo.
28 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple and rapid method for the determination of fluoride in the range above 10ppm up to 48.67 wt.% for CaF2 within a total time of 15 minutes is described.
Abstract: A simple and rapid method for the determination of fluoride in the range above 10ppm up to 48.67 wt.% for CaF2 within a total time of 15 minutes is described. Samples are mixed with PbO2 in the ratio 1 : 3; and the fluoride is liberated in an induction furnace within ca. 10 minutes. The fluoride is collected in a 0.025 molar sodium-hydroxide solution and after adding 100ml buffer (1M sodium citrate, 1M sodium chloride), the solution is filled up to 250ml with distilled water, and measured by an ion-selective electrode using the technique of standard addition. Analyses of five international reference samples show excellent accuracy from 0.5 to 3% with a standard deviation of less than 4% (e.g., for a fluoride contents of 442ppm in Andesite AGV-1).
27 citations
Patent•
11 Mar 1977TL;DR: A liquid cleaner, lubricant and topical biocidal agent that is useful with head water and has bacteriostatic activities is described in this article, which is useful for treating herpes virus, condyloma, and for preventing Staphylcoccus aureus infection, and as a lubricant to be used during delivery at the time of birth.
Abstract: A liquid cleaner, lubricant and topical biocidal agent that is useful with head water and has bacteriostatic activities is described. The composition includes lauryl diethanolamide, propylene glycol, glycerine, sodium polypectate, a water soluble detergent which is non-deleteriously reflective with sodium polypectate, silver ion, sufficient base such as ammonium hydroxide to maintan a pH in the range of from about 7.2 to 7.8, and distilled water. The composition is useful for treating herpes virus, condyloma, and for preventing Staphylcoccus aureus infection, and as a lubricant to be used during delivery at the time of birth.
21 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new method for evaluating the stability of W/O/W type multiple-phase emulsions by using a technique for analyzing the concentration of ions which migrated from the inner aqueous-phase to the aiquous suspending medium due to the rupture of oil phase layer on the surface of the inner annealing globules was presented.
Abstract: An attempt was carried out to provide a new method for evaluating the stability of W/O/Wtype multiple-phase emulsions by using a technique for analyzing the concentration of ions, which migrated from the inner aqueous-phase to the aqueous suspending medium due to the rupture of oil phase layer on the surface of the inner aqueous-phase globules. The following is the procedure tested; a newly prepared sample cantaining a small amount of sodium chloride in the inner aqueous-phase is dialyzed against a definite volume of distilled water, in which a pair of ion-electrodes is immersed to detect continuously the amount of either the sodium ions or chloride ions which migrated from the inner aqueous-phase through the aqueous suspending medium. Percentage of the alived inner aqueous globules in the sample at optional time was calculated by the relations;where A and B are the ion concentrations in the distilled water and in the inner aqueous-phase, respectively, x (ml) is the volume of leaked inner aqueous-phase and v1, v0 and vd are the volumes of the inner aqueous-phase, outer aqueous-phase and distilled water of the dialyzing system, respectively.It has been confirmed that the method proposed here is useful for examining the stability of W/O/W-type multiple-phase emulsions under the various conditions.
20 citations
TL;DR: The contribution of calcium fluoride to weight loss was greater in water than in lactic acid, indicating a corrosive effect for lactic Acid, and higher fluoride concentrations resulted in a greater quantity but lower percentage of fluoride released from the amalgam.
Abstract: 1. The amount and percentage of fluoride released from amalgam were less for the 1:1.6 alloy/mercury ratio than for the 1:1 ratio. 2. Higher fluoride concentrations resulted in a greater quantity but lower percentage of fluoride released from the amalgam. 3. Longer immersion times resulted in a greater amounts and percentages of released fluoride. However, the fluoride released per hour decreased with immersion time. 4. Immersion of the amalgam in lactic acid caused a greater release of fluoride than immersion in distilled water. 5. Disintegration of the amalgam was greater in lactic acid than in distilled water. The contribution of calcium fluoride to weight loss was greater in water than in lactic acid, indicating a corrosive effect for lactic acid. 6. The higher calcium fluoride content (2 per cent) decreased the compressive strength of the amalgam but did not alter the dimensional change.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the extent to which exchangeable calcium hydrolysis occurs during the preparation of homoionic calcium montmorillonite clay and the rate of the reaction in distilled water at various supension concentrations and levels of CO₂ was determined at 25°C.
