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Showing papers on "Docosahexaenoic acid published in 1976"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of ω3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA, 20:5ω3:22:6ω3=1:1) with that of linolenic acid (18:3ω3) on growth and fatty acid composition of rainbow trout were compared.
Abstract: Feeding experiments were conducted to compare the effects of ω3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA, 20:5ω3:22:6ω3=1:1) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6ω3) with that of linolenic acid (18:3ω3) on growth and fatty acid composition of rainbow trout. Addition of ω3 fatty acids, not only 18:3ω3 but also 22:6ω3 and HUFA even at low levels, to an EFA-deficient diet vastly improved growth and feed conversion. Supplemental effects of 0.25% 22:6ω3 and 0.25% HUFA on the growth of rainbow trout were comparable to that of 0.5% 18:3ω3 and those of 0.5% 22:6ω3 and 0.5% HUFA slightly exceeded those of 1 to 3% 18:3ω3. The diet containing 1% 22:6ω3 or 1% HUFA gave the best weight gain and the best feed conversion. These results, together with EFA index and analytical data, indicated that rainbow trout responded better to dietary 22:6ω3 and HUFA than to 18:3ω3 and that 22:6ω3 and HUFA were more effective as EFA than 18:3ω3. Feeding the EFA-deficient diet resulted in raising the levels of the “abnormal” polyunsaturated 20:3ω9 and monoethylenic fatty acids, 16:1 and 18:1, and these levels were lowered by both 22:6ω3, HUFA and 18:3ω3. HUFA and 22:6ω3 appeared to be more efficient than 18:3ω3 in reducing the level of these fatty acids.

59 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Analysis of the fatty acids of total and neutral lipids, glycolipids, phospholipids and gangliosides of buffalo spermatozoa and seminal plasma showed that there were high levels of polyunsaturated acids.
Abstract: Analysis of the fatty acids of total and neutral lipids, glycolipids, phospholipids and gangliosides of buffalo spermatozoa and seminal plasma showed that there were high levels of polyunsaturated acids. Neutral lipids were the richest in polyunsaturated acids (55% in spermatozoa and 61% in seminal plasma). The major saturated acid of all the principal classes was stearic acid and the major unsaturated acid was docosahexaenoic acid (22:6omega3) except in the neutral lipids in which it was arachidonic acid (20:4omega6). The major aldehyde was palmitaldehyde (16:0) in buffalo sperm lipids and docosanal (22:0) in seminal plasma. More than 50% of the total aldehydes was contributed by aldehydes with a chain length greater than 18 carbon atoms.

51 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1976-Lipids
TL;DR: Rats on CHOW diet incorporated far less radioactivity than any other group into lipids of hearts and livers, and most of the activity in livers was recovered as 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6 n−3 in all rats.
Abstract: 14C1-Linolenic acid was incorporated into lipids of hearts, livers, and carcasses of male rats. We studied the influence of diet composition on extent and distribution of radioactivity. A CHOW diet, a purified, essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficient diet, a purified control diet, and EFA-deficient diets with four fatty acid supplements were used. Supplements of 18∶2n−6, 20∶4n−6, 18∶3n−3, and 22∶6n−3 were given as single doses. Radioactivities in liver phosphatidyl ethanolamines (PE), phosphatidyl cholines, and neutral lipids were measured. The distribution of radioactivity among the fatty acids in liver phospholipids was determined. Rats on CHOW diet incorporated far less radioactivity than any other group into lipids of hearts and livers. Most of the activity in livers was recovered as 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 in all rats. In EFA-deficient rats, the radioactivity in 22∶6n−3 of liver PE was still increasing 36 hr after14C1-linolenic acid had been administered. The n−6 supplements (18∶2n−6 and 20∶4n−6) seemed to reduce the conversion of 20∶4n−3 to 20∶5n−3 (desaturation), whereas the n−3 supplements (18∶3n−3 and 22∶6n−3) reduced the conversion of 20∶5n−3 to 22∶5n−3 (elongation). Formation of 22∶6n−3 may be controlled by 22∶6n−3 itself at the elongation of 20∶5n−3 to 22∶5n−3.

22 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The total fatty acid composition and the distribution of acyl groups in the positions 1 and 2 of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1, 2-diACYl- Sn-glycerso- 3-ph phosphoethanolamine from the chick embryo liver have been investigated at various stages of development and marked differences between choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides were demonstrated.

13 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: The composition of the fatty acids from this acidic glycerophospholipid shows an extraordinarily high amount of polyenoic fatty acids, of which docosahexaenoic acid is a main compound.
Abstract: Rats were treated with triton, dextran, silver and iron. The lysosomal fractions from their livers were isolated and the lipids analysed. (MAG)2P could be detected in every phospholipid fraction, accounting for 6-28 per cent of the total lipid phosphorus. The composition of the fatty acids from this acidic glycerophospholipid shows an extraordinarily high amount of polyenoic fatty acids (58-82 per cent of the total), of which docosahexaenoic acid is a main compound.

