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Showing papers on "Distilled water published in 1985"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the same sample (after adsorption step) was put through a series of equilibration-centrifugation steps, in which, following equilibrium, the adsorbent was thrown down by centrifugation, and part of the supernatant pesticide solution was replaced by distilled water before reequilibration.
Abstract: This investigation was undertaken to determine whether desorption hysteresis effects were dependent upon methods used in obtaining desorption data. Adsorption-desorption isotherms were obtained for two organophosphorus insecticides in aqueous suspensions of a clay, a sandy loam, and an organic soil. Desorption isotherms were obtained using both the consecutive desorption method and the dilution method. In the consecutive method, the same sample (after adsorption step) was put through a series of equilibration-centrifugation steps in which, following equilibration, the adsorbent was thrown down by centrifugation, and part of the supernatant pesticide solution was replaced by distilled water before reequilibration. In the dilution method a series of replicate samples (same adsorbent weight), after the adsorption step, were diluted to different volumes with distilled water, reequilibrated, then centrifuged to separate the phases. With the exception of one insecticide-soil system (where both methods produced minimal hysteresis), hysteresis effects were considerably reduced by using the dilution method. Repeated centrifugation appeared to be associated with the appearance of hysteresis effects observed using the consecutive desorption method. A short discussion is included on the improper use of desorption data to construct "single point desorption isotherms," which has created confusion in the literature.

68 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effects of positively charged nylon and depth (cellulose-diatomaceous earth) filters on endotoxin removal from various solutions were evaluated and no significant removal of endotoxin was observed with negatively charged filter media.
Abstract: The effects of positively charged nylon and depth (cellulose-diatomaceous earth) filters on endotoxin removal from various solutions were evaluated. The charged filter media removed significant amounts of Escherichia coli and natural endotoxin from tap water, distilled water, sugars, and NaCl solutions; no significant removal of endotoxin was observed with negatively charged filter media. The extent of removal was influenced by pH, the presence of salts, and organic matter. Such media may be useful for the control of endotoxins in raw-product water or solutions used to prepare parenteral drug products or in other fluids where endotoxin control is desired.

44 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the dissolution rate of gypsum particles in distilled water and in aqueous salt solution of NaCl, MgCl2, Na2SO4, Na4SO4 and CaCl2 at salt concentrations of 20, 40, and 60 mmol kg−1.
Abstract: We measured the dissolution rate of gypsum particles (0.5− to 1.0-mm fraction) in distilled water and in aqueous salt solutions of NaCl, MgCl2, Na2SO4, MgSO4, and CaCl2 at salt concentrations of 20, 40, and 60 mmol kg−1. Two gypsum samples were tested, one from a gypsum mine in Egypt and another fro

31 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A simple membrane permeability test for monitoring air quality consists of immersing pieces of lichen in deionized distilled water for 2-5 minutes and measuring the increase in conductivity of the water which occurs when air pollution levels are high as mentioned in this paper.

31 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the photodegradation of fenpropathrin (RS)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (I), in water, on soil and on plant foliage, was investigated using 14C-preparations labelled separately at the cyano group, cyclopropyl-C1 or in the benzyl ring.
Abstract: The photodegradation of fenpropathrin [(RS)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate] (I), in water, on soil and on plant foliage, was investigated using 14C-preparations labelled separately at the cyano group, cyclopropyl-C1 or in the benzyl ring. On exposure to sunlight, I was photodecomposed with initial half-lives of >6 weeks in distilled water, 6.0 weeks in humic acid aqueous solution, 2.7 weeks in river water, 1.6 weeks in sea water and 0.5 of a day in 2% aqueous acetone. A triplet photosensitiser, acetone, together with naturally occurring substances in river and sea water, including humic acid, enhanced the photodegradation of I. On three kinds of soil, I was rapidly photodegraded with initial half-lives of 1–5 days, whereas it was fairly photostable on a mandarin orange leaf. The photoreactions involved were: decarboxylation, hydration of the cyano group to carboxamide, cleavage of the ester or the diphenyl ether linkage, hydrolysis of the carboxamide group to carboxyl, and hydroxylation at either or both of the gem dimethyl groups. The predominant reactions in water were decarboxylation, ester bond cleavage and photo-induced evolution of [14C] carbon dioxide from the [14C] cyano label; on soil, hydration or ester bond cleavage predominated. The hydration was also of importance in river and sea water. Decarboxylation did not occur on soil and plant foliage.