Abstract: The extent to which exchangeable calcium hydrolysis occurs during the preparation of homoionic calcium montmorillonite clay and the rate of the reaction in distilled water at various supension concentrations and levels of CO₂ was determined at 25°C. The rate and extent of hydrolysis was found to be comparable to that reported for sodium montmorillonite and increased with CO₂ concentration. CEC was appreciably reduced during washing of residual salts while preparing calcium montmorillonite. The mechanism of hydrolysis is discussed.
14 citations
Patent•
25 Oct 1977TL;DR: In this paper, a technique for the quantitative monitoring of a nonionic surfactant, such as nonylphenolpolyglycolether, in an acid tinning bath for the production of shiny, pore-free coatings on components is presented.
Abstract: A technique for the quantitative monitoring of a nonionic surfactant, such as nonylphenolpolyglycolether, in an acid tinning bath for the production of shiny, pore-free coatings on components. A measured amount of bath fluid (a bath specimen) is diluted with distilled water and mixed with sulfuric acid, and this mixture is then immediately titrated with a tannic acid solution until opalescence occurs.
TL;DR: In this article, three lichen species were wetted in the field with distilled water, rainwater or water which had run off a rock surafce, during July 1974 to February 1975.
Abstract: Three lichen species were wetted in the field with distilled water, rainwater or water which had run off a rock surafce, during July 1974 to February 1975. The radial growth rate of Parmelia glabratula ssp. fuliginosa was not influenced by the wetting treatments. The radial growth rate of P. conspersa with the distilled water was greater than the control, rainwater and runoff treatments. The radial growth rate of Physcia orbicularis was lower with rainwater and runoff treatmentss than the control and distilled water treatment. These results may be explained by the effect of wetting on the carbon balance of the lichens and by the influence of water chemistry.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that dissolved silica can coprecipitate with zinc from seawater or distilled water that has been enriched with both elements, and that more than 2 ppm Si is necessary for the reaction to begin.
TL;DR: In this article, the phase equilibria of some organic materials which are less soluble in water (such as phthalates and higher alcohols) were greatly affected by the salting-out effect of salinity, which is probably due to the effect of pH on the degree of dissociation of electrolytes and on the hydrolysis of esters.
TL;DR: The data suggest that under conditions of high magnesium supply and high pH these cells absorb large amounts of magnesium in excess of their requirement for growth, which could be extracted by grinding the cells in distilled water.
Abstract: The magnesium level required to support full growth in batch suspension cultures of an Ipomoea sp. (Morning Glory) cell line in 2% sucrose media was less than 0.3 mM. The uptake of magnesium increased with increasing magnesium in the medium, and with increasing pH at constant magnesium level. In medium containing 1.0 mM (24 mg/l) magnesium, a culture kept at pH 4.7 absorbed 6 mg of magnesium in 150 h; the corresponding figure for a culture kept at pH 6.9 was 19 mg.Much of the excess magnesium taken up by cells grown at the 1.0 mM magnesium level at various controlled pH levels could be extracted by grinding the cells in distilled water. The data suggest that under conditions of high magnesium supply and high pH these cells absorb large amounts (i.e. several milligrams per gram dry cells) of magnesium in excess of their requirement for growth.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of inorganic complexing agents such as thiocyanate and chloride on the stability of distilled water and natural waters spiked with 1 μg Hg l -1 in polyethylene containers is reported.
TL;DR: The experimental results show that the solubility of any kind of cement soaked for a day or 7 in the distilled water shows comparatively a small value, but that of P3 cement, when soaked for 7 days, shows a large value, which is mainly due to the elution of these unreacted oxides.
