Showing papers on "Distilled water published in 1980"

Effects of artificial acid rain on decomposition of spruce needles and on mobilisation and leaching of elements.

Abstract: Dry matter and chemical changes in decomposing spruce needles were investigated after 16 and 38 weeks in laboratory lysimeters treated with distilled water or distilled water acidified to pH 3 or 2 with sulphuric acid. The water was added twice weekly in quantities equal to 100 or 200 mm month−1. The CO2 evolution and leaching of P, K, Mg, Mn, and Ca was followed together with pH measurements of the leachate. The loss of dry matter was approximately 25% during the first 16 weeks and approximately 37% after 38 weeks. At the first samling, 16 weeks, the amount of material decomposed was greater from the lysimeters given 100 mm month−1 of water. At this water quantity dilute sulphuric acid increased the decomposition. After 38 weeks sulphuric acid at pH 3 and 2 had decreased the decomposition at 200 mm month−1. However, the effects of acid application were small. The effect of treatment using acidified water on the content of monosaccharides was not consistent, whereas there was an indication of reduced decomposition of lignin when treated with 200 mm water month−1 at pH 3 and 2. Nitrogen was conserved in the lysimeters with small differences between the various treatments. The order of mobility of metal elements was K>Mg>Mn>Ca. Increasing the quantity of water increased the leaching of K especially, whereas addition of dilute sulphuric acid increased the leaching of Mg, Mn and particularly Ca. During the first 16 weeks of the experiment, sulphuric acid reduced the leaching of P while later on this treatment increased the leaching. The pH of the leachate from the lysimeters treated with distilled water was initially 4.0–4.6 increasing to approximately 6.6 after 22 weeks. The pH of the decomposed needle material was 4.6 and approximately 5.2 after 16 and 38 weeks respectively. When treated with water at pH 3 the pH of the leachate was between 4 and 5, and the pH of the needles 4.2–5.1. Treatment with water at pH 2 gave a leachate with pH just above 2 and decreased the pH of the needles that had received 200 mm ‘rain’ month−1 to 2.9. The effect of the artificial acid rain appears to be more pronounced on the leaching of metal elements than on the biological activity and the dynamics of N and P. The treatments must be considered extreme when compared with the acidity of natural rain.

Effect of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril, on NaCl appetite of rats.

Abstract: Dietary administration of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril (0.70 g/kg of food), to female rats for 1 week was accompanied by a spontaneous appetite for 0.25, 0.30 or 0.35 M NaCl solution when choice was offered between any one of them and distilled water to drink. An additional experiment was performed to determine the NaCl preference threshold concentration for each group. Control and treated rats were offered choice between two drinking bottles containing distilled water and a NaCl solution, respectively. The concentration of the latter varied from 0.0006 to 0.350 M/l. Control rats could detect the difference between water and NaCl solution at a concentration of 0.030 M/l, whereas captopril-treated rats detected the difference at the lowest concentration offered, i.e., 0.0006 M/l. Captopril-treated rats also preferred 5% glucose solution to distilled water, as did untreated controls. Similar results were observed for 0.25% saccharin. No difference between groups was observed when choice was offered between distilled water and dilute solutions of HCl. Thus, a NaCl appetite developed within 1 week of treatment with captopril. The appetite was accompanied by an ability to detect NaCl at a 50-fold lower concentration than that of the control group. Administration of captopril was also accompanied by an appetite for glucose and saccharin but not for HCl.

Concentration of poliovirus in water by molecular filtration.

Abstract: The efficiency of concentrating poliovirus 1 from distilled water samples was determined by using a recirculating-flow molecular filtration system. The most efficient recoveries were achieved against members with a 10,000 nominal molecular weight limit pretreated with flocculated beef extract. This procedure yielded a mean virus recovery of 67%.

Modification of mitochondria‐rich cells in different ionic conditions: Changes in cell morphology and cell number in the skin of xenopus laevis

Abstract: Xenopus laevis were kept in salt water (1.25% NaCl), distilled water, or tapwater for a month. Compared to the animals kept in tap water, the number of mitochondria-rich (MR) cells in the NaCl-adapted animals was significantly reduced, while it was increased in those maintained in distilled water. In addition, the MR-cells of NaCl-adapted animals lost their slender flask shape and developed large deposits of glycogen. The alteration of this cell type in conditions of high or low salinity may reflect a role of MR-cells in adaptation to different ionic environments.

