Showing papers on "Distilled water published in 1990"

Influence of Water Exposure on the Tensile Strength of Composites

Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate whether water storage causes permanent damage to composites by determining how the tensile strength of nine different composite materials changes with both water storage and water storage followed by dehydration. Eighteen samples (ASTM-D Specification 1708-66) of each of the nine materials were prepared and divided into three groups of six samples each. Group I was stored dry at 60°C, while Groups II and III were stored in distilled water at 60°C. After six months, Groups I and II were subjected to tensile testing, while Group III was transferred to a desiccator and dehydrated for two weeks at 60°C before this group was tested in tension. Mean values, pooled by storage group independent of material, revealed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in strength for both Groups II and III relative to Group I. These findings prove that water has an irreversible effect on most dental composites. A comparison of Group II with Group III data revealed that the samples which...

Magnesium bioavailability from magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide.

Abstract: This study compared magnesium oxide and magnesium citrate with respect to in vitro solubility and in vivo gastrointestinal absorbability. The solubility of 25 mmol magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide was examined in vitro in solutions containing varying amounts of hydrochloric acid (0-24.2 mEq) in 300 ml distilled water intended to mimic achlorhydric to peak acid secretory states. Magnesium oxide was virtually insoluble in water and only 43% soluble in simulated peak acid secretion (24.2 mEq hydrochloric acid/300 ml). Magnesium citrate had high solubility even in water (55%) and was substantially more soluble than magnesium oxide in all states of acid secretion. Reprecipitation of magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide did not occur when the filtrates from the solubility studies were titrated to pH 6 and 7 to stimulate pancreatic bicarbonate secretion. Approximately 65% of magnesium citrate was complexed as soluble magnesium citrate, whereas magnesium complexation was not present in the magnesium oxide system. Magnesium absorption from the two magnesium salts was measured in vivo in normal volunteers by assessing the rise in urinary magnesium following oral magnesium load. The increment in urinary magnesium following magnesium citrate load (25 mmol) was significantly higher than that obtained from magnesium oxide load (during 4 hours post-load, 0.22 vs 0.006 mg/mg creatinine, p less than 0.05; during second 2 hours post-load, 0.035 vs 0.008 mg/mg creatinine, p less than 0.05). Thus, magnesium citrate was more soluble and bioavailable than magnesium oxide.

Dissolution of feldspars in the presence of natural, organic solutes

Abstract: SUMMARY The dissolution rates of feldspars in the presence of naturally occurring organic solutes were compared at pH 5.1. Natural silt or ground feldspar minerals were suspended in water, streamwater, soil water, water extracts of peat and mor and a citrate solution for approximately 100 d. The increase of major cations and silicic acid in the aqueous phase was determined by periodic sampling and rates of dissolution were calculated when concentration increased linearly with time. The dissolution rate for the major cations was 2.7±0.9 (n= 3) times greater for stream-water and 2.4±0.4 (n= 5) times greater for mor and peat extract than for distilled water. For citrate, the rate was greater by 1.7±0.3 (n=3) times. By inoculating the suspensions with microorganisms weathering rates decreased to the value for distilled water. This suggests that the microorganisms consumed some ‘active’ fraction of the organic solutes.

Effect of disinfectants on pseudomonads colonized on the interior surface of PVC pipes.

Abstract: We investigated the effect of disinfectants on microbial contamination present on the interior surface of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes filled with 600 ml of water contaminated with Pseudomonas pickettii and P. aeruginosa. After eight weeks, water was removed, and the test pipes exposed to various types of aqueous disinfectants. Disinfectant samples were removed, neutralized, and examined for recovery of microorganisms by membrane filtration. After seven-days exposure, disinfectant solutions were removed and pipes filled with sterile distilled water. Water was examined by membrane filtration at seven-day intervals to determine whether the organisms had survived in the pipes. Colonization of PVC surfaces were examined during each study phase by scanning electron-microscopy (SEM). P. aeruginosa was isolated directly from iodophor disinfectant, phenolic germicide, and iodophor antiseptic solutions. After addition of sterile water, P. aeruginosa was recovered from PVC pipes previously exposed to chlorine, phenolic, quaternary-ammonium, and iodophor disinfectants; P. pickettii was recovered from water in pipes treated with iodophor disinfectant, chlorine, and ethanol. The existence of glycocalyx-like cellular masses on the interior wall of PVC pipes most likely protected embedded organisms from the microbicidal action of some of the disinfectants tested and served as the reservoir for continuous contamination.

