Showing papers on "Distilled water published in 2014"
TL;DR: In this article, a baseline on degradation mechanism and degradation kinetics for lifetime prediction of polylactide (PLA) in a marine environment was established, where samples were immersed in distilled water for six months at different temperatures (25, 30, 40 and 50°C).
178 citations
TL;DR: The salt sensitivity, good water absorbency, and excellent water retention capability of the hydrogels give this intelligentized polymer wide potential applications.
Abstract: A novel composite hydrogel was prepared via UV irradiation copolymerization of acrylic acid and maize bran (MB) in the presence of composite initiator (2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone and ammonium persulfate) and cross-linker (N,N'-methylenebis(acrylamide)). Under the optimized conditions, maize bran-poly(acrylic acid) was obtained (2507 g g(-1) in distilled water and 658 g g(-1) in 0.9 wt % NaCl solution). Effects of granularity, salt concentration, and various cations and anions on water absorbency were investigated. It was found that swelling was extremely sensitive to the ionic strength and cation and anion type. Swelling kinetics and water diffusion mechanism in distilled water were also discussed. Moreover, the product showed excellent water retention capability under the condition of high temperature or high pressure. The salt sensitivity, good water absorbency, and excellent water retention capability of the hydrogels give this intelligentized polymer wide potential applications.
165 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of nanofluid on the thermal performance of heat pipes is investigated experimentally and the wall temperature distribution and the thermal resistance between evaporation and condensation section are measured and compared with those for the heat pipes using distilled water.
105 citations
TL;DR: In this article, polyesteracetal copolymers of 1,3-dioxolan-4-one (DOX) with L-lactide (LA) were synthesized via ring-opening polymerization.
94 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of silica nanospheres, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and two types of their hybrid, i.e., H1 (80 ¼wt.% MWCNT) and H2 (50 ¼ ¼ t.% HWCNT), on the viscosity and density of distilled water were investigated, and the results showed that the least increase in the density of base fluid at high concentrations was for H1.
87 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and hydroxyethylcellulinose (HEC)-based hydrogel with sensitivity to environmental changes, pH and salts was synthesized by using fumaric acid and malic acid at various concentrations.
Abstract: A novel carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)–hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC)-based hydrogel with sensitivity to environmental changes, pH and salts was synthesized by using fumaric acid and malic acid at various concentrations. Water uptake capacity of hydrogels was investigated in distilled water, various salt and pH solutions. From pH-dependent studies, it was found that greater water uptake values were observed at greater pH values (7.4), and reversible pH responsiveness of CMC–HEC based hydrogels was obtained. Decreasing the water uptake capacity with increasing of the charge of the metal cation (Al3+ < Ca2+ < Na+) demonstrated metal ion responsiveness of CMC–HEC-based hydrogels. From tensile tests of the hydrogels, a greater crosslinker concentration led to greater tensile strength values. Thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy images were used to determine the thermal stability and to observe morphological properties of the samples, respectively.
84 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the size, morphology and phase structure of as-prepared Cu nanoparticle were analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, and the tribological properties of the as-synthesized Cu nanoparticles as an additive in distilled water were investigated with a four-ball machine and the morphology and elemental composition of worn steel surfaces were examined using Xray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive spectrometer attachment.
Abstract: Cu nanoparticle surface-capped by methoxylpolyethyleneglycol xanthate was synthesized using in situ surface-modification technique. The size, morphology and phase structure of as-prepared Cu nanoparticle were analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The tribological properties of as-synthesized Cu nanoparticle as an additive in distilled water were investigated with a four-ball machine, and the morphology and elemental composition of worn steel surfaces were examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive spectrometer attachment. Results show that as-synthesized Cu nanoparticle as a water-based lubricant additive is able to significantly improve the tribological properties and load-carrying capacity of distilled water, which is ascribed to the deposition of Cu nanoparticles on steel sliding surfaces giving rise to a protective and lubricious Cu layer thereon. In the meantime, they may also tribochemically react with rubbing steel surfaces to generate a boundary lubricating film consisting of Cu, FeS and FeSO4 on the rubbed steel surface, which helps to result in greatly improved tribological properties of distilled water, thereby reducing friction and wear of the steel–steel pair.