Comparison of three luting agents

Abstract: Three types of luting cements were compared for acidity, disintegration, and film thickness. The pH during setting of the two types of polycar☐ylate cements exceeded 6 after 5 hours; that of the water-settable polycar☐ylate cement was the highest, almost reaching neutral. The zinc phosphate cement reached pH 3.4 after 5 hours and 5.5 after 24 hours. All cements tested showed remarkably greater disintegration in the lactic acid solution than in the distilled water. The disintegration of the water-settable zinc polycar☐ylate cement in distilled water was about half that of the other cements. The disintegration in the lactic acid solution was approximately the same for all cements tested. The film thickness was smallest with the water-settable zinc polycar☐ylate cement.

Solvent mixture for dissolving and removing epoxy resinous compounds

Abstract: A solvent solution for dissolving and removing epoxy resinous formulations. The solution is composed of a mixture of methanol, dichloromethane and distilled water as essential components.

Copper base antifouling paints with pH control

Abstract: Conventional Copper based antifouling paints are improved by adding from 01 to 20.0 weight percent based on the weight of the Cuprous ion source of an additive compound which (A) will give a positive acid test to litmus paper in distilled water; (B) is at least slightly soluble in sea water; and (C) does not react quickly with cuprous ions in sea water to produce precipitates.

Inorganic salts and extractability of fresh and frozen fish proteins

Abstract: Changes in protein extractability (PE) were followed in minced cod meat and in meat washed with distilled water containing added NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, and phosphates. In minces stored for 24 h at 4°C and pH 5.5–7.2 the PE decreases with increasing acidity. The same is also true in samples containing 0.2 M of added NaCl 100 g−1 or KCl 100 g−1, while in the presence of MgCl2 and CaCl2 in the same concentration PE is very significantly lower than in the control and does not depend so much upon the acidity of the mince. In water extracted and frozen minces after two weeks at−20°C at pH 7.2 and 6.4 the PE is 25% and 50% lower, respectively, than before freezing. NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2 added to the washed meat in concentrations corresponding to μ = 0.15 decrease the PE after two weeks of frozen storage by about 7%, 20%, 16%, and 43%, respectively. At μ>0.25, KCl, phosphates, and KCl+CaCl2 have, during two weeks, a protective effect on PE. In water extracted mince PE decreases after 1 d at −20°C by 15%, which corresponds to a drop in PE in unextracted samples at pH 6.9 only after five weeks. A mixture of salts added to the water extracted mince, corresponding in composition and μ to those in cod flesh, brings about, after prolonged frozen storage, a drop in PE much higher than that in extracted samples.

Rapid presumptive identification of vibrios by immobilization in distilled water.

Abstract: Each of 28 Vibrio strains and 3 Campylobacter strains was immobilized in distilled water (pH 6.9), but retained full motility in Trypticase soy broth. This phenomenon was not seen with any of 243 non-Vibrio, non-Campylobacter isolates representing 44 taxa of gram-negative bacteria.

Kinetics of Surface‐Layer Formation on Simulated Nuclear Waste Glass

Abstract: Waste glass immersed in water at high temperatures and pressures rapidly develops a surface layer. The growth of this layer was followed semiquantitatively using an optical interference technique. Growth rates were measured as a function of temperature and pressure in distilled water and 1% NaCl solution. Pressures of 25 to 85 x 10/sup 5/ Pa had no measurable effect at 200/sup 0/C on glass immersed in water. At a pressure of 25 x 10/sup 5/ Pa the growth rate increased with temperature in both water and salt solution. The rates were described in terms of activation energies (83.4 kJ/mol for water and 53.0 for salt solution) with approximately equal rates in both solutions at 240/sup 0/C. The rates of growth were linear in all cases. The surface layer began to exhibit cracks when its thickness exceeded approx. = 2.5 ..mu..m and it eventually spalled.

Method for measuring the ionic activities in water with a differential pressure transducers

Abstract: An apparatus and method that gives very accurate measurements which allow one to determine the values of ionic activities of aqueous electrolyte solutions. To obtain these accurate measurements, moderately accurate measurements of vapor pressure differences between pure water (or a reference liquid) and the aqueous electrolytes is first obtained. A container with a known solution of nonvolatile electrolyte in water, i.e., a solution of known composition, is connected to one side of a differential pressure transducer, the other side of which is connected to a second container with a deionized double distilled water. Next, the gas in the containers and dissolved in liquids is evacuated by using a mechanical pump and the containers are immersed in a temperature controlled medium. At this point in time, the differential pressure transducer measures the difference in pressure. This reading may be used to obtain the vapor pressure of the solution and then determine corresponding ionic activities of the electrolyte in the solution.