Hydrophilic Polymers— Their Response to Soil Amendments and Effect on Properties of a Soilless Potting Mix

Abstract: The levels of hydration of several hydrophilic polymers (hydrogels) varied greatly. Starch-based polymers had the fastest rate of hydration (<2 hours), followed by a propenoate-propenamide copolymer. Polyacrylamide materials required 4 to 8 hours to become fully hydrated. Maximum water retention in distilled water varied from 400 to 57 g of water per gram of dry material. All hydrogels retained less water in the presence of metal ions or fertilizers in the soaking solution, with substances releasing Fe +2 being the most detrimental. After exposure to fertilizers and ions, the water-holding capacity of a polyacrylamide with a high degree of cross linkage, but not that of hydrogels of the other structures, was fully recovered by subsequently soaking in distilled water. Pots amended with a polyacrylamide polymer but without Micromax (a micronutrient source) reached maximum water retention after six irrigations, while those with Micromax required 10 irrigations to reach peak water retention. The amounts of water being held in pots decreased after repeated fertilization. Medium volume increased with increasing levels of the polyacrylamide Supersorb C (0, 2, 4, or 6 g/pot). Micromax incorporated in medium amended with Supersorb C caused a depression in volume. Medium bulk density, total water retention, and water retention per unit volume of medium were increased by the incorporation of the hydrogel, regardless of the presence of Micromax. Noncapillary porosity measured at container capacity in medium amended with Micromax progressively decreased as the amount of hydrogel increased, but remained unchanged in medium without Micromax. Repeated drying and dehydration of the medium resulted in reduced water retention and increased noncapillary pore space.

Utilisation of liquid chromatography in aquatic photodegradation studies of pesticides: A comparison between distilled water and seawater

Abstract: The advantages of liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometric detection are described for the direct characterization of the photodegradation products of Fenitrothion, Atrazine and Diuron in distilled water and artifical seawater samples. The photodegradation (UV λ>290 nm) of the herbicides Atrazine and Diuron was examined in distilled water and in artificial seawater containing humic acids. Major photodegradation products were hydroxyatrazine and Monuron, respectively. The results showed a faster degradation in seawater as compared to distilled water for Atrazine whereas for Diuron a quenching effect was observed thus retarding photodegradation. The photodegradation of Fenitrothion was also investigated. For this pesticide, hydrolysis predominates in seawater and photolysis is very slow in distilled water, so that acetone was needed as photosensitizer.

Laboratory determination of chloride diffusion coefficient in an intact shale

Abstract: An experimental investigation of diffusive transport of a nonreactive solute (chloride) in saturated, intact Queenston Shale is described. Laboratory tests were performed by placing distilled water in contact with samples of shale having a high initial concentration of chloride in their pore water. Chloride was then permitted to diffuse out of the shale and into the distilled water reservoir for a period of up to 65 days. At the end of each test, the shale sample was sectioned to determine the variation in chloride pore-water concentration with depth through the sample. Fickian diffusion theory was then used to deduce the diffusion coefficient (D). The experimental diffusion coefficient for chloride at a temperature of 22 ± 1 °C ranged from 1.4 × 10−6 to 1.6 × 10−6 cm2/s, which corresponds to a tortuosity (τ) ranging from 0.095 to 0.108. Based on pore size measurements and consideration of the ionic diameter of hydrated chloride, the "effective porosity" available for chloride diffusion is estimated to be...

Irradiation and germination effects on phytate, protein and amino acids of soybean

Abstract: Influence of irradiation (0.05–0.20 kGy) and germination (24–120 hours) in distilled and tap water on phytate, protein and amino acids of soybean, was studied. Phytate values significantly decreased with increasing germination period and irradiation dose (P<0.01). Irradiation independently decreased the original phytate (212.0 mg/100 g) to a range value of 205.0–190.0 mg/100 g depending upon dose level. Germination of unirradiated seeds for 120 hours in distilled and tap water lowered the phytate to 55.0 and 94.9 mg/100 g (74.1 and 55.2% reduction) respectively. Maximum destruction of phytate to levels of 20.5 and 50.9 mg/100 g (90.3 and 76.0% reduction) occurred during germination of 0.20 kGy samples for 120 hours in distilled and tap water respectively. Total protein content significantly increased during germination (P<0.05) and the increase was more in tap than distilled water. Germination for 120 hours of untreated seeds in tap water increased the essential and decreased non-essential amino acids while in the 0.10 kGy sample, increases in both cases were observed.