70 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors performed accelerated aging in distilled water at different temperatures (25, 30, 40 and 50°C) on poly(3hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), a biodegradable biopolymer, in order to estimate its lifetime in aqueous environment.
58 citations
Abstract: The chemical, physico-chemical and functional properties of flour and starch from three varieties of jackfruit seed were analyzed in this study. Starch was isolated using distilled water, alkaline and α-amylase enzyme. All varieties of jackfruit seed flour had moisture content 6.28-9.16%, protein 9.19-11.34%, fat 1.18-1.40%, ash 1.53-2.66%, amylose 26.49%-30.21% and starch contents 81.05%-82.52%. Gala variety had highest amount of water soluble index, swelling water capacity and water absorption index than Khaja and Durasha varieties. On the other hand, isolated starch varied 8.39 to 12.20% moisture, 1.09 to 3.67% protein, 1.18 to 1.40% fat, 0.03 to 0.59% ash content. Starch isolated with distilled water had higher protein content, yield, amylose and total starch than starch isolated with alkaline and enzyme. However, purity was depended on the variety and extraction conditions. Enzymatic method gave highest amount of water absorption index and water soluble index as compared to distilled water and alkaline method. Results from this study suggest that jackfruit seed flour can be used as partial replacement of wheat flour and good source of starch.
51 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the dry-gas flow on two-dimensional distributions of humidity and OH radical density are examined by measuring them using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), and the importance of the thin high-humidity region on the flux of reactive species onto the wet surface is discussed.
Abstract: In plasma medicine, plasma is applied to a wet surface and is often accompanied by dry-gas flow. The dry-gas flow affects water evaporation from the wet surface and influences production of reactive species derived from water vapor, such as OH radicals. In this study, the effect of the dry-gas flow on two-dimensional distributions of humidity and OH radical density are examined by measuring them using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). First, humidity is measured when nitrogen flows from a quartz tube of 4 mm inner diameter onto distilled water and agar media from 5 mm distance. NO gas is added to the nitrogen as a tracer and humidity is obtained from the quenching rate of NO molecules measured using LIF. This measurement has a spatial resolution of 0.2 mm3 and a temporal resolution of less than 220 ns. The two-dimensional humidity distribution shows that the dry-gas flow pushes away water vapor evaporating from the wet surface. As a result, a low-humidity region is formed near the quartz tube nozzle and a high-humidity region is formed near the wet surface. The thickness of the low-humidity region reduces with increasing gas flow rate. It is 0.1–0.5 mm for the flow rate of higher than 0.3 l min−1. Next, the OH density is measured when a nanosecond pulsed streamer discharge is applied to a distilled water surface with dry-air flow. The OH density decreases with increasing gas flow rate due to decreased humidity. When the flow rate is lower than 0.1 l min−1, the OH distribution is approximately uniform in the plasma region, while the humidity distribution shows a large gradient. The importance of the thin high-humidity region on the flux of reactive species onto the wet surface is discussed.
46 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on the water quality assessment (feed, product and brine) of the pilot adsorption desalination (AD) plant in the Red Sea.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of different nanoparticle concentrations of Ag and ZrO2 mixed with distilled water as base fluid was examined on solar collector efficiency for different mass flow rates (30, and 90 lit/hr m2).
