Showing papers on "Distilled water published in 2010"
TL;DR: In this paper, an ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydration has been implemented as a method to increase water diffusivity and reduce drying time in strawberries, which has shown success in reducing drying time and costs, and microscopic analysis was carried out to evaluate the formation of microchannels and other changes to the fruit tissue structure.
Abstract: Pretreatment of fruits prior to drying has shown success in reducing drying time and costs. In this work, ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydration has been implemented as a method to increase water diffusivity and reduce drying time in strawberries. Strawberry halves were immersed in distilled water and in two different concentrations of sucrose solutions while pretreatment time and ultrasonic frequency levels were varied to determine their effect on drying time, water loss, and soluble solids gain. A microscopic analysis was carried out to evaluate the formation of microchannels and other changes to the fruit tissue structure. Greater sucrose concentration used in ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydration resulted in greater water loss with greatest loss observed for the strawberry halves pretreated for 45 min in a 50% w/w sucrose solution. The pretreatment carried out for 30 min employing an osmotic solution of 50% w/w of sucrose resulted in the highest drying rate among the pretreatments. Osmotic dehydrat...
190 citations
TL;DR: Microporous hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fibres were prepared by the dry-wet spinning technique as discussed by the authors, where N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) was used as solvent, while water and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) were used as pore forming additives.
186 citations
TL;DR: Results showed that S-PRG filler released several types of ions, and that ion release was influenced by the mixing ratio of the solution rather than the initial pH of the answer, regardless of their initial pH levels before mixing.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyze the ions released from a surface pre-reacted glass ionomer (S-PRG) filler in distilled water or lactic acid solution. S-PRG filler was mixed with either solution at 1000:1, 100:1, 10:1, and 1:1 ratios by weight. By means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and a fluoride electrode, elements released from S-PRG filler were identified to be Al, B, Na, Si, Sr, and F. To investigate the effect of solution pH on ion release, the pH values of the solutions before mixing and after 24 hours' mixing with S-PRG were measured. After 24 hours' mixing, the pH values of solutions at all ratios became more neutral or weakly alkaline regardless of their initial pH levels before mixing. In conclusion, results showed that S-PRG filler released several types of ions, and that ion release was influenced by the mixing ratio of the solution rather than the initial pH of the solution.
168 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, different copper-based nanofluids were prepared in distilled water and distilled water with 9.0% of sodium lauryl sulphate anionic surfactant (SDS).
118 citations
TL;DR: The flow regime in the continuous flow reactor was evaluated in a tracer study to determine whether it is a plug flow reactor (PFR) or constantly stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and the results show that this reactor was close to an ideal CSTR, i.e., it was fairly well-mixed.
115 citations
TL;DR: Data show that the formation of specific zeolites takes place always at lower temperatures when using seawater, which could be responsible of the differences on the starting time of synthesized zeolite with distilled water.
96 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the water absorption behavior of pultruded kenaf fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester composites was investigated and residual compressive properties of the composites after immersion were also reported.
94 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the behavior of polypropylene nanocomposites containing different amounts of commercial nanoclay upon exposure to distilled water and sea water at different temperatures was investigated and compared with that of neat PP.
76 citations
TL;DR: The results showed that the survival time of AIV in all of the water types was inversely proportional to storage temperature, and all three viruses showed varying sensitivity to inactivation under each of the experimental conditions.
Abstract: The tenacity of three low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (AIV; subtypes H4N6, H5N1, and H6N8) was tested at five different temperatures (−10, 0, 10, 20, and 30 C) in distilled water, normal saline, and surface water obtained from Lake Constance. Infectivity of AIV in the samples was quantified at regular intervals by end point titration on Madin-Darby canine kidney cells for a maximum period of 36 wk, and duplicate samples were tested each time. The results showed that the survival time of AIV in all of the water types was inversely proportional to storage temperature. All three viruses showed varying sensitivity to inactivation under each of the experimental conditions. Persistence of the viruses was the longest in distilled water, second longest in normal saline, and shortest in surface water. The virus-inoculated surface water remained infective for a few days at 30 and 20 C, a few weeks at 10 C, and for months at 0 and −10 C.