Abstract: 1. Solubility of zinc phosphate cementThe experimental results show that the solubility of any kind of cement soaked for a day or 7 in the distilled water shows comparatively a small value. That is, as shown in Figs. 8 and 9, the solubility of Zn of P1, P2 and P3 soaked for a day shows around 4 fig/cm2, and when soaked for 7 days, it shows 4.1-5.8 μg/cm2. Mg shows 1.8-3.9 μg/cm2, and Ca, a small value. Especially in the case of P3, soaked for a day, the total solubility of Zn, Mg and Ca shows a preferable value, approximately 6.3 pg/cm2. The same tendency can be seen in the 7-day soaking case. But, in comparison with the analyzed values of powder, it is proved that the solubility of Mg is very large, as compared with that of Zn. For instance, the P3 cement powder has ZnO, 90.9% and MgO 8.0%, that is, MgO is approximately one ninth of ZnO in content. But, the solubility of Mg, when soaked for 7 days, shows a large value. The fact tells that Mg in the set product of cement is more soluble than Zn. Let's examine MgO : it is considered that MgO reacts with H3PO4 to form Mg (H2PO4) 2, which finally forms Mg3 (PO4) 2 through MgHPO4. The solubility product, therefore, is considered to be MgHPO4 or Mg3 (PO4) 2. But from the fact that H3PO4 in the solution has not been identified even by the phosphorus molybdate method, it is considered that the solubility of Zn and Mg are mainly due to the elution of these unreacted oxides. Again, the comparison of the solubility of P1, P2 and P3 proves that the solubility of Zn, Mg and Ca in P3 show smaller values. But the comparison of their powder and liquid composition showing small difference in components, cannot make out the difference in solubility. The presumption is that P3 cement shows low solubility because of its comparatively preferable reactivity.2. Solubility of carboxylate cementThe solubility of carboxylate cement in the distilled water (Figs. 10 & 11) is as follows : The solubility of Zn of C., and C2 soaked for a day is less than 1.3 μg/cm2, and 2.3 μg/cm2 in the 7-day soaking case. Ca shows a very small value in any case of cement. But the solubility of Mg is comparatively large, 1.4-2.9 μg/cm2 in a day soaking and 21.0-25.0 μg/cm2 in 7-day soaking, which cannot be explained from the powder composition : according to Table 1, this kind of cement contains MgO, one ninth-tenth of ZnO like zinc phosphate cement, and the above-mentioned phenomenon is hard to understand from the componential viewpoint. Again, the solubility of Mg is proved to be 5-6 times large as in the case of zinc phosphate cement.Like zinc phosphate cement, the solubility of carboxylate cement is considered to vary in accordance with various factors, but the eluates in the distilled water are presumed to be-COOH and diatomic hydroxide, though-COOH in the distilled water cannot be identified by the qualitative analysis by IR and titration [9]. The fact tells that the amount of-COOH eluted from the cement is very small. On the other hand, ANZAI et al. [10-14], from the setting mechanism of the cement concerned, makes out that there exist in the set product considerable amounts of COOH and ZnO unreacted, and that its setting reaction is comparatively quick in the early stage, but it takes some long time to finish. Considering them, it can be presumed that the solubility of Zn and Mg, when soaked for a longer time, becomes larger.3. Solubility of silicate cementThe solubility of Si and Al of silicate cement soaked for a day are approximately the same and Na shows a comparatively large
Patent•
13 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In this paper, an inexpensive construction is possible by combining the dirty water tank with the evaporation chamber, which is shown to recover the energy required to evaport almost completely so that little energy is required.
Abstract: Distilled water is produced by evapn. of dirty water and by condensn. and collection of the produced steam. The heat energy released during condensn. is transferred to the dirty water. The condensate is passed in counterflow through a dirty water column without heat convection currents to extract the remaining heat. Preheat dirty water from the head of the column is supplied to the evaporator and fresh dirty water is introduced at the bottom. This recovers the energy required for evaporation almost completely so that, apart from the starting phase, little energy is required. An inexpensive construction is possible by combining the dirty water tank with the evaporation chamber.
01 Jan 1977-Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-toxic\/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering
TL;DR: The nonionic macroreticular resins XAD-2 as discussed by the authors, which is an extractor from distilled water, has been shown to recover about 30 percent of the TOC in sewage.
Abstract: The nonionic macroreticular resin XAD‐2 efficiently recovers many volatile organic compounds from distilled water. Changing from distilled water to sewage as the extraction matrix reduced recoveries of chlorinated phenols by approximately 20 percent primarily as a result of the phenols being adsorbed by filterable particulates in the sewage. The breakthrough of sewage occurs at about 130 column volumes and is pH dependent. The capacity of the resin is 1.7 mg TOC/cc of resin and independent of pH. The resin recovers about 30 percent of the TOC in sewage. Most of the organic material extracted by the resin is non‐volatile as far as GC analysis is concerned.