Abstract: This research is to study performance of a evacuated tube solar collector when silver (Ag(30nm)) + distilled water and oxide titanium (ZrO2(50nm)) + distilled water nanofluids was taken as the working fluid. With higher thermal conductivity of the working fluid the solar collector performance could be enhanced compared with that of distilled water. The two types of nanoparticles are used to investigate at different concentration (i.e. 0, 1, 3 and 5 % vol), mass flow rate (30,60 and 90 lit/hr m2) and the based working fluid was distilled water. The effect of different nanoparticle concentrations of Ag and ZrO2 mixed with distilled water as base fluid was examined on solar collector efficiency for different mass flow rates (30, and 90 lit/hr m2). The area under the curve as an index was used for comparing the effects of mass flow rates and nanoparticle concentrations on the collector total efficiency. The experimental results indicated that the concentration at 1%vol showed insignificant results compared with distilled water. As well as The nanofluids (Ag + DW), at concentrations (1, and 5%vol) and mass flow rates (30, and 90 lit/hr m2), the thermal solar characteristics values of FR(τα), – F RUL were 0.488, 1.168 W/m2.k , 0.593 and 1.252 W/m2.k, while the nanofluid (ZrO2 + DW) 0.437,1.025 W/m2.k ,0.480 and 1.140 W/m2.k respectively. Whereas in the case of distilled water at mass flow rates 30 lit/hr m2 and 90 lit/hr m2 were 0.413,0.973 W/m2.k,0.442 and ,1.011 W/m2.k respectively. Moreover use of nanofluids (Ag(30nm) + + distilled water) and( ZrO2(50nm) + distilled water) as a working fluid could improve thermal performance of flat plate collector compared with distilled water, especially at high inlet temperature. The solar collector efficiency for nanofluid (Ag(30nm) + distilled water) was greater than nanofluid (ZrO2(50nm) + distilled water) due to small particle size for the silver compared with zirconium oxide as well as high thermal conductivity for silver. The type of nanofluid is a key factor for heat transfer enhancement, and improve performance of evacuated tube solar collector.
TL;DR: In this article, the effective parameters on wet purification of biodiesel were investigated and the results showed that the best condition for catalyst and soap removal from biodiesel are acidified water, a temperature of 60°C and a water to biodiesel ratio of 1.5 (v/v).
Abstract: The purity level of biodiesel has a strong effect on fuel properties and on engine life. Therefore, a purification step is necessary. Generally, there are two accepted methods for purifying biodiesel: wet washing and dry washing. In this research, the effective parameters on wet purification of biodiesel were investigated. Three types of biodiesel wash water (tap water, distilled water and water with 3% phosphoric acid), three wet washing temperatures (30, 45 and 60°C), and three levels of water to biodiesel ratios (0.5, 1 and 1.5 v/v) were used. In order to perform the wet washing of biodiesel, a bubble washing technique was used. The catalyst, soap and water residue were considered as the criteria to choose the optimum water washing condition and were measured after the wet washing of crude biodiesel. The results showed that the best condition for catalyst and soap removal from biodiesel are acidified water, a temperature of 60°C and a water to biodiesel ratio of 1.5 (v/v). Also, the least amount of water residue in the final purified biodiesel was observed when using tap water at a temperature of 60°C and a water to biodiesel ratio of 0.5 (v/v).
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors showed that photocatalytic degradation kinetics of DCF are dependent on both the geometry of the photoreactor and the nature of the water matrices.
Abstract: The occurrence of diclofenac (DCF) as an emerging pollutant in surface waters and drinking water has been attributed to elevated global consumption and the inability of sewage treatment plants to remove DCF. In this study, DCF spikeddrinkingwaterandriver waterwassubjectedtophotolysisandTiO2photocatalytictreatmentsinacirculating laboratory-scale(immersion-well)andademonstration-scaleloopreactor(Laboclean).Theoperationalparametersforthe immersion-well reactor were optimised as follows: TiO2 P25 loading, 0.1gL � 1 ; natural pH, 6.2; initial concentration, 30mgL � 1 ; water type, distilled water. Complete DCF removal was realised within 15min under the optimised conditions using the immersion-well reactor. Sunlight-mediated photochemical degradation required aprolonged exposure period of up to 360min for complete DCF removal. DCF in distilled and drinking water was efficiently degraded in the larger Laboclean reactor. Differences were, however, observed based on their pseudo-first-order rate constants, which implies that the water matrix has an effect on the degradation rate. Six major photoproducts, 2-(8-chloro-9H-carbazol-1-yl)acetic acid, 2-(8-hydroxy-9H-carbazol-1-yl)acetic acid, 2,6-dichloro-N-o-tolylbenzenamine, 2-(phenylamino)benzaldehyde, 1-chloromethyl-9H-carbazole and 1-methyl-9H-carbazole, generated from TiO2 photocatalysis of DCF were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) and Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectro- metry (FT-ICR-MS). This work has shown that photocatalytic degradation kinetics of DCF are dependent on both the geometry of the photoreactor and the nature of the water matrices. Additional keywords: advanced oxidation processes, pharmaceuticals, photocatalysis, titanium dioxide.