72 citations
TL;DR: The effect of silane treatment on the water absorption properties of reinforced epoxy composites was investigated in this paper, where experiments were carried out using γ-aminopropyltriethoxy silane, 3-trimethoxysilylpropylmethacrylate, vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane, bis[3-(triethoxylyl)propyl]tetrasulfide, 3aminopropyltrimETHoxysilane, and n-octyl trimeth
Abstract: The effect of silane treatment on the water absorption properties of bamboo matting reinforced epoxy composites were investigated. Experiments using γ-aminopropyltriethoxy silane, 3-trimethoxysilylpropylmethacrylate, vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane, bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, and n-octyltrimethoxysilane were carried out to improve the water resistant property of the bamboo fiber composites. Water absorption in the composites was studied by long term immersion and 2 h boiling in distilled water. The process of absorption of water was found to follow the kinetics and mechanism described by Fick's theory. Alkali treatment results in reduction of water absorption from 41 to 26%. Further reduction is observed with silane treatment. Water absorption varies between 21 and 24%, minimum being for aminopropyltriethoxysilane treated composite. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
67 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the catalytic removal of nitrates in natural water (not the water prepared in the laboratory by adding a nitrate salt to distilled water) from polluted aquifers, using a continuous stirred tank reactor.
TL;DR: In this article, an as-prepared MnO2 template was used to prepare LiNi 0.5Mn 1.5O4, and appropriate amounts of LiC2H3O2·H2O and NiNO32·6H2Os were completely dissolved in distilled water and mixed with MnO 2 in a molar ratio of 1:0.5:1.
Abstract: with distilled water and was vacuum-dried at 120°C. An as-prepared MnO2 template was used to prepare LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, and appropriate amounts of LiC2H3O2·H2O and NiNO32·6H2O were completely dissolved in distilled water and mixed with MnO2 in a molar ratio of 1:0.5:1.5 LiC2H3O2·H2O:NiNO32·6H2O:MnO2. After drying it in an oven, the product was ground using mortar and pestle, fol- lowed by firing at 400 and 700°C for 2 and 8 h, respectively. For comparison, the cathode powder was obtained using the sol-gel pro- cess, LiC2H3O2·H2O was first dissolved in distilled water, and then MnC2H3O2·4H2O and NiNO32·6H2O were continuously dissolved into it with a molar ratio of 1:1.5:0.5 Li:Mn:Ni. Finally, poly vinylpyrrolidene as a chelating agent was mixed together, and NH4OH was added to adjust pH 8.5 to 9.0. The solution was dried at
TL;DR: Variations in fluroxypyr solubility with water hardness and alkalinity showed a salting-in effect, and K(F) from the Freundlich equation linearly increased withWater hardness due to salt-screened electrostatic repulsions between charged fluroXypyr molecules.
TL;DR: In this article, the gelation of raw material (starch) and modified polymer (acrylamide grafted starch) according to the equilibrium swelling degree has been investigated in different media (distilled water, n-saline and buffer solution pH 2).
TL;DR: In the daily-culture and successive batch strategy experiments the maximum amount of WSOS produced in the SMRs was almost double that of the control, and the highest water holding capacity value 92.21 g/g was observed for BC formed in theSMRs prepared with 3.0% of agar.
Abstract: The effect of agar plates on the bacterial cellulose (BC) production in a static culture was investigated in order to find the role of agar component as a surface modifying agent. Two types of surface modified reactors (SMRs: SMRD and SMRB) were prepared by coating the bottom of the reactors with agar dissolved in distilled water and basal medium, respectively. The SMRs were used for BC and water soluble oligosaccharides (WSOS) production. Control was done by the same procedure using reactors without agar plate. In both types of SMRs, the maximum production rate was observed after the second day of cultivation compared to third day of cultivation in the case of the control. The maximum productions of BC 5.308 and 5.472 g/L were observed at the first batch using SMRs prepared with agar dissolved in distilled water (SMRDs) and SMRs prepared with agar dissolved in a basal medium (SMRBs), respectively. Similarly, in the daily-culture and successive batch strategy experiments the maximum amount of WSOS produced in the SMRs was almost double that of the control. The highest water holding capacity value 92.21 g/g was observed for BC formed in the SMRs prepared with 3.0% of agar. FTIR and XRD analyses were carried out to study the structural features of the prepared BC.
