Showing papers on "Distilled water published in 1988"
TL;DR: In this paper, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in distilled water, drinking water and in different types of surface and rain waters can be easily determined by a photometric method in which N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD) is oxidized by a peroxidase catalyzed reaction.
819 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a photocatalytic decomposition of H2O to form H2 and O2 over NiOK4Nb6O17 powder (1-10 μm, band gap = 3.3 eV), which is an ion-exchangeable layered compound, proceeds steadily more than 50 h under the bandgap irradiation.
341 citations
TL;DR: Two different methodologies for the detection of human rotavirus in water were compared, with the ammonium sulfate method consistently yielded greater viral recoveries than the adsorption-elution method, although the latter enables the processing of larger volume samples.
55 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that this species is alkali-adapted, and that restriction in habitat distribution from non-alkaline chloride waters and salinities above 200 g/l has a physiological basis.
40 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, changes in hydraulic conductivity and clay dispersion of smectite-sand mixtures as a function of exchangeable Na in Na-Ca and Na-Mg systems were measured.
Abstract: Changes in hydraulic conductivity (HC) and clay dispersion of smectite-sand mixtures as a function of exchangeable Na in Na-Ca and Na-Mg systems were measured. The charge density on the smectites had no effect on Na-Ca and Na-Mg equilibrium, and the affinity of the clays for Na was similar in both systems. A decrease in HC at 0.01 M concentration was found to be due to clay swelling. Mg was found to be less effective than Ca in preventing the breakdown of the packets by low concentrations of exchangeable Na, and Na-Mg-smectite swelled more than Na-Ca-smectites. Na-Mg-clay particles dispersed more readily than Na-Ca-clay particles when the mixtures were leached with distilled water; however, if the electrolyte concentration in the clay-sand mixture was controlled by the leaching solutions, no difference between the Na-Mg- and Na-Ca-clays was noted. Thus, the effect of Mg on clay mixtures leached with distilled water was apparently due to the effect of Mg on the hydrolysis of the clays. Increase in charge density increased the stability of the R 2§ clay packets, and higher con- centrations of Na were needed to break the packets. Mg was less effective than Ca in stabilizing the packets, and lower concentrations of Na were needed to break the Mg-packets.
33 citations
TL;DR: Egg white was dialyzed against distilled water or diluted with water, and the precipitates formed were removed by centrifugation, which resulted in a turbid gel on heating at even acidic pH.
Abstract: Egg white was dialyzed against distilled water or diluted with water, and the precipitates formed were removed by centrifugation. The supernatant gave a transparent gel after being heated at an acidic pH (2–4). At other regions of pH, except for the highly alkaline region, the gel or suspension was turbid upon heating. Insufficient centrifugation of the dialyzed egg white or the addition of NaCl to the supernatant after centrifugation resulted in a turbid gel on heating at even acidic pH. The removal of the slight precipitate formed at low ionic strength and the maintenance of low ionic strength during heating were both necessary for production of a transparent gel.
33 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an ion associate formed between an anionic surfactant and Methylene blue was extracted into the organic phase, the absorbance of which was measured at 658 nm.
Abstract: Anionic surfactants in water were determined by a spectrophotometric method involving flow injection coupled with solvent extraction. Eight cationic dyes were examined with several extraction solvents. Of the pairs of cationic dye and extraction solvent investigated, Methylene Blue and 1,2-dichlorobenzene were the most efficient. The ion associate formed between an anionic surfactant and Methylene Blue was extracted into the organic phase, the absorbance of which was measured at 658 nm. The carrier stream was distilled water and the reagent stream consisted of a cationic dye, sodium sulphate and acetate buffer (pH 5). A phase separator with a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) porous membrane (0.8 µm pore size) was used to separate the organic phase. The sampling rate was 20 samples per hour. The calibration graphs were linear up to 3 × 10–5M(8.7 mg l–1) or 7 × 10–5M(20.2 mg l–1) of anionic surfactant when the injection volumes were 300 and 100 µl, respectively. The relative standard deviation (n= 10) was 0.9% when 300 µl of 2.1 × 10–6M(610 µg l–1) sodium dodecylsulphate were injected. The detection limit corresponding to a signal to noise ratio of 3 was 1 × 10–8M(5 µg l–1) for the injection of 300 µl of sodium dodecylsulphate. The proposed method was used to determine anionic surfactants in river water.