Distribution of the liquid aerosol produced from bursting bubbles in sea and distilled water

Abstract: Laser holographic techniques are used to observe and measure the liquid droplets (film drops) produced by air bubbles bursting in both seawater and distilled water. Film drop aerosol production is found not only to be a function of parent bubble size but also of the type of water (sea or distilled) in which the bubbles burst. For bubbles in the diameter range of about 4 mm−10 mm, fewer but bigger film drops are observed for the distilled water sample. Furthermore, the mass of the droplets produced per bubble is found to be greater for bubbles that burst in distilled water. In general, the film drop size range shifts towards larger sizes as the diameter of the parent bubble is increased. The largest drop sizes measured are 680 μ m in distilled water and 500 μ m in seawater for a 10 mm bubble. These values happen to be much greater than those hitherto reported. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1990.t01-2-00007.x

Method for separating collagen

Abstract: A method for separating collagen including adding distilled water to a piece of fat which is extracted from a human body, so that the fat cells are destroyed by the osmotic pressure of the distilled water, and separating collagen from a fat component which has a smaller specific gravity than that of the collagen.

Stability of volatile organic compounds in environmental water samples during transport and storage

Abstract: The stability of volatile organic compounds in environmental water samples has been studied, particularly with respect to the establishment of preanalytical holding times. Methods have been developed for the preparation of standard samples containing known concentrations of volatile organics. Three water samples were used: distilled water, surface water, and groundwater. Samples were stored at both room temperature and under refrigeration. Data were collected over a 365-day period by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In water samples containing low chloride content (distilled water), rapid dehydrohalogenation of tetrachloroethane to trichloroethylene occurred. Such degradation was also evident in the surface water and groundwater samples stored at room temperature. A less rapid conversion of trichloroethane to dichloroethylene occurred in distilled water samples stored at 25{degree}C. Subsequently, experiments were conducted to determine the value of reduced pH in sample preservation. It was shown that acidification with hydrochloric acid effectively prevented degradation and allowed indefinite storage. However, sampling and analytical considerations make the use of HCl impractical. Therefore, a study was carried out using sodium bisulfate and ascorbic acid as preservatives. Both substances effectively preserved the samples, but sodium bisulfate proved to have several advantages over ascorbic acid. Samples preserved with either acid were stable over the 112-daymore » experimental period.« less

Effect of soaking and boiling treatments on the quality of winged bean seed

Abstract: Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L) DC) seeds were soaked for 24 h in distilled water, 30 or 50 g litre−1 rice husk ash suspension or solutions of 10 or 20 g litre−1 baking soda, or 5 or 10 g litre−1 NaHCO3. Seeds were then boiled for 30 min in these solutions, then either washed and resoaked in distilled water or peeled, washed for 24 h and resoaked for 24 h in distilled water. The pH and level of leached solids increased during boiling. The colour of the bean cotyledon remained light when boiled in distilled water or rice husk ash suspension, but became darker when boiled in the alkaline solutions. Boiling in distilled water or rice husk ash suspensions did not render the bean sufficiently soft, whereas boiling in the alkaline solutions produced adequately soft seeds. There was no significant difference in tenderness of beans given further processing by resoaking or peeling and resoaking compared with boiling. The nature of the cooking liquid had no significant effect on the protein content of the seeds.

Needle-type colloidal copper (II)hydroxide particles

Abstract: Stable dispersions of fine (< 0.05μm) needle-type copper(II) hydroxide particles were prepared at room temperature by admixing sodium acetate and ammonia to copper sulfate solution. The particle length and width could be altered with the concentration of reactants. The rate of dissolution of copper(II) hydroxide particles in doubly distilled water at room temperature is time dependent, which is due in part to the formation of a mononuclear complex solute (CuOH+). After extended times (e.g., 18 h), the particles underwent phase transformation, resulting in longer needles of higher degree of crystallinity.