01 Mar 2010
TL;DR: A simple model for the mass accumulation of particulate-based deposits with time is presented and the factors responsible for the differences between materials are discussed.
Abstract: The formation of calcium carbonate on the surfaces of polypropylene and copper tubes was studied by exposing tubes to a laminar flow of room temperature distilled water, supersaturated with respect to calcite. Three water chemistries were used: a control (pH 9.3), one with lower supersaturation but similar pH as the control, and one with higher pH (pH 11) but similar supersaturation as the control. The accumulation of calcium carbonate with time was characterized along with the microstructure and the crystal structure of the deposits. On both tube materials, the amount of calcium carbonate deposited per unit surface area increased with time. At any given time, the accumulation was significantly less when the low supersaturation water was used. For all three water chemistries, more calcium carbonate formed on polyproplyene as compared with copper, with the greatest difference between the two noted for the higher pH water. The deposits consisted of discrete particles and particle clusters, the number and size of which increased with time. Calcite was the dominant polymorph for deposits on copper. On polyproplyene, the deposits were a mixture of calcite, vaterite and aragonite with aragonite dominating except at low supersaturation. A simple model for the mass accumulation of particulate-based deposits with time is presented and the factors responsible for the differences between materials are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the rinsed Bosnian red mud (RBRM) was evaluated as an economical, composite sorbent for aqueous Ni 2+ ions, and the process was investigated as a function of pH, contact time and initial metal concentration.
TL;DR: In this paper, the adsorption of Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a well known cationic surfactant on silica gel and its application for organic bearing wastewater treatment was studied in detail.
Abstract: The adsorption of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a well known cationic surfactant on silica gel and its application for organic bearing wastewater treatment was studied in detail. The study was conducted for both CTAB-spiked distilled water and real wastewater. The studies on adsorbent dose variation and removal kinetics were conducted to find the optimum dose and equilibrium contact time for CTAB removal. Interestingly, the adsorption capacity was found to be very high for real wastewater and the reaction occurred very rapidly compared to that of CTAB-spiked distilled water samples. The kinetic study revealed that the reaction followed the pseudo-second order reaction kinetics model. The isotherm followed four region isotherm models. The effects of various parameters such as pH, presence of electrolytes and operating conditions on the adsorption process were studied. High adsorption capacity was observed in presence of electrolytes and in alkaline condition. Kinetic study determined the rate limi...
TL;DR: In this article, the hydration properties and molecular dynamics of hybrid poly(hydroxyethyl-co-ethyl acrylate)/silica hydrogels were investigated by simultaneous polymerization and silica preparation by sol-gel method.
TL;DR: In water and basic solutions, the leached amount showed saturation after higher initial dissolution than in acid and the deposition of many particles on the surface was observed, and the amount leached was less for Pb than other components.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of silane treatments on the water absorption properties of bamboo matting reinforced epoxy composites were investigated, and it was found that among the various silanes used only aminopropyltriethoxy silane treatment is suitable for bamboo-epoxy composite.
Abstract: The effect of silane treatments on the water absorption properties of bamboo matting reinforced epoxy composites were investigated. Treatments using γ-Aminopropyltriethoxy silane, 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate, Vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane, Bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl] tetrasulfide, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane and n-Octyltrimethoxy silane were carried out to study the water absorption property of the bamboo composites. Water absorption in the composites was studied by long-term immersion and 2 h boiling in distilled water. The process of absorption of water was found to follow the kinetics and mechanism described by Fick's theory. Only aminosilanes have shown the positive effects, but to a limited degree. It has been found that among the various silanes used only aminopropyltriethoxy silane treatment is suitable for bamboo-epoxy composite. Aminopropyltriethoxy silane-treated bamboo fiber composite has decreased the water uptake from 41.42% to 36.87%.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that water can efficiently replace conventional fructose-based hypo-osmotic media for evaluation of the functional integrity of the plasma membrane of ejaculated fresh, cooled, and frozen– thawed canine sperm.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency of the water test to evaluate the functional membrane integrity of ejaculated canine sperm after collecting, cooling, and freezing-thawing. Twenty-five ejaculates were obtained from 12 stud dogs by digital manipulation. Sperm-rich fractions were evaluated, diluted, cooled at 5oC and frozen-thawed. A conventional hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) using a fructose solution (60 mOsm/l) was compared with a HOST using distilled water (0 mOsm/l), for evaluation of the functional integrity of the plasma membrane in fresh, cooled, and frozen-thawed semen. Distilled water detected a higher percentage of reacted sperm in fresh semen (91.2 ± 0.1%) than the conventional HOST (90.6 ± 0.1%; P 0.05). Regardless of the test used, there was a decrease in the mean percentage of reacted sperm after equilibrium and freezing-thawing (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that water can efficiently replace conventional fructose-based hypo-osmotic media for evaluation of the functional integrity of the plasma membrane of ejaculated fresh, cooled, and frozen– thawed canine sperm.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of milling time on the dry conversion of celestite, SrSO 4, to SrCO 3 using sodium carbonate in a planetary type ball mill was investigated.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the water uptake phenomenon during soaking of husk rice (IRGA 424) under different temperatures and found that the effective diffusion coefficient increased with an increase in temperature ranging from 0.80 to 9.18 x 10-11 m2/s.