30 citations
TL;DR: The survival of Flexibacter columnaris was studied in a variety of waters containing different concentrations of 4 cations and the best survival was obtained in the formulated water medium containing the combination of the four cations at their respective level of optimum concentration.
Abstract: The survival of Flexibacter columnaris was studied in a variety of waters containing different concentrations of 4 cations. The survival of F. columnaris over a period of 7 days was found to be optimal at the concentrations of 0.03% NaCl, 0.01% KCl, 0.002% CaCl2·2H2O, and 0.004% MgCl2·6H2O, respectively. The best survival was obtained in the formulated water medium containing the combination of the four cations at their respective level of optimum concentration. The survival of F. columnaris in the formulated water was very high and almost similar to the survival in tap water; whereas, distilled water did not support the long-term survival of F. columnaris. The survival of F. columnaris in the media containing single salt at their optimal concentrations were similar to each other but notably lower than the survival in the formulated water and tap water.
28 citations
TL;DR: In this article, pyrochlore recovery with a secondary amine type reagent is much lower in recycle water than in the other waters, which suggests that the precipitation of Ca ++ (as Ca oxalate) present in recycle waters leads to improved recovery.
26 citations
TL;DR: The study confirmed that exposure to saliva caused formation of a dissolution-limiting layer and that this layer consists of surface-adsorbed phosphates and showed in addition that the dissolution rate was continuously reduced with time of Exposure to saliva or phosphate buffer.
Abstract: The dissolution behavior of calcium fluoride in saliva was investigated. Chemically pure calcium fluoride (200 mg) was equilibrated in 10 ml of either saliva or distilled water for 3 weeks or repeatedly exposed, at 15-min intervals, to 10 ml of fresh solutions of saliva, distilled water, or phosphate-or calcium-containing solutions. Calcium fluoride dissolved more readily in water than in saliva. The study confirmed that exposure to saliva caused formation of a dissolution-limiting layer and that this layer consists of surface-adsorbed phosphates and showed in addition that the dissolution rate was continuously reduced with time of exposure to saliva or phosphate buffer. Calcium fluoride-like material, formed on enamel by treatment with 2% NaF solution, was shown by scanning electron microscopy to have higher stability in saliva than in water after 3 weeks' incubation.
25 citations
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this article, a mixture of 5 g selenium powder and 12 g anhydrous sodium sulphite in 100 ml distilled water for 5 to 6 hours was used for deposition of SnSe thin films.
Abstract: niques. For deposition of SnSe thin films, 0.2M sodium selenosulphate solution was prepared by refluxing 5 g selenium powder and 12 g anhydrous sodium sulphite in 100 ml distilled water for 5 to 6 h. Then the solution was cooled and kept overnight so that a little selenium separated out from the solution. It was then filtered to obtain a clear solution and made up to 200 ml with distilled water. 1.5 ml 2M (SnC12, 2H2 O) solution was taken in a 25ml beaker to which 7ml 7.4M tri- ethanolamine, 7ml 2.5M sodium hydroxide and 0.25 ml 0.5% polyvinyl pyrollidone (PVP) were added successively. The solution was stirred well so that a clear homogeneous solution was formed. Then 2.2 ml 0.2M sodium selenosulphate solution was added. The resulting solution was made up to 25 ml with distilled water and stirred vigorously. It was then poured into another beaker containing a scrupulously cleaned glass slide which was clamped vertically. The solution gradually turned greyish black. After deposition for about 4 h the slide was covered with a strongly adherent, uniform black deposition. The slide was taken out and washed with distilled water, and dried in a desiccator. The growth of the film was studied as a function of time to deter- mine the terminal thickness of the deposited SnSe films. The thickness was measured using a Taylor Hobson Talystep instrument. The composition of the films prepared by the present method was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Observed For the X-ray studies, films were scraped off the sub- d-value strates and their diffraction profiles were recorded on (nm) a chart recorder using nickel filtered CuKe radiation. Because the diffractograph did not show any sharp 0.292 0.286 peaks, the powder was crystallized by heating at about 0.237 600K for 12h in an inert atmosphere and X-ray 0.208 analysis was again performed. 0.207
TL;DR: In this article, the photodegradability in aquatic systems of some alkylated naphthalenes and related compounds was studied using a high-pressure mercury lamp, and the rate constant and half-life of their degradation were estimated in distilled water.