Effect of radiation and soaking on phytate content of soybean

Abstract: Biochemical composition of soybean was determined. Effect of irradiation (0.25-1.00 kGy) and soaking (3-12 hours) in tap and distilled water at ambient conditions and 50°C on phytate content was studied. Phytate content significantly decreased with increasing soaking time and irradiation dose. The rate of phytate removal was generally greater during soaking at 50°C than ambient temperature

Influence of various salts in the cooking water on pectin losses and cooked texture of cowpeas (vigna unguiculata)

Abstract: The effects of processing with solutions of calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium bicarbonate and a local tenderizer known as ‘Kanwa’ (sodium sesquicarbonate) on pectin losses and cooked texture of cowpea seeds were investigated. For comparison, the cowpeas were processed in double distilled water and a local tap water. Analysis included total pectin, calcium and magnesium content, leached solids, texture and water absorption. The results show that CaCl2, MgCl2 and the local tap water increased firmness, Ca and Mg content in the cooked beans compared to distilled water; however, water absorption, leached solids and pectin solubilization were decreased by these salts. Kanwa and NaHCO3 increased water absorption, leached solids and softness in the cooked beans and also increased pectin solubilization but decreased Ca and Mg when compared to distilled water or the other salts. These changes are discussed with respect to the effects of divalent and monovalent cations on the texture of the bean tissue.

Leaching Characteristics of Heavy Metals from Solidified Sludge Under Seawater Conditions

Abstract: It was attempted to investigate the leaching characteristics of solidified materials under sea-water condition. In leaching test, three different leachants, namely, sea water, acidic water, and distilled water were used. Final pH and metal concentration of leachate after 24-hr extraction were strongly affected by the nature of leachant. Addition of fly ash resulted in the decrease of leachate pH and the increase of leachate metal concentration. During 60-day leaching test periods, cumulative cadmium released under sea water was linearly increased, but other metals leached in decreasing rate with increasing number of leachant renewal. After 60 days of leaching periods, sample weights were decreased as lime and heavy metal components dissolved, and particle size of leached sample having no fly ash was especially decreased under the sea water leachant. Dissolved heavy metals were considerably reprecipitated under alkaline sea water condition. Microscopic study on surface change of solidified materia...

Post-composition control of hydroxyapatite in an aqueous medium

Abstract: Composition control of hydroxyapatite by post-treatment in an alkaline solution was examined. Non-stoichiometric material having a Ca/P ratio of 1.60 was treated in distilled water (pH 6.5) and in a concentrated aqueous solution of ammonia (pH 11). The Ca/P ratio of the material increased with the latter treatment and the stoichiometric composition (Ca/P=1.67) was achieved after six treatments. In contrast, essentially no change in composition was found with the former treatment. The treated powder had high thermal stability of nominally a stoichiometric composition. Composition change by incongruent dissolution is discussed.

Determination of volatile organic halogens in water after sorption on XAD-4 and thermal desorption

Abstract: The proposed method is based on the pre-concentration of organic water contaminants on solid sorbents, thermal desorption and, finally, a coulometric determination. The resin XAD-4 was selected for the pre-concentration of organics from water and the thermal desorption was carried out at 200 °C in a stream of purified argon. The compounds liberated were combusted in an empty quartz tube and the chlorides were determined by a coulometric argentometric titration to a pre-set potential. Good accuracy and precision were achieved both for solutions in distilled water and purified sea water. The average recovery was in the range 95–103%. The possibilities of thermal desorption in a stream of air and of storing the sorbent tube with organic compounds adsorbed on it were also investigated. This method was used successfully for the determination of volatile organic halogens in samples of tap, river and sea water.

Migration Behavior of Radionuclides (60Co, 85Sr and 137Cs) in Aerated Sandy Soil Layer

Abstract: Differences of the migration behavior and desorption process for radionuclides (60Co, 85Sr and 137Cs) in aerated sandy soil layer were studied by sprinkle of distilled water into the contaminated soil with above nuclides in column. Influence of difference desorption process on radionuclide migration was examined by changing the volume of distilled water sprinkled like rain on the contaminated soil. Quantity of sprinkled water affected the concentration distribution of each radionuclide in soil layer. Each nuclide migrated deeper in the layer according to the increase of water amount, and especially, migration behavior of 85Sr was remarkably influenced by water amount. It is observed that as to 85Sr maximum contamination part in soil layer moved to deeper layer with increase of water amount, and that, as to 60Co and 137Cs, it moved almost never. On the other hand, activity concentration of 60Co or 137Cs in effluent was rather high (10−6 μCi/ml) compared with that of 85Sr, which could not be detected therein.