Interactions of Pb-210 with Some Natural Organic Materials in Sea Water

Abstract: The chelating ability of Pb-210 for two natural organic materials, Na-alginate and a humic acid type of terrestrial origin, has been tested in sea water and other related media by measurements with high voltage paper electrophoresis. For the polysaccharide alginate Pb-210 chelation in sea water is indicated by the observed change of electrophoretic mobility. The chelation becomes favoured with decreasing salinity as measurements in sea water diluted with distilled water reveal. Humic acid has been tested in sea water and 0.55 M NaCl. No significant Pb-210 chelation is indicated up to humic acid concentrations far above the level to be presumed according to available literature data as dissolved in oceanic waters. This stability constant of Pb-chelates with humic acids, the competition of alkaline earth ions and of other inorganic complexing anions affecting significantly the chelation of trace metals in sea water, as has been established previously by comprehensive voltammetric investigations with organic ligands of larger and well defined chelating potentialities.

A rapid enrichment method for the analysis of traces of metals in aqueous solutions

Abstract: For the determination of traces of heavy metals e g from distilled water, drinking water or waste water generally a suitable pretreatment of the samples is necessary For this reason an enrichment method was developed which makes it possible to precipitate several metals together with carrier elements from aqueous solutions To carry out the method, 10 to 500 ml of the sample are mixed with 1 ml of a diluted nitric acid to produce a weak acid starting state for the diverse samples After addition of a reduction solution and the collector solution the metals are precipitated at a constant pH between 50 to 55 with diethylammonium-N,N-diethyldithio-carbamate The precipitate can be collected by filtration on a membrane filter It forms a thin layer on the membrane filter and adheres without any auxiliary products for a long time The time required for the complete process is less than 15 minutes if the starting volume was about 100 ml A special equipment is not necessary In the determination of traces of metals from organic substances a special rapid decomposition method with the decomposition device BIOKLAV® was developed By this method it is possible to convert the organic matter into an aqueous solution without addition of any chemicals The BIOKLAV is a cylindrical pressure vessel with a safety rapid lock A 20 g sample of organic material, e g meat or similar foodstuff, with a water content of 70–80% is pre-dried in the closed vessel and thereafter burnt in oxygen with elevated pressure After this procedure all traces of metals present in the starting sample are contained in an aqueous solution consisting on the condensed water from drying and the burning products of the organic matter The time required for the complete process is less than 30 min From the obtained solution traces of metals are to enrich by precipitation with carbamate The determination of the traces of metals is possible by a suitable method of analysis like atomic absorption, ICP or X-ray fluorescence In various water samples, like drinking water and waste water, traces of Cr, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, As, Hg and Se in amounts of 5–100μg were determined The recovery rate was 80–90% In organic substances Hg, Cd, Pb and As in amounts ranging from 50–250 ng/g resp in amounts of 1–5μg were detected with recoveries of more than 80%

The Effect of Temperature on the Absolute Permeability to Distilled Water of Unconsolidated Sand Cores

Abstract: The work presented herein is a study of the effect of temperature on the absolute permeability to distilled water of unconsolidated sandstones at one confining pressure. The absolute permeability to distilled water of Ottawa silica sand was not dependent on the temperature level.

Purification of igm

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain purified IgM having high stability, in an industrial scale in high efficiency, by subjecting pasty Cohn's fraction III to a combination of acrinol precipitation, polyethylene glycol fractionation, etc. CONSTITUTION:Pasty Cohn's fraction III obtained by the Cohn's cold alcohol fractionation, is suspended in an aqueous solution of an inorganic salt (e.g. 0.5- 2.0W/V% NaCl solution), to extract IgM from the fraction. Acrinol is added to the suspension, and the insoluble components are removed. The supernatant liquid is subjected to the salting-out, and the insoluble matters are removed. Ammonium sulfate is added to the liquid, and salted out. The precipitation is dissolved in an inorganic salt solution or in distilled water, and the solution is subjected to the polyethylene glycol fractionation. The precipitate is dissolved in water. The solution is made weak acidic (esp. pH 5.2-5.4), and subjected to the isoelectric point fractionation to obtain a supernatant liquid containing pure IgM.