Abstract: The aim of this work was to study the water uptake phenomenon during soaking of husk rice (IRGA 424) under different temperatures. Grains of husk rice with initial water content of 0.1364 (d.b.) imbibed in distilled water at temperatures of 35, 45, 55, and 75 oC were used. A temperature increase resulted in an increase in the water absorption rate. The Peleg's model fitted satisfactory to the experimental data of water absorption kinetics. The effective diffusion coefficient increased with an increase in temperature ranging from 0.80 to 9.18 x 10-11 m2/s. The dependency of the effective diffusion coefficient on temperature can be described by the Arrhenius relationship for the temperature range studied, activation energy of 33.2 kJ.mol-1.
TL;DR: The stability of ceftiofur in aqueous solutions at various pH and temperature conditions was evaluated and its degradation product, desfuroylceftio Fur, in the incubation solutions was quantified.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of ceftiofur (1 mg mL(-1)) in aqueous solutions at various pH (1, 3, 5, 7.4 and 10) and temperature (0, 8, 25, 37 and 60 degrees C) conditions. The ionic strength of all these solutions was maintained at 0.5 M. Ceftiofur solutions at pH 5 and 7.4 and in distilled water (pH = 6.8) were tested at all the above temperatures. All other solutions were tested at 60 degrees C. Over a period of 84 h, the stability was evaluated by quantifying ceftiofur and its degradation product, desfuroylceftiofur, in the incubation solutions. HPLC was used to analyse these compounds. At 60 degrees C, the rate of degradation was significantly higher at pH 7.4 compared with pH 1, 3, 5 and distilled water. At both 60 degrees C and 25 degrees C, degradation in pH 10 buffer was rapid, with no detectable ceftiofur levels present at the end of 10 min incubation. Degradation rate constants of ceftiofur were 0.79+/-0.21, 0.61+/-0.03, 0.44+/-0.05, 1.27+/-0.04 and 0.39+/-0.01 day(-1) at pH 1, 3, 5, 74 and in distilled water, respectively. Formation of desfuroylceftiofur was the highest (65%) at pH 10. The rate of degradation increased in all aqueous solutions with an increase in the incubation temperature. At pH 7.4 the degradation rate constants were 0.06+/-0.01, 0.06+/-0.01, 0.65+/-0.17, and 1.27+/-0.05 day(-1) at 0, 8, 25, 37 and 67 degrees C, respectively. The energy of activation for ceftiofur degradation was 25, 42 and 28 kcal mol(-1) at pH 5, 7.4 and in distilled water, respectively. Desfurylceftiofur formation was the greatest at alkaline pH compared with acidic pH. Ceftiofur degradation accelerated the most at pH 7.4 and was most rapid at pH 10. The results of this study are consistent with rapid clearance of ceftiofur at physiological pH.
TL;DR: In this article, a fixed bed reactor with water pre-acidified with edible organic acids, viz. acetic acid (AA) and citric acid (CA), has been used for limestone defluoridation.