28 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1985
TL;DR: High molecular weight DOM (apparent mol wt. ≥1500) was isolated from lake water, both in summer and in winter, and organic carbon of the high molecular bulk substances decreased by 15% and by 25% while the concentrations of the apparent low molecular weight substances increased accordingly.
Abstract: High molecular weight DOM (apparent mol wt ≥1500) was isolated from lake water, both in summer and in winter Sephadex G-15 gel permeation chromatography with 002 M phosphate buffer yielded one peak Elution with distilled water gave rise to distinct smaller sized subfractions It was concluded that these compounds are weakly bound subunits of the macromolecules, which are liberated on elution with distilled water The macromolecules were not stable in the dark Exposing them to daylight in the laboratory and to sunlight, in quartz bottles enhanced conversion During 6 weeks' exposure to weakly photolytic conditions (daylight >300 nm), organic carbon of the high molecular bulk substances decreased by 15% (winter) and by 25% (summer), while the concentrations of the apparent low molecular weight substances increased accordingly Such a slow but continuous transformation may reduce also the persistence of the macromolecules gradually

25 citations


Patent
24 May 1985
TL;DR: In this article, a solution is prepared by filtering off-shore seawater to remove debris in small organisms, sterilizing the filtered solution and diluting thereafter with tap water or distilled water to lower the solution's osmolality to about 280 mOs.
Abstract: A method of treating various sensitive animal body tissues comprising applying to the tissue a solution prepared from specially processed seawater. The solution is prepared by filtering off-shore seawater to remove debris in small organisms, sterilizing the filtered solution and diluting thereafter with tap water or distilled water to lower the solution's osmolality to about 280 mOs, which renders the solution compatible and isotonic with the tissue to be treated.

24 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a plate lysimeter with 2.5L of distilled water was used to extract significant amounts of Ca, Mg, Na, K, SO4, Cl and Zn.
Abstract: Distilled water leaching of new alundum/ceramic plate lysimeters removed considerable amounts of Ca, Mg, Na, K, SO4, Cl and Zn. After washing with 3 L of distilled water, levels were still of sufficient magnitude to interfere with the analysis of solutions with low solute concentration. Washing the plates with 2 L of 1 N HCl extracted considerable amounts of Ca, Mg, Na and K, and higher amounts of Fe, Zn, Al and Mn, but further distilled water washing resulted in rapid equilibration with a spike solution. Rinsing new lysimeters with progressively more acidic solutions indicated residual zinc contamination when the solution pH was below 6.0. There was virtually no iron or manganese contamination from the lysimeters at a solution pH between 3.0 and 5.0. Aluminum was leached from the plates at solution pH of between 3.5 and 4.0; however, the high Al concentration in the soil solution at these pHs may mask this interference. Although Al poses a considerable contamination problem at solution pHs of 3.0, soil s...

20 citations


Patent
18 Mar 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the amount of lipid bound sialic acid in a blood plasma or serum sample was determined by a method which may be automated involving the following steps: diluting the sample with distilled water; mixing and then cooling the diluted sample; adding a mixture of a chlorinated lower alkyl hydrocarbon and a lower alcohol; mixing, diluting with water and then treating by mixing further and centrifuging to yield a substantially clear upper phase; recovering the upper phase and adding to it, mixing the resulting precipitate, suspending the precipitate in distilled water and determining the
Abstract: The amount of lipid bound sialic acid in a blood plasma or serum sample may be determined by a method which may be automated involving the following steps: diluting the sample with distilled water; mixing and then cooling the diluted sample; adding a mixture of a chlorinated lower alkyl hydrocarbon and a lower alkyl alcohol; mixing, diluting with water and then treating by mixing further and centrifuging to yield a substantially clear upper phase; recovering the upper phase and adding to it a mixture of a protein precipitating agent and adsorbing material, mixing the resulting admixture; recovering the resulting precipitate, suspending the precipitate in distilled water and determining the amount of lipid bound sialic acid present.