TL;DR: In this article, three different nanomaterials namely, para-aminobenzoate alumoxane (PAB-A), boehmite-epoxide and polycitrate alumoxANE (PC-A) were coated on the Kevlar fabric, according to a three-step dip-coating protocol.
TL;DR: In this article, a novel submerged photocatalytic membrane distillation reactor (SPMDR) was developed and microwave electrodeless lamps were applied as the source light, which achieved a high color (100%) and TOC (80.1%) removal efficiency after 300 min reaction.
TL;DR: In this paper, the long-term effect of pore water chemistry on the swelling pressure was studied at constant-volume conditions for 700 days, and the results obtained in an initial period of 100 h revealed no significant influence of the water composition on swelling pressure evolution and the maximum swelling pressures observed were close to 4.30 MPa for a dry density of 1.70 Mg/m3.
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for quantification of polyacrylamide concentration using an in-line UV-vis spectrophotometer that can generate real-time data was presented.
Abstract: Measurement of polymers in water and wastewater is a major challenge, and there is currently no quick and simple method that can achieve this. This study presents a method for quantification of polyacrylamide concentration using an in-line UV–vis spectrophotometer that can generate real-time data. Absorbance spectra of seven polymers were established in the wavelength range of 191.5–750 nm and the highest absorbance was recorded at 191.5 nm for all polymers. UV absorbance of the polymers gradually decreased between 191.5–240 nm and a strong linear relationship ( R 2 > 0.97) between concentration and absorbance held at 191.5, 200 and 210 nm. Detection limits were established in distilled water and in four other samples collected from water and wastewater treatment plants. Polymer chemistry and presence of organic and inorganic impurities impacted the detection limits. In distilled water samples, the lowest detection limit measured was 0.05 mg/L. In samples collected from water and wastewater treatment plants, detection limits varied between 0.07 and 1.35 mg/L depending on the polymer type and water quality. Polymers are known to be toxic to aquatic ecosystems and they are suspected carcinogens, and the presented method could be useful in monitoring the polymer concentrations and minimizing its excessive use.
TL;DR: In this paper, a new water distillation system, which consists of either a single or multi-effect distiller combined with an open absorption heat transformer (OAHT), has been proposed.
TL;DR: The obtained results showed that by appropriate selection of the operational parameters, it was possible to extract nearly all of IBP molecules from the feed solution even in the presence of high concentration of salt, which shows that the ELM treatment process represents a very interesting advanced separation process for the removal from complex matrices such as natural and sea waters.
Abstract: In this work, the removal of the worldwide non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen (IBP) and ketoprofen (KTP) by emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) was carried out. An ELM system is made up of hexane as diluent, Span 80 as the surfactant and sodium carbonate as the inner aqueous solution. Effect of experimental conditions that affect the extraction of IBP such as surfactant concentration, emulsification time, sulfuric acid concentration in external phase, acid type in external phase, internal phase concentration, type of internal phase, stirring speed, volume ratio of internal phase to membrane phase, treatment ratio, IBP initial concentration, diluent type and salt was investigated. The obtained results showed that by appropriate selection of the operational parameters, it was possible to extract nearly all of IBP molecules from the feed solution even in the presence of high concentration of salt. Under optimum operating conditions, the efficiencies of IBP removal from distilled water (99.3 %), natural mineral water (97.3 %) and sea water (94.0 %) were comparable, which shows that the ELM treatment process represents a very interesting advanced separation process for the removal of IBP from complex matrices such as natural and sea waters. Under the optimized experimental conditions, approximately 97.4 % KTP was removed in less than 20 min of contact time.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of blanching, osmotic dehydration duration, freezing method and duration of frozen storage on the colour, water activity and water content of osmotically dehydrated and freeze-dried pumpkin was analyzed.