Patent•
25 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this article, a water distillation apparatus having a distilled water storage tank and a water boiling tank is described, where a steam condensing coil disposed in the storage tank at an upper region above the desired water level is connected with the cooling coil.
Abstract: A water distillation apparatus having a distilled water storage tank and a water boiling tank. Components associated with the boiling tank control the level of water therein and production of steam from the water contained therein. A steam flow line permits steam flow from the boiling tank into the storage tank. A distilled water cooling coil disposed in the storage tank at a lower region below the distilled water level is connected with a cool water infeed flow line. A steam condensing coil disposed in the storage tank at an upper region thereof above the desired water level and the cooling coil is connected with the cooling coil. Steam which enters the storage tank can directly contact the condensing coil exterior surface for causing the steam to condense into distilled water in the storage tank. Another water flow line which connects the condensing coil to both the boiling tank and a sink drain line has a flow restrictor therein to ensure maintenance of sufficient head pressure to force flow of water to the boiling tank before discharge into the drain line. Delivery of pressurized cool water to the cooling coil is controlled by a solenoid-operated water flow control valve and a thermostat. The thermostat mounted on the tank is operable to sense tank temperature and to actuate the water flow control valve for either allowing or terminating routing of cool water to the cooling coil depending upon the level of the temperature sensed.
TL;DR: In this article, the rates of photochemical decomposition of arsenic(III), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), and arsenobetaine have been studied in both aerated and deaerated distilled water and seawater.
Abstract: The rates of photochemical decomposition of arsenic(III), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and arsenobetaine have been studied in both aerated and deaerated distilled water and seawater. In distilled water, the ultimate product is arsenic(V) with the rates of demethylation of DMA and MMA being relatively unaffected by dissolved oxygen, unlike the rate of arsenic(III) oxidation. In seawater, the demethylation reaction is extremely slow whereas the oxidation of arsenic(III) is only slightly slower than in distilled water. The implications, both for arsenic speciation in natural waters and for the use of u.v. decomposition in arsenic analysis, are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the radiotracer technique was used to measure the loss of ionic mercury from various solutions of 30 ng Hg/ml and 1 μg Hg /ml concentration stored in polyethylene, polypropylene, quartz and glass.
Abstract: Losses of ionic mercury from various solutions of 30 ng Hg/ml and 1 μg Hg/ml concentration stored in polyethylene, polypropylene, quartz and glass were studied for storage periods up to 57 days by means of the radiotracer technique. Distilled water solutions and solutions treated with HCl and HNO3 lost substantial fractions of their mercury, whereby both adsorption and volatilization were involved. The largest losses (of up to 98%) occurred after the storage of water and nitric acid solutions in polyethylene. A combination of hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide, also in the presence of nitric acid, proved to be excellently suited for preventing the loss of mercury. No detectable changes of mercury concentration were observed for solutions treated with 2% HCl + 2% H2O2 and stored in polyethylene for up to two months. After this storage period, the losses were < 2.5% for quartz, < 5% for glass and < 7% for polypropylene.
TL;DR: The split-pulse laser method is used to reinvestigate the optical attenuation of distilled water in the region from 430 to 630 nm, and ionic solutions of NaCl, MgCl(2), and Na(2)SO(4), these salts forming the major constituents of seawater are extended.
Abstract: The split-pulse laser method is used to reinvestigate the optical attenuation of distilled water in the region from 430 to 630 nm. The studies are then extended to ionic solutions of NaCl, MgCl(2), and Na(2)SO(4), these salts forming the major constituents of seawater. The effect of the concentration of these constituents on optical attenuation is investigated. Further, optical attenuation studies are carried out for the region from 430 to 630 nm for an aqueous solution prepared with all the major constituents in the same proportions as in natural seawater. These values are then compared with values obtained for natural seawater. The relative role of dissolved salts and suspended particles on optical attenuation in seawater is discussed. The lowest attenuation is observed at ~450 nm for all solutions and is found to coincide with that for distilled water.
TL;DR: The percentage encapsulation of the lipid vesicles increased with the decrease in mechanical revolution number necessary for dispersing the w/o-type emulsion into the distilled water.