16 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Glow discharge electrolyses of maleic and acrylic acids in carbonate-free distilled water simultaneously afford the products into which OH and/or H groups are introduced, indicating the addition reactions of OH and H radicals to the C=C bond as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Glow discharge electrolyses of maleic and acrylic acids in carbonate-free distilled water simultaneously afford the products into which OH and/or H groups are introduced, indicating the addition reactions of OH and H radicals to the C=C bond.

14 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Fluoride removal from saline waters using CaO, MgO and calcined natural dolomite (all fired at 1273 K), as an alternative for lime slurry neutralization process was studied in this paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the infrared spectra of thin films of pyrex glass and showed the existence of both molecular water and hydroxyl groups in these thin films.
Abstract: Pyrex glass tubes have been autoclaved for varied times with distilled water in the temperature range from 200 to 260°C. The glass tubes take up quite a large amount of water above 220°C, although the appearance of the glass surface is essentially unchanged. The amount of B 2 O 3 extracted from the glass continues to increase linearly with time, while the rates of the Na 2 O and SiO 2 extractions approach zero when the aqueous solutions are saturated with the extracted SiO 2 . Infrared spectra measured on the autoclaved thin films of pyrex glass show the existence of both molecular water and hydroxyl groups.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, pyrochlores of A1−xHxTaO3·nH2O (A=Na,K) were prepared under the hydrothermal conditions.

Patent
27 Dec 1985
TL;DR: In this article, a polyphenylene sulfide resin (hereinafter referred to as PPS) which has been treated with hot water at 100°C or above is blended with an olefin copolymer composed of 60W99.5 wt. % α-olefin and 0.5W40 wt.
Abstract: PURPOSE: To contrive improvement in impact properties, by blending a hot water-treated polyphenylene sulfide resin with a specified olefin copolymer. CONSTITUTION: A polyphenylene sulfide resin (hereinafter referred to as PPS) which has been treated with hot water at 100°C or above is blended with an olefin copolymer composed of 60W99.5 wt. % α-olefin and 0.5W40 wt. % glycidyl ester of an α, β-unsaturated acid as essential ingredients. Water used in said hot water treatment is pref. distilled water or deionized water. The hot water treatment is carried out in such a manner that a predetermined quantity of PPS (pref. powder) is put into a predetermined quantity of water and the mixture is heated with stirring in a pressure vessel. A preferred example of the α-olefin in the olefin copolymer is ethylene. A preferred example of the glycidyl ester of an α, β-unsaturated acid is glycidyl methacrylate. The preferred blending ratio of the ingredients of the compsn. is such that PPS is 70W97 wt. % and the olefin copolymer is 30W3 wt. %. COPYRIGHT: (C)1987,JPO&Japio

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a technique for measuring the effect of different electrolyte solutions on the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of low permeability soil cores is described, which is used to assess the impact of infiltrating gypsum (CaS0,.2H20) solution, sodium chloride solution, and distilled water on the conductivity at matric potentials between -0.5 and -8 kPa.
Abstract: A technique for measuring the effect of different electrolyte solutions on the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of low permeability soil cores is described. The technique was used to assess the effect of infiltrating gypsum (CaS0,.2H20) solution, sodium chloride solution, and distilled water on the conductivity of a sodic heavy clay at matric potentials between -0.5 and -8 kPa. Percolation of one liquid-filled pore volume of gypsum solution (concentration 29 m.e./l.) induced an approximately fourfold increase in hydraulic conductivity, relative to the conductivity with distilled water. This enhanced conductivity did not change when the permeating solution was changed to sodium chloride solution (30 m.e./l.). But when distilled water was substituted for either the gypsum or sodium chloride solutions, the conductivity declined rapidly, but not to its pretreatment value. Possible mechanisms responsible for the conductivity changes are discussed.