13 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Rats were fed diets with three different levels of essential fatty acids (EFA); 3.0, 0.75 and 0.07 cal·% for more than two generations as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Rats were fed diets with three different levels of essential fatty acids (EFA); 3.0, 0.75 and 0.07 cal·% for more than two generations. The concentrations of serum phospholipids and cholesterol rose during the suckling period and fell rapidly after weaning. In the liver the triglycerides reached their highest value early in the suckling period. The concentration of the triglycerides was the same in the EFA-deficient groups as in the control group. The fatty acid patterns of serum and liver lecithins in the four dietary groups were similar in several respects, but the concentration of the highly unsaturated fatty acids, primarily arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids, were higher in the liver. The largest deficiency of EFA in serum and in liver was found at birth and during the late suckling and early postsuckling periods. This deficiency was compensated for mainly by an increase in the fatty acid 20:3 (n-9) as well as in the monoenoic acids 16:1 and 18:1. The proportions of fatty acids of the linolenic acid series were reduced more than those of the linoleic acid series at all ages, both in the groups which received 0.75 and in those which received 0.07 cal% EFA.

11 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Hepatocytes isolated from rat or pig by collagenase perfusion were incubated with [3H]glcyerol and different albumin-bount fatty acids and chain length specificity for monoenoic fatty acids was similar, the hexadecenoic and octade cenoic acids (both cis and trans) being most stimulatory.
Abstract: Hepatocytes isolated from rat or pig by collagenase perfusion were incubated with [3H]glycerol and different albumin-bound fatty acids. Among C22 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid stimulated phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis in rat hepatocytes most effectively. Addition of docosahexaenoic acid plus either palmitic or stearic acid resulted almost in the same stimulation whereas combinations of this acid with lauric or myristic acid had no effect. Lauric acid and myristic acid alone inhibited phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis. The chain length specificity for monoenoic fatty acids was similar, the hexadecenoic and octadecenoic acids (both cis and trans) being most stimulatory. The addition of 0.2 mM ethanolamine markedly stimulated phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis, but most effects of fatty acids were similar in its presence or absence. The effect of fatty acids on phosphatidylcholine and total lipid synthesis were often similar but clearly deviated from those on phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis. In isolated pig hepatocytes the effects of fatty acids were similar to those in the rat. The distribution of [3H]glycerol among molecular species of glycerolipids changed drastically upon fatty acid addition. The different effects on phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine synthesis are most probably due to differences in the substrate specificities of ethanolaminephosphotransferase and cholinephosphotransferase.

10 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: It is suggested that diminished catecholamine stress tolerance may be related to altered synthesis of prostaglandins or related products.
Abstract: Significant alterations in fatty acyl composition of cardiac phospholipids and neutral lipids are induced by dietary cod liver oil in the rat. Increased dietary availability of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 omega3) leads to extensive replacement of linoleic acid (18:2omega6) and arachidonic acid (20:4omega6) in phospholipids. Dietary cod liver oil (10%) reduces isoproterenol stress tolerance and results in increased development of cardiac necrosis and mortality following isoproterenol treatment. It is suggested that diminished catecholamine stress tolerance may be related to altered synthesis of prostaglandins or related products.

4 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: 14C-docosahexaenoic acid was incorporated mainly into carcass and liver, and most of the radioactivity was recovered as 22:6n3, although considerable activity was present in C-16 and C-18 chains.
Abstract: Summary14C-docosahexaenoic acid, prepared by administration of 14C1-linolenic acid to essential fatty acid-deficient rats, was isolated from liver phospholipids and converted to methyl docosahexaenoate, sp act 8 X 105 dpm/mg, purity about 90%. This was converted to the free acid and injected into rats. 14C-docosahexaenoic acid was incorporated mainly into carcass and liver. In liver, radioactivity appeared most rapidly in PE and later in PC. This behavior is unlike the incorporations of 16:0, 18:0, 18:1n9, 18:2n6, or 20:4n6, which are all incorporated most quickly into PC. Most of the radioactivity was recovered as 22:6n3, although considerable activity was present in C-16 and C-18 chains.

3 citations


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: Experimental evidence in progress in several laboratories has shown that PUFA levels in membranes influence the activity of the synaptosomal ATPase and the electrical response of rod outer segments in the retina to illumination.
Abstract: The adult central nervous system contains high levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) derived from the essential fatty acids (EFA) linoleic (18:2 n-6) and linolenic (18:3 n-3) acids. These long- chain derivatives, mainly arachidonic (C 20:4 n-6) and docosahexaenoic (C 22 n-3) acids, are contained preferentially in glycerophospholipids, which are structural constituents of cellular and subcellular membranes and are localized mainly in grey matter. Arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids accumulate in brain prior to the appearance of fatty acids characteristic of myelin (C 20:1 and C 24:1) in the developing rat brain (1). Membranes with high fluidity, such as mitochondrial and synaptosomal membranes, contain higher levels of PUFA. Little is known about the biological role of PUFA in brain phospholipids, although it appears that their high degree of unsaturation modulates some of the properties of the membranes where they are located. Experimental evidence in progress in several laboratories has shown, for instance, that PUFA levels in membranes influence the activity of the synaptosomal ATPase (2) and the electrical response of rod outer segments in the retina to illumination (3).

2 citations