Abstract: The conditions for the preparation of lipid vesicles ((liposomes) by the in-water drying method, one of the microencapsulation techniques, were described in detail. This process consists of the following steps: (I) dispersion of an aqueous solution of the drug to be encapsulated into an organic solvent to yield a water-in-oil emulsion, (II) dispersion of this w/o-type emulsion into an aqueous phase (distilled water), (III) formation of a lipid membrane on the surface of droplets by evaporation of the organic solvent from the oil phase, and (IV) removal of the free marker (drug) by ultracentrifugation or gel filtration through a Sephadex column. In this process, the mean diameter of the vesicles was dependent on the mechanical revolution number necessary for dispersing the w/o-type emulsion into the distilled water. Moreover, the percentage encapsulation of the lipid vesicles increased with the decrease in mechanical revolution number necessary for dispersing the w/o-type emulsion into the distill...
TL;DR: In this paper, a linear relationship was observed between the maximum oil solubilities in distilled water and those in saline water for all the crudes over the range of temperature studied.
Abstract: The solubilities and diffusion coefficients of crude oils having API° ranging from 11 to 28 have been measured in distilled and saline water of 44 g L−1 NaCl at temperatures 25, 35, and 45 °C. A linear relationship was observed between the maximum oil solubilities in distilled water and those in saline water for all the crudes over the range of temperature studied. The Setschenow salting-out parameter was found to be 0.125 independent of temperature and API°. Such a parameter is valuable in estimating the crude oil solubilities in waters of different salinity. An analytical solution for unsteady-state diffusion was done using Fourier series. A linear relationship was found between the diffusion coefficients of oils in distilled water and those in saline water. Observed data for diffusion coefficients of the oils have been correlated in terms of API°, temperature and ionic strength with an average absolute deviation of 2%.
TL;DR: In this paper, the reduction of H2O (or H+) to form H2 by reduced TiO2 and Pt-TiO2 was studied in distilled water and aqueous solutions of HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, and NaOH.
Abstract: The reduction of H2O (or H+) to form H2 by reduced TiO2 and Pt–TiO2 was studied in distilled water and aqueous solutions of HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, and NaOH. Over the reduced TiO2 powder, H2 evolved moderately in distilled water and Ti3+ ions on the surface were presumed to be active sites for the reaction. The reaction in aqueous NaOH solution proceeded similarly to that in water while it was strongly suppressed in aqueous HCl and H2SO4 solutions. It was found that the suppression of H2 evolution is due to protons in the solution. Over reduced Pt–TiO2, H2 evolved rapidly from all solutions, except HNO3. In aqueous HNO3 solution, NO3− was reduced to NH3 over reduced TiO2 and Pt–TiO2.
TL;DR: In this paper, the equilibrium water content of thermoplastic 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (PHM) homopolymers was measured in distilled water and in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS).
Abstract: The equilibrium water content (EWC) of thermoplastic 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate homopolymers from technical grade monomer and of copolymers of the latter with methyl methacrylate has been measured in distilled water and in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). In distilled water, as expected, EWCs increased monotonically with the proportion of hydrophilic monomer in the polymer and showed only a small dependence on molecular weight. In contrast, the degree of swelling (and in some cases dissolution) and “freezable” water content of polymers in PBS were shown to be anomalously high and to be a consequence of ionization at pH 7.4 of methacrylic acid incorporated into the polymer in small quantity (< 1 mol %) as an impurity. Initial studies indicated a strong relationship between copolymer molecular weight and small molecule permeability in distilled water.
TL;DR: In this article, the photochemical action spectrum (250-700 nm) of mirex in distilled water was different from the one in Lake Ontario water, which indicated the presence of specific interactions between mireax present in the water column and the dissolved organic matter.
Patent•
25 Feb 1988
TL;DR: In this article, a control for a water distillation apparatus admits untreated feed water to the boiling tank in response to a demand for the production of distilled water and operates the heater to produce steam.
Abstract: A control for a water distillation apparatus admits untreated feed water to the boiling tank in response to a demand for the production of distilled water and operates the heater to produce steam. Level probes in the boiling tank monitors the level of untreated water in the boiling tank and admits more feed water as necessary. When demand for production of distilled water has ceased, the heater is deenergized and the boiling tank is filled to dilute the residual water in the tank and lower its temperature prior to drainage to prevent damage to a plastic house drain. In a preferred embodiment, feed water is admitted to the boiling tank in large batches and the production of distilled water continues uninterrupted until the entire batch is distilled to conserve heat energy even if demand ceases during such batch distillation. A cleaning mode is provided to remove scale from the interior of the boiling tank with a simplified manual cleaning procedure. A steam cleaning mode for the distilled water holding tank is self-terminating to avoid damage to the outlet pump.