Patent
23 Aug 1985
TL;DR: In this article, a method for treating distilled water obtained by a brine desalting apparatus with a Ca- salt and CO2 obtained by decarbonation treatment of seawater, by using CO 2 obtained by adding an acid to seawater in a divided form, is presented.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To contrive to miniaturize equipment and to reduce equipment cost, in a method for treating distilled water obtained by a brine desalting apparatus with a Ca- salt and CO2 obtained by decarbonation treatment of seawater, by using CO2 obtained by adding an acid to seawater in a divided form. CONSTITUTION:Seawater is mixed with a controlled amount of an acid supplied from an acid tank 3 through a regulation valve 4 and, thereafter, injected into a decarbonation apparatus 5 where contacted with the open air to be decarbonated while CO2 is exhausted along with air. The residual seawater accumulated to the bottom part of the apparatus 5 is sent to a degassing apparatus 12 but the pH thereof is detected in a pipe 11 and the opening degree of the valve 4, that is, the acid injection amount is regulated on the basis of the detection value to allow the residual seawater to retain an unreacted bicarbonate ion. This seawater receives the injection of the acid through a regulation valve 14 and, thereafter, injected into the apparatus 12 and degassed under vacuum while the pH thereof is detected to regulate the valve 14. pH adjusted seawater is treated in an evaporation type brine desalting apparatus 9 to be converted to distilled water which, in turn, enters a limestone bed 21. Gas such as O2 or N2 containing CO2 extracted by a steam ejector 22 from the apparatus 12 is separated from condensed water therein and, thereafter, introduced into distilled water in a pipe 20 under pressure through a compressor 24 and absorbed thereby.

Journal ArticleDOI
16 Sep 1985-Wear
TL;DR: In this article, a study of cavitation attack on aluminum 6061-T6 in distilled water, ordinary tap water, and a viscous mineral oil was presented, where the mean depth of penetration was about 40 percent of that for water at the end of a 40 min test.