Sea water desalination apparatus

Abstract: PURPOSE:To better operativity as well as lessen floor space by dividing the vessel into an evaporating chamber, a steam path chamber, and a condensing chamber. CONSTITUTION:The sea water is bleeded by an ejector through the supply port 20 and then the bleeding port 21 and then supplied into a highly vacuumized vessel in an amount several times the amount of evaporation, where it is heated by the heating pipe group 3 for evaporation and the other is continuously blown out of the brine drawing port 22. The sea water housed in the evaporating chamber 11 is evaporized by heating using the heating pipe group 3, passed through the opening 12 from a space of the evaporating chamber, directed to the condensing chamber 14 through the opening 25, condensed in the cooling pipe group 1, collected in the distilled water tray 2, and extracted from the discharge port of distilled water. The longitudinal one end of the vessel is partitioned by the distilled water tray 2 so as to let the vapor stream go only to one direction at all times. The scattered liquid droplets and mist are partly made to collide with the distilled water tray 2 and the baffle plate 6 for collection.

Mineral water and preparation thereof

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain mineral water suitable as a drinking water on board a ship or the like by simple operation by compounding a specified amount of mineral components based on sodium chloride, calcium, magnesium and potassium to distilled water at atmospheric pressure. CONSTITUTION:Mineral components based on sodium chloride, calcium, magnesium and potassium are compounded to distilled water at atmospheric pressure so as to adjust a potassium component therein to 6ppm or more to obtain a mineral water. This mineral water can be prepared by a method wherein mineral components based on sodium chloride, calcium, magnesium, potassium are added to and dissolved in fresh water or distilled water obtained by an ion exchange membrane process and the obtained solution is added to distilled water at atmospheric pressure to adjust a potassium component to 6ppm or more. When this mineral water is subjected to animal experimentation, obstacles such as growth inhibition of a bone system and reduction of erythrocyte are not recognized.

Preparation of adsorbent for uranium and strontium in sea water

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain the adsorbent for uranium and strontium, which is easily prepared and displays stable adsorption power, cheaply by a method wherein Al2O3, activated carbon and MgO powder are heated, agitated and filtered with distilled water and dried CONSTITUTION:Al2O3 powder in approximate 200-300 meshes for chromatograph, powdered activated carbon and MgO powder in approximate 200-300 meshes are agitated and mixed in distilled water adjusted at approximate 70-80 degC The mixture is filtered, dried at approximate 110 degC and used as an adsorbent The absorption power of the adsorbent of uranium and strontium in seawater is higher than conventional titanic acid adsorbents When uranium and strontium adsorbed are heated with an alkali carbonate water solution such as sodium carbonate, etc, the uranium and the strontium are dissolved and desorbed as each carbonate, and easily recovered

Aluminium-gallium-magnesium alloy - for cathodic protection of iron and steel immersed in water contg. low concn. of salts

Abstract: The Al alloy contains 0.005-3.5 wt.% Ga and 0.1-1.0 wt.% Mg and is suitable for the cathodic protection of iron and steel in aq. salt solns. of low concn. ie, of 10 mg/l - satn., for example in distilled water, ground water and sea-water. The alloy has high electrochem. properties. The alloy is more economical than the known Al-Ga alloy which contains the costly alloying elements Bi and In. For the cathodic protection of underground structures, ships, floating oil platforms, steam and hot water boilers, also for pipelines of drinking water and hot water systems.

[Practical staining method: T-OPA triple stain].

Abstract: The following procedure has proven to be successful as routine trichrome stain on paraffin embedded material: 1) Mayer's hemalum for 10 min, followed by running tap water wash; 2) staining in 1% Orange G in 1% acqueous PTA for 5 min and rinsing a few seconds in distilled water; 3) Aniline blue 1% acqueous for 5 min, followed by few seconds distilled water wash. Dehidratation in ethanol, or by blotting followed by t-buthanol or 1:3 terpineol-xylene, clearing and mounting, completed the procedure.

