Showing papers on "Distilled water published in 1994"

Partition coefficients of some acetate esters and alcohols in water, blood, olive oil, and rat tissues.

Abstract: Partition coefficients of hydrophilic organic solvents (C1-C5 acetate esters and alcohols) in distilled water, olive oil, human blood, and various rat tissues (blood, liver, kidney, brain, muscle, and fat) were determined. Water/air partition coefficients were measured by a new vial equilibration technique, which needs no direct measurement of the concentration in either the liquid phase or the gas phase, but only the gas chromatographic peak areas from both phases. Once the water/air partition coefficients had been measured, the blood/air, oil/air, and tissue/air partition coefficients could be measured by the previously developed vial equilibration method, which uses gas chromatographic peak areas from the gas phases in the sample (which contains test material) and the reference (which contains no test material) vessels. The alcohols tested were 32 (methanol) to 128 (n-pentanol) times more hydrophilic than the corresponding esters compared with oil/water partition coefficients. In general, water/air partition coefficients decreased and oil/air partition coefficients increased in proportion to the number of carbon atoms. Blood/air coefficients of alcohols were almost parallel to water/air partition coefficients, whereas no such relation was found with acetate esters. n-Isomers of both acetate esters and alcohols were found to be more soluble in water, blood, oil, and tissues than the corresponding iso-isomers.

The Effect of Plasticizers on the Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol Films

Abstract: The effect of water-soluble plasticizers viz propylene glycol (PG), glycerol and polyethylene glycol 600 (PEG) on the morphology and water resistance of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films was investigated. Polyvinyl alcohol films were cast from aqueous solutions, and their morphology studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Water resistance was characterized by the extent of film dissolution and the water uptake capacity of remnant films after immersion of the films in distilled water for 3 days at 37° C. DSC thermograms showed that crystallite formation in the PVA films was affected to different extent by addition of the three plasticizers. The plasticizers not only reduced the degree of crystallinity in the films, but also lowered the crystalline melting temperatures probably by introducing defects into the crystal lattice. This factor, coupled with leaching of the water-soluble plasticizers from the films when immersed in distilled water, lowered ...

Ceramic formation at low temperature

Abstract: PURPOSE: To obtain a dense ceramic excellent in heat resistance, abrasion resistance, etc., by subjecting a specific polysilazane (modified substance) to drying at a room temperature or a heat treatment followed by a steam treatment and/or impregnation into a catalyst-containing distilled water. CONSTITUTION: Polysilazane (e.g. formula II) comprising a main structure of an unit expressed by formula I (R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each H, an alkyl, an alkenyl, a cycloalkyl, an aryl, an alkylsilyl, an alkylamino, an alkoxy, etc.) and having a number average molecular weight of 1,000,000-50,000 or its modified substance is prepared at first. After drying at a room temperature or a heat treatment, the polysilazane (modified substance) is subjected to a disposition in a steam atmosphere and/or immersing into distilled water containing catalyst (e.g. triethylamine) to obtain ceramic. By this process, a dense ceramic coating film can be formed on a plastic base material by a heat treatment at a low temperature ≤ about 100°C. COPYRIGHT: (C)1995,JPO

Nasal heat and water exchange is not an effector mechanism for water balance regulation in grey seals

Abstract: Phocid seals may effectively restrict respiratory heat and water loss by nasal heat and water exchange (NHE), and respiratory heat loss is, in fact, subject to thermoregulatory control. We have investigated whether phocid seals also control NHE and respiratory water loss to regulate water balance. Three resting juvenile female grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) were subjected to: (i) 5 days of food and water deprivation, (ii) intravenous infusion of 1000 ml of a hypersomotic (930 mM) solution of the diuretic mannitol, and (iii) oral injection of 1500 ml distilled water. During these experiments in air of 0 degree C, expired air temperature (T(ex)) and respiratory frequency (f) were recorded, and urine and blood samples collected. The results were compared with results from control experiments. Five days of food and water deprivation caused an average 10.5% and 20.8% increase in plasma (PO) and urine (UO) osmolality, respectively. Mannitol infusion induced excessive diuresis and caused an average 2.45% reduction of the estimated body water pool. Water loading caused an average 4.5% and 60% reduction in PO and UO, respectively, while urine production increased by 365%, on average. However, in no case did either T(ex) or f change significantly from mean control levels of 22.4 (range: 20.7-25.2) degrees C and 7.3 (range: 6.6-8.4) breaths min-1, respectively. Thus, water balance disturbances that initiate renal compensatory mechanisms fail to affect NHE in grey seals. This suggests that control of NHE is not an effector mechanism for regulation of water balance in grey seals.