01 Oct 1988-Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment
TL;DR: In this paper, the factors affecting the leaching of aluminium from saucepans have been examined and it was shown that 1 mg/kg of fluoride enhanced aluminium dissolution by 2.3 mg/ kg.
Abstract: The factors affecting the leaching of aluminium from saucepans have been examined. Less than 0.5 mg/kg of aluminium was dissolved in boiling distilled water. Higher levels of up to 80 mg/kg were leached by boiling citric acid solution at pH 2.3 and an order of magnitude variation between different saucepans was observed. Under carefully controlled conditions it was apparent that 1 mg/kg of fluoride enhanced aluminium dissolution by 2–3 mg/kg. This effect was only observed on boiling with citric acid solution and was not detectable when acidic foodstuffs, such as rhubarb and tomatoes were cooked.
TL;DR: Developpement d'une methode predisant la solubilite dans l'eau de mer de cycloparaffines a partir des solubiliites connues dans le eau distillee.
Abstract: Developpement d'une methode predisant la solubilite dans l'eau de mer de cycloparaffines a partir des solubilites connues dans l'eau distillee
Patent•
28 Oct 1988
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed to obtain the title metallic compound free from particle flocculation with narrow particle size distribution by mixing an organometallic compound hydrolyzable at low temperatures with a mixture of water and an organic solvent followed by raising temperature to effect hydrolysis to facilitate particle size control.
Abstract: PURPOSE: To obtain the title metallic compound free from particle flocculation with narrow particle size distribution, by mixing an organometallic compound hydrolyzable at low temperatures with a mixture of water and an organic solvent followed by raising temperature to effect hydrolysis to facilitate particle size control. CONSTITUTION: Firstly, distilled water or ion exchange water (esp. with an electrical conductance of ≤2μs/cm) and an organic solvent (esp. with a freezing point of ≤-10°C, e.g., butanol, ethyl acetate, hexane, xylene) are mixed with each other in the amount of pref. 1-15 pts.wt. of the water based on 100 pts.wt. of the organic solvent. Thence, the resultant mixture is mixed with a hydrolyzable organometallic compound or its complex (e.g., an alkoxide of Si, Ge, Ti, Zr or Al) at such temperatures that said organometallic compound cannot be hydrolyzed (e.g., at ≤-30°C) followed by raising temperature to pref. ≤0°C (esp. ≤-10°C) to carry out hydrolysis for several minutes to 20hrs., thus obtaining the objective particulate metallic compound. Preferably, the amount of the organometallic compound to be used is 20-400 pts. based on 100 pts.wt. of a mixture of the water and the organic solvent. COPYRIGHT: (C)1989,JPO&Japio
TL;DR: In this paper, the spectral transmittance of pure water and salt water solutions of various concentrations, which are important for the thermal calculation of a solar pond, is measured experimentally for specimen thickness of 1 to 100 mm by means of an autorecording spectro-radiometer inside an air-conditioned room.
Abstract: The spectral transmittance of pure water and salt water solutions of various concentrations, which are important for the thermal calculation of a solar pond, is measured experimentally for specimen thickness of 1 to 100 mm by means of an autorecording spectro-radiometer inside an air-conditioned room. On the basis of the measured spectral transmittance, the total transmittance of pure and salty waters to 3 m of water depth is calculated as a ratio of the total radiation energy over all wavelengths arriving at any depth from the water surface of the solar pond to the solar radiation incident upon the water surface with various air masses. According to Nielsens' four-partition method, the effective absorption coefficient is calculated for each wavelength band. Lastly, the transmission properties obtained for pure water, i.e., spectral and total transmittances, absorption wavelength band, and effective absorption coefficient, are compared with past results, and those for salty water with various concentrations are compiled as basic data for the use of solar energy by a solar pond.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the inhibition of germination at 0 kPa (distilled water) was due to a seed coat-mediated barrier to oxygen that could be reversed by removal of the seed coat or exposure to an oxygen-enriched atmosphere.