Plasmolysis induced by very low concentrations of Cu2+ in Pseudomonas syringae ATCC 12271, and its relation with cation fluxes

Abstract: Summary: Very low concentrations of CuSO4 induced a massive leakage of u+ from Pseudomonas syringae ATCC 12271 cells suspended in distilled water, Ca2+/PIPES or Na+/PIPES. Cell suspensions in distilled water, Ca2+/ or Mg2+/PIPES, treated with Cu2+, showed appreciable increases in optical density, whereas suspensions in Na+/PIPES were unaffected. The addition of monovalent cations to suspensions in distilled water, Ca2+/ or Mg2+/PIPES prevented the optical density increase induced by Cu2+, whereas the addition of Ca2+ or Mg2+ to suspensions in distilled water did not have this effect. Cells suspended in Na+/PIPES and treated with Cu2+ showed no major ultrastructural alterations, but cells treated with Cu2+ in distilled water showed pronounced plasmolysis. At all Cu2+ concentrations, two types of cells were observed, normal and heavily plasmolysed. An increase in Cu2+ concentration resulted in an increase in the percentage, but not in the degree of plasmolysis, of the plasmolysed cells. Cells suspended in distilled water or Na+/PIPES bound significant amounts of copper. Cu2+ concentrations that induced leakage of most of the unbound K+ did not saturate the copper-binding sites in the cells. These results indicated that plasmolysis is a direct consequence of the massive K+ leakage from the cells, in agreement with the notion that K+ is the main osmolyte in bacteria grown under normal conditions. Monovalent (but not divalent) cations prevented plasmolysis induced by copper by entry into the cells after the release of K+ ions. Na+ and Li+ probably replaced resident K+ ions in the neutralization of negative charges of cytoplasmic constituents. K+ efflux and plasmolysis, induced by Cu2+, appeared to be essentially “all-or-nothing” effects.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Calcium with Dicyclohexano- 24-crown-8 and Propyl Orange by Solvent Extraction/Flow Injection Method

Abstract: Calcium in water was determined by a spectrophotometric method involving flow injection coupled with solvent extraction. An ion association complex which formed between a calcium-crown complex ion and a dye anion was extracted into an organic solvent and the absorbance of the organic phase was measured after phase separation. Six derivatives of alkylaminophenylazobenzene sulfonic acid and tetrabromophenolphthalein ethylester were examined as counter anions with dicyclohexano-24-crown-8, and a mixture of benzene and chlorobenzene was examined as an extraction solvent. A suitable method for calcium determination in water was one with Propyl Orange and a (1+1 v/v) mixture of benzene and chlorobenzene. The carrier stream was distilled water, while the reagent stream was comprised of a dye anion and lithium hydroxide. The sampling rate was 20-30 per hour. The calibration graph was linear at concentrations up to 10(-4)M using samples of 100μl. The detection limit corresponding to a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 was 2×10(-7)M; the relative standard deviation was 0.99% for 10 injections of 5×10(-5)M calcium solution. Calcium in river water was determined satisfactorily by the proposed method.

[Evaluation of the changes in intracranial water, sodium, phosphorus metabolites and intracellular cerebral pH in rats with acute dilutional hyponatremia].

Abstract: Although most prominent among the clinical manifestations associated with hyponatremia are central nervous system (CNS) symptoms, the alterations in brain function remain poorly understood. In the present study, the alterations in intracellular cerebral pH and intracranial water, sodium and phosphorus metabolites content in rats with acute dilutional hyponatremia were examined by using an in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique which noninvasively provides continuous informations on intracellular phenomena. Acute dilutional hyponatremia was induced on anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats by intraperitoneal injection of distilled water with an initial dose of 10 ml/100 g bw, followed by an additional dose of 5 ml/100 g bw 40 min later. Arterial blood sampling and NMR measurements were made before and every 60 min after the initial injection of distilled water. The treatment with distilled water resulted in dramatic falls in serum Na, Cl and osmolality at 60 min after water loading (Na; from 143.4 +/- 2.6 to 112.3 +/- 1.3 mmol/l, Cl; from 101.02 +/- 2.2 to 78.4 +/- 5.4 mmol/l, Osm; from 306.3 +/- 5.8 to 247.3 +/- 7.3 mOsm/kg H20). 1H-NMR imaging showed the accumulation of brain water as dilutional hyponatremia developed. Intracranial Na content measured by 23Na-NMR spectroscopy decreased significantly at 60 min after of water loading to about 70% of that observed under control condition. Since it has been demonstrated that solute extrusion from the brain with resultant reduction of brain swelling occurs within 60 min after the dilution, this result may be, at least in part, explained by this protective mechanism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The efficacy of water ozonation on the inactivation of oocysts of Cryptosporidium