Effect of some inorganic salts and hydrogen ion concentration on indirect germination of the sporangia of Phytophthora infestans

Abstract: When the sporangia of Phytophthora infestans washed twice in distilled water were tested for indirect germination at 14°C, they did not germinate well (9% in 3hr) in distilled water, while in the tap water of Hokkaido Natl. Agric. Exp. Stn., they germinated well (78% in 3hr). Since some inorganic ions in the tap water appeared effective, various concentrations (0.01-10mM) of the salts, CaCl2, Ca(NO3)2, MgCl2, MgSO4, KCl, K2SO4, NaCl and Na2SO4, were evaluated for the effectiveness on indirect germination. Sporangial suspensions were preincubated for 22hr at 22°C for sporangial maturation and postincubated at 14°C for indirect germination. The most effective solution was 0.3mM CaCl2 (71% germination in 1hr), followed by 0.3mM MgSO4 (65%). Potassium and sodium salts were not very effective (<23%). At the cation concentration of 10mM all the salts except Na2SO4 inhibited indirect germination (0-5%). Hydrogen ion concentration markedly affected indirect germination, optimum at pH 8.0 (90% germination at 0.1mM CaCl2) but completely inhibitory at pH 4.5 (0%). Considering the results and the cations contained in the tap water, a synthetic salts solution favorable for indirect germination was devised: 0.2mM CaCl2, 0.05mM MgSO4, 0.05mM KH2PO4, 0.5mM NaHCO3, 0.01mM Fe-EDTA-Na. Using this solution the effect of sporangial concentration on indirect germination was also investigated. Sporangial suspensions below 2.5×104 sporangia/ml were favorable for indirect germination (≥97% in 2hr) but those above 105 were not.

Electron Microprobe Analysis of Electrolytes in Whole Cultured Epithelial Cells

Abstract: Microprobe analysis was used to determine electrolyte contents in whole epithelial sheets of A6 cells and to investigate the most critical points of this method. Analysis of dextran standard sections of different thickness revealed that low accelerating voltages of about 10 kV are best suited for whole freeze-dried cells on thick supports, since 5 microM thick sections are not penetrated by 10 kV electrons. Washing of A6 cells for 10 sec with distilled water led to cell swelling of about 40%, but the molar concentration ratios and the concentrations per dry weight (dw) were not altered. Washing for 60 sec with distilled water caused a further increase in cell volume (120%) and loss of cellular K and Cl (90 mmol/kg dw). Washing with isotonic NH4- acetate led to a loss of cell Cl already after 10 sec. To characterize the Na transport compartment, A6 cells cultured on permeable supports were washed for 5 sec with distilled water, freeze-dried, and analyzed. Inhibition of transepithelial Na transport by ouabain increased Na/P from 0.15 +/- 0.07 to 0.75 +/- 0.03 and Cl/P from 0.21 +/- 0.001 to 0.38 +/- 0.003 while K/P decreased from 0.83 +/- 0.08 to 0.32 +/- 0.03. The changes in cell Na and K contents can be explained by K/Na exchange; the increase in Cl content indicates some cell swelling. Since the ouabain-induced changes could be prevented by apical amiloride, the apical membrane provides the most important pathway for Na entry in A6 cells.