Patent
10 Sep 1985
TL;DR: In this article, a new composition was disclosed for the prevention of smoking, which consists essentially of: (a) 2 to 4 parts/weight of a solution of silver acetate in distilled water or deionized water at a concentration of 1.5 to 7.5 g/l; and (b) 1 part/body weight of ethanol of a pharmaceutical grade in which is dissolved an effective amount of a flavoring agent in the ethanol.
Abstract: A new composition is disclosed for the prevention of smoking which consists essentially of: (a) 2 to 4 parts/weight of a solution of silver acetate in distilled water or deionized water at a concentration of 1.5 to 7.5 g/l; and (b) 1 part/weight of a solution of ethanol of a pharmaceutical grade in which is dissolved an effective amount of a flavoring agent in the ethanol. Preferably, the composition is applied by spraying. The composition is made by a process which involves stirring of a mixture of water and the silver acetate for a prolonged period and combining the silver acetate solution with a solution of a flavoring agent in ethanol. When sprayed into the mouth, the resulting composition gives an unpleasant metallic taste discouraging smoking.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The photochemistry of the herbicide chlorsulfuron R (2-chloro-N-[[4-methoxy-6-methyl-1.3.5-triazinyl-2-amino]carbonyl]benzene sulfonamide) was investigated in methanol, distilled water, natural creek-water, on silica gel and on montmorillonit surfaces as discussed by the authors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new determination procedure of fluoride ion in sea water was developed with a capillary type isotachophoresis after coprecipitation enrichment by magnesium hydroxide.
Abstract: New determination procedure of fluoride ion in sea water was developed with a capillary type isotachophoresis after coprecipitation enrichment by magnesium hydroxide. Using a capillary tube with 200mm in length and 0.5mm in inner diameter connected a PTFE tube with 80mm in length and 1.0mm in inner diameter, optimum electrolyte system was studied for the determination of fluoride ion. Fluoride ion could be determined successfully using the leading electrolyte containing 0.01 M histidine hydrochoride, 0.1 % Triton X-100 and the terminating electrolyte containing 0.01 M hexanoic acid. Effects of amount of sodium hydroxide solution for coprecipitating fluoride ion and of concentration of sodium hydroxide solution for washing precipitate on the recovery of fluoride ion were examined. As a result, a solution of 1.5ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide and 10-3 M sodium hydroxide solution were respectively found to be optimum for 50 ml of sample. One and a half milliliters of 1 M sodium hydroxide solution was added to 50ml of artificial sea water sample containing fluoride ion to enrich the ion with magnesium hydroxide. To prevent the interferences caused by anions of high concentration, centrifuged precipitate was washed with 10-3 M sodium hydroxide solution and dissolved by adding 1.3g of Dowex 50 W X8 ion exchange resin. The total volume was made to 5.0 ml with distilled water after filtration. A 50μl aliquot of the above solution was injected into the isotachophoresis apparatus. The linear working curve was obtained. The proposed method was applied to the determination of fluoride ion in the coastal sea water samples in Osaka Bay collected in April, 1984. The result obtained by the working curve method agreed closely with that obtained by the standard addition method.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a double plunger pump was used to accelerate a double-plunger pump at a rate of 1.2 ml/min for the determination of ammonia in river water.
Abstract: Flow injection analysis(FIA) was examined for the fluorometric determination of ammonia in river water. Ammonia reacted with ο-phthalaldehyde(OPA) in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol(ME) to form a fluorescent substance at pH 9.5. The reagent solution containing 10-2 M OPA and 10-3 M ME and the carrier fluid(distilled water) were propelled by a double plunger pump at a rate of 1.2 ml/min. The 40μl sample solution, injected into the carrier stream, was mixed with the reagent solution in a Teflon tubing (3 m, 0.5 mm i.d.) and led to a flow cell(18 μl). Fluorescence excited at λex=350 nm was measured at λem=486 nm. Ions present commonly in river waters did not interfere with the determination of ammonia. An anion exchange column installed just behind a sample injection valve in the flow system was effective in eliminating interferences with amino acids. Using the proposed FIA system, trace amounts of ammonia(3150 ppb as nitrogen) in river water were determined in the rate of 40 samples per h.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer studies on submerged horizontal flat copper surfaces of different roughness at atmospheric and sub-atmospheric pressures were carried out for distilled water and sodium chloride solutions (35,000 and 50,000 ppm) in the pressure range 10-100 kN/m2.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Ohta et al. as mentioned in this paper used a Boublik vapor-recirculating still for the measurement of 2-propanol-chloroform and 2-polypropanol-benzene systems at 50/sup 0/C.
Abstract: Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) measurements were made for the 2-propanol-chloroform and 2-propanol-chloroform-benzene systems at 50/sup 0/C. VLE data for the two constituent binaries at 50 /sup 0/C have been reported: 2-propanol-benzene (1); chloroform-benzene (2). The apparatus for experimental work is a Boublik vapor-recirculating still described by Ohta et al. (3). All first-grade chemicals supplied were purified for VLE measurements. 2-Propanol was distilled in a 1-m glass column packed with McMahon packing after being dried over anhydrous copper sulfate. Chloroform was washed with concentrated sulfuric acid, dilute sodium hydroxide, and distilled water. It was dried over calcined sodium carbonate and fractionally distilled in an atmosphere of nitrogen. Benzene was recrystallized 3 times. Vapor and liquid sample compositions were analyzed by a Shimadzu (GC-7A) gas chromatograph combined with a Shimadzu (ITG-2A) digital integrator. Measured variables have the following errors: composition, 0.002 mole fraction; pressure, 13.3 Pa; temperature, 0.05 K.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that in distilled water over 80% of a 1 μg AgI−1 solution may be adsorbed within 11 days and acidification to 0.3M HNO3 satisfactorily preserved samples for this length of time and allowed direct analysis of Ag by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry or pre-concentration by solvent extraction.
Abstract: Losses of Ag from solution by adsorption on to borosilicate glass and polyethylene sample containers are reported. In distilled water over 80% of a 1 μg AgI−1 solution may be adsorbed within 11 days. Acidification to 0.3M HNO3 satisfactorily preserved samples for this length of time and allowed direct analysis of Ag by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry or pre-concentration by solvent extraction. Filtration through 0.45 μm membranes may bias the dissolved versus suspended partitioning of Ag in freshwaters in favour of the latter, by adsorption of soluble Ag.