Abstract: Limestone defluoridation by fixed bed reactor has been studied with water pre-acidified with edible organic acids, viz. acetic acid (AA) and citric acid (CA). The study has been carried out by varying acid concentration, contact time (t), number of repeated use of the same limestone bed (n), and chip size of the crushed limestone using fixed fluoride concentration of 10 mg/L in distilled water and groundwater amended to that concentration of fluoride. The presence of both the acids considerably improved the fluoride removal and the removal increased with increase in the acid concentration. Fluoride removal to less than 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L from initial 5 and 10 mg/L, respectively, have been achieved by the method on treatment with single reactor. The mechanism of fluoride removal in the process thought to be the increase in Ca 2+ activity by dissolution of limestone, which precipitates as CaF 2 . XPS analysis reveals that adsorption also contribute to the fluoride removal along with precipitation. The final pH of water remained within acceptable range for drinking water. Initial concentration of fluoride, effects the removal ability of the limestone particles only to some extent. The influence of other anions on fluoride removal process has a little influence which follows the order phosphate > sulfate > bromide > chloride > nitrate.
01 Jul 2010
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of water absorption on the mechanical properties of fiber reinforced composites were investigated by immersing these specimens in a distilled water bath at 25 o C for four months.
Abstract: Fibre reinforced composites have gained use in a variety of applications. The performances of these composites may suffer when the material is exposed to adverse environments for a long period of time. Kenaf fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites were subjected to water immersion tests in order to study the effects of water absorption on the mechanical properties. Composites specimens containing (10%, 20%, and 30%) weight percentages of fibre were prepared. Water absorption tests were conducted by immersing these specimens in a distilled water bath at 25 o C for four months. The tensile properties of the specimens immersed in water were evaluated and compared with the dry composite specimens. A decrease in the tensile properties of the composites was demonstrated, indicating a great loss in the mechanical properties of the water-saturated samples compared to the dry samples. The percentage of moisture uptake was also increased as the percentage of the fibre weight increased due to the high cellulose content. The water absorption pattern of these composites was found to follow the Fickian behaviour.
TL;DR: In this article, two polymeric membranes, PTFE and PVDF, were employed in a direct contact membrane distillation system to investigate the effects of NaCl concentration, feed temperature, and flow rate on distillate flux and NaCl rejection.
Abstract: Two polymeric membranes, PTFE and PVDF, were employed in a direct contact membrane distillation system to investigate the effects of NaCl concentration, feed temperature, and flow rate on distillate flux and NaCl rejection. The distillate flux increases with increasing the feed flow rate or temperature, PTFE membrane has a higher distillate flux than that of PVDF, and PTFE membrane also has a larger solute rejection than that of PVDF membrane. The decrease of solute rejection by PVDF membrane is owing to the membrane pore wetting, especially at high feed temperature and flow rate. The membrane fouling tests under various feed compositions show that increasing NaCl concentration from 4.5 wt% to 10 wt% or the addition of CaSO4 or BSA into NaCl solution does not cause severe fouling on the PTFE membrane. The distilled water flux recovery (FR) is about 0.96–0.97. The addition of MgCl2 or MgSO4 has a little significant fouling tendency, the distilled water FR is about 0.87–0.88.
TL;DR: The ecotoxicological assays results showed no toxicity, indicating that the referred evaporative process can produce water to be reused in irrigation.
Patent•
01 Sep 2010
TL;DR: In this article, a method for preparing freshwater fish skin collagen is described, which comprises: (1) washing fish skin, draining, cutting, and soaking in 0.001-0.2 M alkali solution containing 0.005-2% (v/v) H2O2 for 3-48 h; (2) stirring at a high speed, washing and soaking with an organic reagent; (3) extracting with acid solution (pH = 1.0-5.0) containing pepsin for 12-64 h, and filtering with
Abstract: This invention discloses a method for preparing freshwater fish skin collagen. The method comprises: (1) washing fish skin, draining, cutting, and soaking in 0.001-0.2 M alkali solution containing 0.005-2% (v/v) H2O2 for 3-48 h; (2) stirring at a high speed, washing and soaking with an organic reagent; (3) extracting with acid solution (pH = 1.0-5.0) containing 0.01-2% (m/v) pepsin for 12-64 h, and filtering with 30-100 mu.m membrane, and then with 1-30 mu.m membrane; (4) adding 5 M NaCl solution into the filtrate to 0.8-2.0 M, centrifuging, dissolving the precipitate in 0.001-0.1 M acetic acid, dialyzing with distilled water, and freeze-drying to obtain white and odorless collagen solid. The collagen can be widely used in food, cosmetic and biomedical fields.