Water-based adhesive composition with bond retention in the presence of water

Abstract: The invention provides a water-based adhesive composition comprising a blend of adhesive polymers in an aqueous system, characterized in that the blend of adhesive polymers is: 20-60% by weight of an acrylic polymer having a polarity balance expressed as water absorption according to DIN 53495 of 3 to 20%; and correspondingly 40-80% by weight of a compatible tackifying resin having a degree of hydrophobicity measured as the contact angle between a dried film of the resin and a drop of distilled water of not less than 60°; the percentages being based on the total of acrylic polymer plus tackifying resin expressed as dry solids. The composition shows good bond retention when wet and can be used for bonding polar substrates such as cellulose and non-polar substrates such as polyolefin. When used to bond a water absorbing substrate such as cellulose, the adhesive should have a viscosity of 200 mPas or less. The adhesive is particularly suitable for use in the manufacture of absorbent pads such as diapers and sanitary napkins.

The effect of water quality on nutrient availability for grower/finisher pigs

Abstract: Two 6 × 6 Latin square experiments were conducted with male grower/finisher pigs (initial weight approximately 45 kg) to determine the effects of increasing levels of total dissolved solids (TDS) in water on the partitioning of nutrients from the diet. The first experiment consisted of six water treatments, 0 (distilled water), 370 (tap water), 1000, 4000, 6350, and 8000 ppm TDS. The increased TDS levels were obtained by the addition of sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and sodium sulphate (in the ratio 3:3:1) to the tap water. At these levels there was no significant treatment effect (P > 0.05) on growth rate (GR), digestibility of energy (DE) or crude protein, or metabolizable crude protein. As water TDS increased, metabolizable energy (ME) decreased (P < 0.05) from 3150 kcal kg−1 to 2932 kcal kg−1. In the second experiment, six water treatments were prepared by the addition of magnesium sulphate, sodium sulphate, and sodium chloride (in the ratio of 3:3:1) to tap water (450 ppm TDS) to obtain water ...

On-line preconcentration and determination of lead by fibrous alumina and flow injection–atomic absorption spectrometry

Abstract: A rapid on-line preconcentration technique for the determination of lead in waters by flow injection–flame atomic absorption spectrometry had been devised. Preconcentration was based on the deposition of analyte on a fibrous alumina micro-column and subsequent elution by injection of a small volume of nitric acid (250 µl of 1 mol l–1 acid). Measurement precision at the 5 µg l–1 level was 4.9% and the limit of detection, based on three times the standard deviation of the blank signal for processing distilled water (15 ml), was 0.7 µg l–1. The procedure was successfully applied to a range of water samples.

Pulp response to a novel adhesive calcium hydroxide based cement.

Abstract: This study compares pulp responses to 3 formulations of calcium hydroxide, namely: a) An experimental adhesive calcium hydroxide cement containing polyacrylic acid, b) Dycal (L.D> Caulk Co, Milford, Delaware) Batch Nos 176970/176990, c) "Analar" calcium hydroxide mixed with sterile distilled water. After 28 days dentine bridges were present in 77% of teeth capped with the test material, 64% of teeth treated with Dycal and in 62% of teeth capped with calcium hydroxide and water. Inflammatory infiltrates were observed in a number of teeth remote from the bridges. Bacteria were detected in these specimens. Exposed rat molar pulp responses to an experimental adhesive calcium hydroxide cement were similar to to those observed with 2 other calcium hydroxide formulations.

Evaporation means and method

Abstract: An evaporator (11), which includes a water chamber (72) for receiving water to be evaporated. A plurality of evaporator tubes (60) which when heated, and when water is on an inner wall of a tube, evaporates at least a portion of that water. A plurality of distributors (100) spatially connecting the water chamber with the evaporator tubes in a manner so that each distributor (100) uniformly and distributes the water from the water chamber to an inner wall of a corresponding evaporator tube. A heat source, which heats the plurality of tubes to an evaporation temperature. Apparatus distills the water vapor resulting from the water evaporation to provide distilled water.