Abstract: Cryptosporidium oocysts are currently found in surface waters. Their incomplete removal by sand filtration and their high resistance to chlorinated disinfectants make possible waterborne cryptosporidiosis outbreaks after drinking treated water. Because ozone is an alternative to chlorine for final drinking water disinfection the aim of our study was to determine the ozonation conditions able to eliminate the infectivity of oocysts. Feces from horses naturally infected by C. parvum were mixed with distilled water. The obtained suspension was clarified by passing through a graded series of four sieves (pore sizes, 315, 200, 125 and 63 microns). The clarified suspension was decontaminated by adding a 10% sodium hypochlorite solution. After a 10 minute contact time at room temperature, the chlorine residual was neutralised by the exactly requisite volume of a 0.01 N sodium thiosulfate solution. Oocysts in the suspension were purified by centrifugation and washing of pellets in distilled water. Oocysts in the finally obtained suspension were numerated by counting in a Malassez haemocytometer. Ozonated water containing dissolved ozone residuals ranging from 0.44 mg/l to 1.09 mg/l were inoculated with a number of oocysts ranging from 1.10(6) to 1.10(8). Contact times with ozone were 4.6 or 8 minutes. After destroying the ozone residual by sodium thiosulfate, ozonated oocysts were administered by oral route to male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 180 to 200 g and beforehand immunosuppressed by a regimen of 25 mg hydrocortisone acetate subcutaneously twice a week, 5 weeks before and 3 weeks after Cryptosporidium challenge. Oocyst shedding was daily controlled by phase contrast microscoy in smears of fecal suspension mixed with carbolfuchsine solution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Efficient high-purity distilled water machine

Abstract: The utility model relates to a multi-effect high-purity distilled water machine, which is used for the hospital and the pharmaceutical factory to produce the distilled water for injecting and distilled water for dispensing the medicine. The utility model comprises four-effect evaporators, a condenser, and a cooler. Each evaporator is the middle circulation tubular evaporator. The upper part of each evaporator is provided with a three-stage divided entrainment eliminator. The outlet of the condensate water of the second-effect and the third-effect evaporators is provided with the self evaporator of the condensate water. The outlet of the condensate water of the first-effect evaporator is provided with a double pipe heat exchanger. The purity of the distilled water provided by the utility model is high, heat energy utilizing efficiency is high, and the steel consumption is less.

Method for water degasification and distillation

Abstract: A method for water degasification and distillation in an apparatus having a container for a reservoir of water to be degasified and distilled, a relatively small boiler adjoining the container and having a feed water conduit connecting the container and boiler so that a selected water level in the container will fill the boiler to the same level, a coiled tube condenser within the container immersed in the water therein, the condenser coil having a vertically disposed longitudinal axis, a second conduit in the boiler connecting the space above the water level therein to the inlet of the condenser so that steam flows from the boiler to the condenser, an outlet on the condenser extending through a container wall for discharging the condensed steam as degasified distilled water, a heater in the boiler for heating the water therein, and a motor driven stirrer axially of the coiled tube condenser for generating a swirling movement of the reservoir water with formation of steam bubbles therein. Optionally, an oversized filter is mounted at the outlet of the condenser.

Process for extracting water-soluble substances in powder

Abstract: PURPOSE:To cause water-soluble substances adsorbed on solid powder to be extracted therefrom and dissolved into water efficiently in a short time by dipping powder on which water-soluble substances are adsorbed into water and applying ultrasonic waves thereto. CONSTITUTION:Powder on which water-soluble substances are adsorbed is put into distilled water in a beaker 4 and said beaker 4 is placed on a perforated tray 3 and dipped into water in a tank 2. If a piezoelectric ceramic vibrator of an ultrasonic oscillator 1 is actuated under such conditions as stated above to generate ultrasonic waves, the ultrasonic waves are transferred to the powder in the beaker 4 through the water in the tank 2 and further through distilled water in the beaker 4, where the water-soluble substances adsorbed on the powder are extracted and dissolved into the distilled water in the beaker 4 by the action of ultrasonic waves. In this manner, effective, highly-reproducible extraction of water-soluble substances can be achieved in a short time, at high operation efficiency, without application of heat.