Abstract: This work shows the effect of blanching, osmotic dehydration duration, freezing method and duration of frozen storage on the colour, water activity and water content of osmotically dehydrated and freeze-dried pumpkin. Pumpkin was or was not subjected to blanching process in distilled water at a temperature of 100 °C for 1 min and osmotically dehydrated in starch syrup solution (0, 3 and 20 h) and frozen at −18° (24 h) or −70 °C (2 h). Then, after short (72 h) or long duration (60 days) the pumpkin in frozen storage was freeze-dried on heating shelves at a temperature of 10 °C. Different pre-treatment methods were not found to have clear effect on values of colour coefficient of freeze-dried pumpkin. Osmotic dehydration caused changes in water content and activity of samples. Elongation of osmotic dehydration duration influenced the decrease of water content and activity of freeze-dried pumpkin and had also slight effect on colour changes. Blanching decreased water content and activity, but no significantly. Similar results were obtained also for changes at a temperature of freezing and duration of frozen storage.
TL;DR: In this paper, an online extraction/determination set up was designed for micro solid-phase extraction of clodinafop propargyl from water, soil and wheat samples using electrospun polyamide nanofiber mats.
Abstract: An on-line extraction/determination set up was designed for micro solid-phase extraction of clodinafop propargyl from water, soil and wheat samples using electrospun polyamide nanofiber mats. The prepared mats were packed in a stainless steel tube which conveniently acted as a high-performance liquid chromatography injection loop. Influential parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were optimized using a distilled water sample fortified with 25 μg L−1 of clodinafop propargyl. An enrichment factor of 440 was achieved for clodinafop propargyl indicating the ability of the whole procedure. Under the optimum conditions, the linearity for the analyte was in the range of 6–700 μg L−1, while a limit of detection and limit of quantification of 2 and 6 μg L−1 were achieved, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day RSD% at the concentration level of 25 μg L−1 were 4.6 and 9.3 %, respectively. To investigate the matrix effect, the developed method was applied to the analysis of real water samples including paddy and river waters as well as the wheat and soil samples. The relative recovery percentages for the spiked samples were in the range of 63–95 %.
TL;DR: In this paper, the deposition process of C:H:O plasma polymer films was studied at different experimental conditions such as RF power input and acetone/CO2 gas ratio, and it was found that the most stable plasmas polymer films are those for which the elemental ratio O/C is lower than 0.2.
Abstract: The deposition process of C:H:O plasma polymer films was studied at different experimental conditions such as RF power input and acetone/CO2 gas ratio. Aging of the C:H:O films was studied after their storage both in ambient air and in distilled water at different time scales in order to test their stability. Permanent hydrophilic plasma polymers are obtained showing only minor changes during aging that are mainly connected to oxidation and water (water vapor) adsorption (hydration). The amounts of trapped radicals and oxygen atoms in the films, especially the oxygen bonded in ester groups (OCROR), are of the highest importance in aging. It was found out that the most stable C:H:O plasma polymer films are those for which the elemental ratio O/C is lower than 0.2. These films contain less than 10% of ester groups. With a stable water contact angle of around 55° the C:H:O plasma polymer films appear to be suitable for applications in aqueous environments such as, e.g., in the biomedical field.
TL;DR: In this paper, magnetite nanoparticles were tested to check their stability in various model solutions such as distilled water, 0.9% NaCl, white wine, citric acid, acetic acid, and ethanol.
TL;DR: In this paper, a mixture of polyacrylamide (PAM) with distilled water and polyethylenimine (PEI) was added as a crosslinker.