Process for the chemical preparation of bismuth telluride

Abstract: A process for producing bismuth telluride including dissolving tellurium to form a first solution; heating the first solution to approximately 70° C.; stirring the first solution; slowly and quantatively adding an amount of bismuth trioxide (Bi2 O3) to produce a Bi/Te second solution wherein the ratio of Bi: Te=2:3; cooling the second solution to approximately 25° C.; preparing a solution of concentrated aqueous ammonia and distilled water; adding the solution of aqueous ammonia and distilled water dropwise to the second solution at approximately 25° C. to form a third solution; rapidly stirring the third solution to produce a precipitate therefrom; separating the precipitate from the third solution by centrifugation; washing the separated precipitate in distilled water; drying the washed precipitate in air to produce a Bi2 Te3 O9.xH2 O, where x=1, precursor powder; heating predetermined quantities of the dried precursor powder to 250° C.-275° C., and exposing the heated precursor powder to flowing hydrogen at 1 atmosphere pressure for a period in the range of 3 to 12 hours to produce a final black powder of bismuth telluride.

Partial Molal Volumes of Uni-univalent Electrolytes in Methanol + Water. 2. Sodium Bromide and Potassium Bromide

Abstract: The densities of the solutions were measured relative to the densities of the mixed solvents with an oscillating-tube densimeter (Anton Paar, DMA 60) operated in a phaselocked loop mode using two measuring cells (DMA 601). The precision of the density measurements was estimated to be +2 x g ~ m ~ . Details of the apparatus and procedure have been described earlier (8). The temperature of the cells was maintained within k0.002 "C by using a constructed quartz temperature controller. The densimeter was calibrated a t each measurement with water (5) and dry air. Suprapur sodium bromide and potassium bromide were obtained from E. Merck Co. Ltd. These electrolytes were used without further purification. Spectrograde methanol, obtained from Nacalai Tesque Inc., was used without further purification for all experiments. The water content of the methanol, determined by the Karl-Fischer method, was less than 0.01 mass %. Doubly distilled water through a quartz still was used for calibration of the cells. The deionized water was used to make the mixtures of methanol and water. The mixture was degassed before use to prevent the formation of bubbles in the density-measuring cell during an experiment.

Process to prepare activated calcium

Abstract: A process to prepare active calcium with egg shell, shrimp shell and shell as raw materials includes such technological steps as charring cleaned raw materials for 3-12 hours, high-temp (800-1700 deg.C) activating calcine, addition of distilled water, hydrolytic expansion at 200-300 deg.C, baking and pulverization to obtain 200 meshes powdered calcium hydroxide, an active calcium with 48-57% calcium content. Obtained active calcium features high purity and low content of harmful matter (Pb<1 ppm, As<1 ppm and Cd<1 ppm), strong activity and easy absorption by human body.

Mosquito-repellent health liquid

Abstract: A mosquito-repelling liquid is prepared with Chinese herbal medicines, essence, alcohol and distilled water and features high mosquito-repelling effect, safety to human body and fragrance.

Selective carbon filter

Abstract: The production of filter material from activated carbon compacts, use of which makes possible selective separation of organic and inorganic phase, proceeds with the following steps: (a) mixing to homogeneity activated carbon particles having a size of 1 to 100 mu m with aluminium oxide of the pseudoboehmite modification in the ratio 1:1 to 5:1, (b) adding distilled water, mixing well, (c) adding dilute acetic acid, mixing well, (d) adding distilled water again, (e) forming tablets or similar structures in a mould under pressure and (f) sequential heating of the tablets to 1) 80 to 100 DEG C for 6 to 10 hours, 2) 140 to 160 DEG C for 8 to 10 hours 3) 180 to 200 DEG C for 6 to 10 hours. A filter material according to the invention for selective separation of organic material from an organic phase comprises activated carbon compacts produced in this manner and is used for selective separation of organic and inorganic phases.