Patent•
20 Jan 1977
TL;DR: New 1-benzyl-3-decyl-imidazolium salts are of formula (I): (where R is n-octyl or ndecyl and X is an acid anion, esp. a halide, pseudohalide, sulphate or sulphonate) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: New 1-benzyl-3-octyl- and 1-benzyl-3-decyl-imidazolium salts are of formula (I): (where R is n-octyl or n-decyl and X is an acid anion, esp. a halide, pseudohalide, sulphate or sulphonate. Low-foaming disinfectants and preservatives are claimed contg. >=1 (I) and opt. further anti-microbially active cpds. and/or standard additives. Disinfectants and preservatives contg. (I) can be used (i) for treating water from air humidifying system, (ii) in special cooling water cycles and (iii) for prepn. of compsns used for disinfection in food rocessing. (I) form homogeneous, low-foaming solns. E.g. foaming power of (I where R = decyl) is 10 c.f. 690 for (I where R = dodecyl) when used 1 min. in 0.1% concn. in distilled water. (I) have high anti-microbial activity. Unlike quaternary ammonium salts, (I) can be combined with anion-active detergents, without loss of anti-microbial activity. (I) have higher activity against fungi, algae and Pseudomonas bacteria than 1-benzyl-3-12-16C-alkyl-imidazolium salts, which foam strongly.
01 Sep 1977
TL;DR: In this article, an enzyme treatment and ammonium sulfate precipitation procedure was adapted to the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin from high-protein foods, and it has been possible within three days to detect 0.2-1.0 μg staph bacteria A added to minced meat, dry sausage, smoked fish, cheese and milk.
Abstract: An enzyme treatment and ammonium sulfate precipitation procedure was adapted to the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin from high-protein foods. The enterotoxin is extracted from food with distilled water, after which soluble proteins are acid-precipitated (pH 4.5) and the supernatant washed with chloroform (pH 7.5). The extract is then treated with trypsin andPseudomonas peptidase for 2 h at +37°C. Residual unhydrolyzed material is precipitated with 60% ammonium sulfate for 15 min at +4°C. The precipitate is redissolved in phosphate buffer and concentrated by dialysis against polyethyleneglycol. The concentrate is washed with chloroform and lyophilized. The dry material is dissolved in 0.2 ml distilled water and enterotoxin detected by the micro-slide method with 24 h incubation at +37°C. Using this method, it has been possible within three days to detect 0.2–1.0 μg staphylococcal enterotoxin A added to minced meat, dry sausage, smoked fish, cheese and milk.
TL;DR: In this article, a combustion procedure is presented, in which the sulphur-containing sample is burnt in a stream of oxygen and the combustion products are led onto a small heated quartz wool column wetted with dilute hydrogen peroxide.
Abstract: A combustion procedure is presented, in which the sulphur-containing sample is burnt in a stream of oxygen and the combustion products are led onto a small heated quartz wool column wetted with dilute hydrogen peroxide. Sulphur oxides are retained as sulphuric acid on the quartz wool, while the other combustion products are completely eliminated by evaporation. The residual sulphuric acid is rinsed off with a few ml of distilled water, then titrated with standard alkali. In the case of organic compounds labelled with sulphur-35 the sulphuric acid solution is added to a liquid scintillation cocktail for radioactivity measurement. The combustion-evaporation process takes 15 min, and provides an analytical reproducibility better than 0.3% for sulphur and 0.5% for sulphur-35.
01 Sep 1977
TL;DR: In this article, distilled water extraction of 22 Illinois coal samples resulted in average removal of more than 50% of their included sodium, a relatively abundant element in Illinois coal, is reported to cause fouling of utility boiler heat exchange surfaces.
Abstract: Sodium, a relatively abundant element in Illinois coal, is reported to cause fouling of utility boiler heat exchange surfaces. Distilled water extraction of 22 Illinois coal samples resulted in average removal of more than 50% of their included sodium. Chlorine was the dominant anion. Extraction rate conformed to Fick's law of diffusion. Extraction with hot water increased both the rate and maximum amount removed. A commercial-scale countercurrent staged process can be envisioned as technically feasible.