Patent
10 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this article, a method and apparatus for treating distilled water obtained from an evaporation process sea water desalination plant is provided wherein carbon dioxide is extracted from sea water in the high temperature stages of the desalification plant and where the carbon dioxide thus extracted is dissolved into the water, along with calcium, thereby converting the distilled water into the quality suited for city tap water.
Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating the distilled water obtained from an evaporation process sea water desalination plant is provided wherein carbon dioxide is extracted from sea water in the high temperature stages of the desalination plant and where the carbon dioxide thus extracted is dissolved into the water, along with calcium, thereby converting the distilled water into the quality suited for city tap water.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Teflon pipe as used in a water purification system transmitted germicidal ultraviolet (UV) light to inactivate Pseudomonas aeruginosa and poliovirus.
Abstract: Teflon pipe as used in a water purification system transmitted germicidal ultraviolet (UV) light to inactivate Pseudomonas aeruginosa and poliovirus. The information is useful for animal care workers and others concerned with the prevention of microbial growth in water systems such as deionizers and distilled water. Of special significance is that there is a plastic that transmits UV light.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an investigation of the rate and mechanism of corrosion fatigue crack growth (FCG) of SiCrMoCuV steel in 3.5% NaCl solution and discusses the results obtained in experiments with fracture mechanics and electrochemistry.
Abstract: This paper reports an investigation of the rate and mechanism of corrosion fatigue crack growth (FCG) of SiCrMoCuV steel in 3.5% NaCl solution and discusses the results obtained in experiments with fracture mechanics and electrochemistry. Experiments were also done in air and distilled water environments. The influence of applied potential on the corrosion fatigue has been investigated. The experimental results indicated that 3.5% NaCl solution and distilled water increase the FCG rate and that hydrogen embrittlement is apparently the predominant mechanism in both environments. In 3.5% NaCl solution and distilled water, the temperature affects the FCG rate significantly, but it has little effect on the FCG rate in air. For the forged specimens, applied cathodic potential decreases the FCG rate in 3.5% NaCl solution.

Patent
17 Apr 1985
TL;DR: A purifying and sterilizing agent that is composed of stabilized chlorine dioxide in the form of aqueous solution, powder or fine granules, which has no color, no taste and no toxicity, thus being added to the water used in fermentation to keep it pure and fresh as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: PURPOSE:A purifying and sterilizing agent that is composed of stabilized chlorine dioxide in the form of aqueous solution, powder or fine granules, which has no color, no taste and no toxicity, thus being added to the water used in fermentation to keep it pure and fresh CONSTITUTION:Stabilized chlorine dioxide in the form of no-color, no-taste and no-toxicty aqueous solution, powder or fine granules is used for deodorization, desinfection, sterilization and preservation The agent is added to the water, distilled water or hot water, which is to be used in fermentation, in an appropriate amount

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1985-Talanta
TL;DR: Caution is suggested in preparing blanks and dilutions in analyses of samples of natural waters or plant nutrient solutions, when either of these types of purification system is used.