Abstract: SUMMARY
The rate and final germination of four muskmelon cultivars (Cucumis melo) were examined in response to incubation temperatures of 20, 26 and 32°C. Germination was also characterised at 26°C pr 32°C over a range of water potentials from 0 to - 1000 kPa achieved with solutions of polyethylene glycol. The germination of one cultivar, TAM-Uvalde, was consistently slower at 20°C than at 26°C or 32°C. The other three cultivars, Perlita, TAM-Dew and Greenflesh, were inhibited by incubation at 32°C. However, the germination responses of cvs Perlita, TAM-Dew and Greenflesh at 26°C or 32°C improved as water potentials were reduced from 0 to – 200 or – 400 kPa. Cv. TAM-Uvalde was extremely sensitive to water stress and failed to germinate at water potentials below – 600 kPa when incubated at 26°C. The inhibition of germination at low water potentials was partially reversed in all cultivars by increasing the incubation temperature from 26°C to 32°C. It is suggested that the inhibition of germination at 0 kPa (distilled water) was due to a seed coat-mediated barrier to oxygen that could be reversed by removal of the seed coat or exposure to an oxygen-enriched atmosphere.
TL;DR: In this paper, an ion association complex formed between the potassium-crown ether complex ion and an azo dye anion was extracted into an organic solvent and the absorbance of the separated organic phase was measured.
Abstract: Potassium in water was determined by a spectrophotometric method involving flow injection coupled with solvent extraction. An ion association complex formed between the potassium-crown ether complex ion and an azo dye anion was extracted into an organic solvent and the absorbance of the separated organic phase was measured. Picrate and four analogues of 4-(4-dialkylaminophenyl)azo-2,5-dichlorobenzenesulphonate were examined as counter anions and three analogues of 18-crown-6 were examined as the crown ether. The use of several solvents was investigated. The results showed that 4-(4-diethylaminophenyl)azo-2,5-dichlorobenzenesulphonate and benzo-18-crown-6 were the most suitable reagents, benzene-chlorobenzene (1 + 1 V/V) being used for solvent extraction. The carrier stream was distilled water and the reagent stream contained the dye anion, crown ether, EDTA (dilithium salt) and lithium hydroxide. The organic phase was separated with a PTFE porous membrane. The sampling rate was 20 per hour. The calibration graph was linear at concentrations below 1 × 10–4M using samples of 20 µl. The detection limit corresponding to a signal to noise ratio of 3 was 1 × 10–6M and the relative standard deviation was 0.4%. Potassium in river water was determined satisfactorily by the proposed method.
TL;DR: Overall, the formulated water was detected as the most suitable water among the tested media for F. columnaris infection in both fish species.
Abstract: The experimental infection ofFlexibacter columnaris to juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) was studied in respect of the influence of water media containing 4 cations, Na+, K+, Ca++ and Mg++. The occurrence of columnaris disease varied with the different environmental waters as well as with the fish species. In the case of common carp, infection occurred in every fish in both the formulated water (0.03% NaCl, 0.01 % KCl, 0.002% CaCl2·2H2O2 and 0.004% MgCl2·6H2O) and tap water at the exposure density of 4-6 × 108 CFU/ml of F. columnaris. At a lower exposure density of 4-6 × 107 CFU/ml, an 80% inflection was observed in the formulated water but no infection occurred in tap water. In loach, infection occurred in every fish at the exposure density of 4-6 × 106 CFU/ml in both the formulated water and tap water. No infection was observed in distilled water and the percentage of infection in the individual salt solutions were lower than the occurrence of infection in either the formulated water or tap water. Overall, the formulated water was detected as the most suitable water among the tested media for F. columnaris infection in both fish species.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the dynamic sorption behavior of four epoxy resin matrix composites derived from fly ash, jute, mica, or vermiculite at 24°, 35°, and 45°C.
Abstract: Dynamic sorption behavior of four epoxy resin matrix composites derived from fly ash, jute, mica, or vermiculite was studied in water and salt solution at 24°, 35°, and 45°C. The mass of water uptake per mass of sample was determined as a function of time. Diffusion coefficients were higher for distilled water than those for salt solution. The diffusion parameters were computed from the Arrhenius plots and the results analyzed in terms of a Fickian model. The results as obtained from weight gain assays are consistent with the view that the activation energy of diffusion is associated with the energy required to produce a space of sufficient cross-section for the diffusing molecule to pass.