TL;DR: Calcium excretion, like calcium absorption, appears to be controled by various endocrine factors and the method of intestinal loop in situ seems to be useful to study the part played by these factors.
Abstract: Calcium excretion from rat intestine was measured by placing distilled water in an intestinal loop in situ and measuring the calcium content after various intervals. More calcium was excreted from the intestine of 18-month-old rats than that of 1-month-old rat. Acute hypocalcemia failed to change the intestinal calcium excretion significantly. Parathyroidectomy decreased intestinal calcium excretion and administration of Parathyroid Extract reversed it. Renal damage produced by injection of Na-sulfacetylthiazole increased the intestinal calcium excreation but dihydrotachysterol reversed it. Gastrin at 200μg/kg increased the intestinal calcium excretion. Calcium excretion, like calcium absorption, appears to be controled by various endocrine factors and the method of intestinal loop in situ appears to be useful to study the part played by these factors.
TL;DR: Increasing the osmotic gradient during hypo-osmotic lysis, by pre-treating Aplysia neurons with 100% ethylene glycol, caused the selective extraction of water-soluble, low molecular weight polypeptides from the cells.
Abstract: Increasing the osmotic gradient during hypo-osmotic lysis, by pre-treating Aplysia neurons with 100% ethylene glycol, caused the selective extraction of water-soluble, low molecular weight polypeptides from the cells. Specific 3H-labeled polypeptides in the cells R15, R3-13, and the bag cells which were not extracted by exposure of the cells to distilled water "lysis" were effectively solubilized by this procedure. The possible mechanisms and potential uses of this method are discussed.
TL;DR: The thermal conductivity of distilled water above 4.0°C is about 7% higher than that below this temperature, where a phase transition is observed as discussed by the authors, which indicates that the thermal conductivities of water in relation to the temperature has a discontinuity near 4°C.
Abstract: The steady heat flow through a thin layer of distilled water enclosed between the horizontally parallel flat end surfaces of two copper bars of 50 mm diameter and the temperature gradient in the water layer were measured for different thicknesses of the water layer in the temperature range between 1.0 and 9.0°C. From the relations between the heat flow, temperature gradient and thickness of the water layer, the thermal conductivity of water was estimated. The thermal conductivity of distilled water above 4.0°C obtained by this experiment is about 7% higher than that below this temperature. These experimental results, thus, permit us to conclude that the thermal conductivity of water in relation to the temperature has a discontinuity near 4.0°C, where a phase transition is observed.
Patent•
18 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In this paper, a method of vapor treating city drainage and converting it into distilled water and non-pollutable solid was proposed, which can be used for water purification and reuse.
Abstract: PURPOSE:A method of vapor treating city drainage and converting it into distilled water and non-pollutable solid.
Patent•
04 Mar 1977
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of dehydration type rust inhibitive oils is quantitavely inspected by the use of a vessel having an instrument for measuring water voltage in the lower part and a water tank for containing distilled water.
Abstract: PURPOSE:Performance of dehydration type rust inhibitive oils is quantitavely inspected by the use of a vessel having an instrument for measuring water voltage in the lower part and a water tank for containing distilled water, whereby the dehydration performance is correctly investigated with a simple apparatus.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A silver impregnation method for the demonstration of apical dendrites and spines in materials long preserved in folmalin is reported.
Abstract: A silver impregnation method for the demonstration of apical dendrites and spines in materials long preserved in folmalin is reported. This method is a modified version of Golgi's Silver method and consists of the following procedures: The formalin-fixed tissue blocks were incubated in a solution containing 3% potassium bichromate (150 ml), 96% ethyl alcohol (50 ml), and concentrated acetic acid (50 ml) for 24 hrs. at 37 degrees C, and 4 more days at room temperature after changing the solution twice. The tissue blocks were then kept for 5 days at room temperature in a 5% potassium bichromate solution. After making a thorough rinsing for one day in tap water and three washings in distilled water, the blocks were impregnated for 1/2 to 1 hr. in a 0.5% AgNO3 solution, for a further 4 days at room temperature in a 1% AgNO3 solution, washed three times briefly in distilled water and again impregnated for 4 to 5 days in a 2% AgNO3 solution. Following a thorough rinsing in distilled water the tissue blocks were embedded in paraffin and 50 to 100 micron sections were prepared.