Self-condensating distilling device

Abstract: The utility model relates to a self-condensating distillation plant which directly uses evaporating liquid as coolant. The utility model is composed of distilled water collectors of a distillation still, evaporation and condensation tanks, and a liquid storage tank. A plurality of evaporation and condensation tanks and distilled water collectors are sheathed on the distillation still in an overlapping, and a multistage distillation plant is formed thereby. When vapor in sequence passes through the multi-layer evaporation and the condensation tanks, the purpose of the layer-by-layer evaporation and condensation can be reached. Evaporating liquid is used as cooling water, and the purposes of energy saving and water saving can be reached. The utility model can be used for glass blowing, sheet metal welding, the casting and assembly of iron, copper, aluminum, etc. The utility model is a novel distillation plant for preparing distilled water and concentrated solution in the laboratories of chemical plants and can also be used for evaporating sea water to produce salt.

Povidon-iodine ointment

Abstract: The ointment is an oil-in-water emulsion with melting point higher than 50 deg.C, good stability and retentivity. Its components include povidone-iodine 2%, stearic acid 10-15%, super fatty alcohol 6-10%, paraffin oil 0-3.5%, laurinol sodium sulphate 1-2%, potassium iodate 0.3-0.6%, glycerine 0-12%, polyethyleneglycol liquid 30-35% and distilled water 25-35%. During the prepn, various water phase and oil phase components are first mixed at 90 deg.C and povidone-iodine is added slowly after the temp. of mixture decreases to 40 deg.C. The said ointment has ideal disinfectant effect.

Biosynthesis of Poly(γ-glutamic acid) in Bacillus subtilis IFO3335 and Crosslinking Reaction by γ-Irradiation of Poly(γ-glutamic acid).

Abstract: The production of Poly(γ-glutamic acid) (PGA) in Bacillus subtilis IFO3335 was studied. When citric acid as a carbon source was added to a glutamic acid medium containing L-glutamic acid and ammonium sulfate, a large amount of PGA without a by-product such as a polysaccharide was produced. The nutritional requirements for PGA production were also investigated. It can be presumed that the glutamic acid unit in PGA is mainly produced from citric acid and ammonium sulfate. The PGA productivity was investigated at various ammonium sulfate concentrations in the media. The addition of ammonium sulfate in the medium caused the depression of cell growth, high productivity of PGA (20 g/1), and the production of PGA with a high molecular weight. PGA hydrogels have been prepared by means of the γ-irradiation of PGA in aqueous solutions. The production conditions and properties of PGA hydrogels were investigated. When the dosage of γ-irradiation was 2 Mrad or more and the concentration of PGA in distilled water was 2 wt% or more, transparent hydrogels could be produced. In the case of 2 Mrad γ-irradiation and 5 wt% PGA concentration, the produced hydrogel was very weak, however, the specific water content (wt. of absorbed water/wt. of dry hydrogel) of this PGA hydrogel was approximately 3500. It was found that the water sorption capability of PGA hydrogels was very high. The specific water content of PGA hydrogels decreased markedly with an increase in the γ-irradiation dosage. The swelling equilibria of PGA hydrogels were measured in distilled water or in aqueous solutions of various pH's or NaCl or CaCl2 concentrations. Under acid conditions (low pH) or upon the addition of electrolytes, the degrees of swelling of PGA hydrogels were smaller than that in distilled water.

Vacuum distilling plant for water

Abstract: PURPOSE:To economically obtain high-grade water, in an apparatus cooling steam obtained by heating and evaporating water to condense the same, by using a cooling medium compressor in a cooling means and providing an auxiliary heat-exchanging pipe in an evaporator and utilizing the waste heat of an air conditioner. CONSTITUTION:A water supply preheater A preliminarily evaporating condensed water is provided and the water preheated by the preheater A is sent to an evaporator B to be evaporated and the generated steam is supplied to a condenser C from a steam pipe D to be cooled and condensed while the obtained condensed water is taken out as distilled water. At this time, the high temp. and high pressure cooling medium raised in pressure by a cooling medium compressor E is allowed to radiate heat and this heat is utilized in the heating of water to cool the cooling medium itself. This cooled liquid is guided to the condenser C through a capillary to perform heat absorption to cool steam. The evaporator B and the condenser C are held to a vacuum state by the operation of a vacuum pump F and an auxiliary heat-exchanging pipe H and an auxiliary electric heater G are provided to the evaporator B.