Abstract: Excess water production in oil and gas wells causes serious productivity and environmental problems in the oilfield. A mixture composed of a polymer, cross-linker, and water is usually injected into the reservoir to block unwanted water by forming a three-dimensional structure. This transition process from solution to gel is a function of temperature, time, salinity of mixing water, and concentration of the various components. The gelling solution was prepared by mixing polyacrylamide (PAM) with distilled water, and then polyethylenimine (PEI) was added as a cross-linker. The injection process was simulated and investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) over the temperature range of 80–120 °C. The DSC dynamic scan showed two consecutive peaks. An endothermic peak was observed at low temperature due to PAM alkaline hydrolysis which ends at around 60 °C. Another exotherm was observed at ~70 °C which corresponds to the onset of cross-linking of PAM and PEI. It was found that high temperatures lead to high release of heat due to gelation. The effect of salts on the cross-linking was also examined. More delay in cross-linking was observed in the case of NH4Cl compared to NaCl. The gelation kinetics was modeled using a rate process model that relates fractional gelation with time. Further, Avrami model, usually used to study crystallization kinetics, was also used to model the gelation process. Kinetic parameters were obtained from the two different models, and the results showed good agreement with experimental data. The presence of salts in seawater leads to a drop of 60–80 % in the rate constant without influencing the order of the gelation reaction.
TL;DR: The results showed that aqueous or diluted acid solutions of TBA reagent and the application of 100°C for less than 1h provided the best conditions to minimize the presence of yellow pigments and maximize pink pigment formation in meat products.
30 Jun 2014
TL;DR: Water was the best solvent in the method of assaying the activity against ABTS(•+) and Fe(2+) ions chelating capability, whereas methanol turned out to be the least effective in this respect.
Abstract: Background Parsley leaf is a rich source of natural antioxidants, which serve a lot of functions in human body and prevent food from oxidation processes. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of different extraction solvents and times of extraction on natural antioxidants content. Owing to the knowledge of the properties of extracted components and solvents, as well as their interactions, it is possible to achieve a high effectiveness of active compounds recovery. Material and methods Three different extraction solvents (acetone 70% in water, methanol 80% in water and distilled water) and different times of extraction (30 and 60 minutes) were used to determine the efficiency of extraction of polyphenols and catechins, antioxidant activity against free radicals DPPH and ABTS and the ability to chelate ion Fe(2+) in dried parsley leaves. Other natural antioxidants contents in parsley leaves were also determined. Results and discussion In this study the best extraction solvent for polyphenols was acetone 70% and for catechins was distilled water. All extracts examined displayed the antioxidative activity, but water was the best solvent in the method of assaying the activity against ABTS(•+) and Fe(2+) ions chelating capability, whereas methanol turned out to be the least effective in this respect. Opposite results were observed in the case of determining the activity against DPPH(•). The prolongation of the extraction time enhanced or decreased antiradical activity in some cases. Additionally, important biologically active compounds in parsley leaves, such as vitamin C (248.31 mg/100 g dry matter), carotenoids (31.28 mg/100 g dry matter), chlorophyll (0.185 mg/g dry matter) were also analysed.
TL;DR: In this article, graphite-like carbon (GLC) films were deposited using magnetron sputtering technique with different target currents, with the increase of target current, the deposition rate and sp(2) site increased, while the mechanical properties and film compactness decreased.
TL;DR: In this paper, laccase was applied to an electrospun zein polyurethane nanofiber via crosslinking with glutaraldehyde, and the relative activity of immobilized laccases was 85% that of free Laccase.
Abstract: Laccases are widely distributed in plants, bacteria, and fungi, and are used for a wide range of applications, including bioremediation. In the present work laccase was immobilized on an electrospun zein polyurethane nanofiber via crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. FESEM and FTIR analysis clearly demonstrates the binding efficiency of laccase on the nanofiber. The relative activity of immobilized laccase was 85% that of free laccase. Immobilized laccase had a better pH and thermal stability than free laccase. The immobilized laccase completely degraded chloroxuron up to 25 reuse cycles in the presence of 1 mM HoBt. Paddy seeds soaked with solution containing chloroxuron treated with immobilized laccase showed a germination percentage closer to the distilled water control; whereas no damage or fatality of paddy seedlings were noticed in treated chloroxuron solution, which demonstrates the ability of immobilized laccase to detoxify the phenyl urea herbicide chloroxuron.
TL;DR: According to the ISO 4049 standards, all the tested materials showed acceptable water sorption and solubility, apart from the water Sorption behavior of Fuji II LC.