Studies on Fluorosis

Abstract: The effects of fluoride on thyroid metabolism were studied in rats.Wistar rats were maintained for 54-58 days on a high (34.5 ppm F) or low (0.31 ppm F) fluoride diet, and were provided distilled water as drinking water in which sodium fluoride was contained at concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, and 200ppm F.The results were as follows:1. No dose-response relationships were found between fluoride concentration of drinking water and thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) values in serum. In the groups exposed to high concentrations of fluoride, moreover, few distinct effects were found. Therefore, it is probable that the fluoride has no serious effect on thyroid metabolism. In groups maintained with 1 ppm F water and low fluoride diet, however, a somewhat high value of T3 and T4 was observed. From this, it is possible that the thyroid metabolism is activated by trace amounts of fluoride.In the groups maintained with low fluoride water (1, 5 and 10ppm F) and high fluoride diet, a little low value of T3 was observed, but no change of T4 value was seen. It is possible that some effects appear with ordinary diet (high fluoride diet) itself.2. No histopathologic changes were observed in any of the experimental groups.3. In the groups exposed to 100 or 200 ppm F water, TSH and GH values decreased. The weight of the pituitary gland also decreased in the 200 ppm F group. It is possible that the pituitary gland is affected directly by high fluoride.4. Fluoride concentration in serum was a little higher in the low fluoride diet group than in the high fluoride group, and a similar finding was observed in teeth and bones, although the total intake of fluoride from drinking water was lower in the low fluoride diet group than in the high fluoride diet group. It is possible that the absorption of fluoride from water through the digestive tract is inhibited by the high fluoride diet.5. A relatively firm homeostasis in serum fluoride level was found in the zero to 10ppm F water groups, and fluoride concentrations in soft tissues were reflected in the serum fluoride level. Therefore, fluoride levels in soft tissues have no worth as an index of fluorosis except at high fluoride doses. Fluoride concentration in hard tissues reflected clearly the fluoride content in drinking water, especially in the low fluoride diet group. This may be a best index of fluoride intake.

Distilled water producing apparatus

Abstract: PURPOSE:To efficiently recover of the latent heat that steam and produce distilled water inexpensively and in large amount by condensing steam in a condensing chamber and evaporating sea water with the latent heat in an evaporating chamber. CONSTITUTION:A heat exchanger alternately in provided parallel with plural evaporating chambers 1 and condensing chambers 2 is provided and the outlets 4 of evaporated steam H communicating with the upper inlets 5 of the condensing chambers 2 are formed respectively. High-temperature steam feeders or heaters 7 are provided in the upper part of the condensing chambers 2. In the condensing chambers 2, raw material sea water E is flowed upward by pumps through multiple heat-exchanging upward flow pipes and the high-temperature sea water F taken out from the top ends of the pipes is flowed down G into the evaporating chambers 1 from their top water pass layers 8. The steam H from the steam outlets 4 is force-led from the upper part to the lower part in the condensing chambers 2 by fans 9. The distilled water J condensed at the bottom end of the condensing chambers 2 is received in vessels 10.

Method for obtaining potable water from distilled water

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain potable water of suitable hardness and pH value by adding equivalent Ca(OH)2 of not causing CaCO3 to deposit to distilled water then directing the distilled water to a gas-liquid contact unit to let it react with CO2 and allow Ca(HCO3)2 and H2CO3 to be formed and adding Ca(OH)2 to react. CONSTITUTION:A slaked lime solution is branched to branch pipes 5a, 5b from a slaked lime supply pipe 5. The solution of the branch pipe 5a with its flow rate being controlled with a flow rate controller 16 is combined with the flowrate- controlled distilled water from a water pipe 4 and the mixed water is led into a mixer 7 where it is sufficiently mixed, after which it is admitted into a bubbling tower 1, where it is evenly dispersed. The liquid in the upper part of the tower 1 becomes alkaline. Kerosene combustion gas is blown into the bubbling tower 1 through a porous plate 1 from a gas pipe 6. The gas rises and the reaction of formula I thru furmula IV takes place between the mixed liquid and the CO2 gas. The liquid containing the Ca(HCO3)2 and H2CO3 thus produced is withdrawn through a take-out pipe 11. The slaked lime solution from the branch pipe 5b is mixed and dissolved into this liquid while its pH is being controlled with a pH meter 9, whereby the potable water 10 is obtained.

Stability of tetracycline hydrochloride

Abstract: Only limited information [8, 9] is available on the influence of minimal (trace) amounts of heavy metal ions (for example, those contained in distilled water at a concentration of less than 10 -6 mole/liter), which may play the role of catalysts for chemical side reactions in the transformations of I. In the literature there is a short report on the possibility of using EDTA as a stabilizer of I [i0].