Showing papers on "Doctrine published in 1970"

What is Russell’s Theory of Descriptions?

Abstract: Russell expounded his theory of descriptions in a number of places, but perhaps the best known source is his 1905 article, “On Denoting” [1]. I think it may still be fruitful to discuss the doctrine of that article since some readers may disagree as to its main point.

The Correlativity of Rights and Duties

Abstract: It is commonly held that rights "correlate" with duties.2 By this is usually meant at least that rights imply duties (even if not all duties imply rights) and also that claims of individual rights need not be recognized unless backed by proof that corresponding obligations obtain. Such a doctrine of correlativity also forms part of the view that rights must be understood or analyzed in terms of duty or obligation.3 I shall examine this doctrine, beginning with a clear case of "correlativity," turning then to cases that diverge from it significantly. I argue that it is at best misleading to say that rights generally "correlate" with duties.4 For the implications between them

Intuitive Cognition, Certainty, and Scepticism in William Ockham

Abstract: Ockham's doctrine of intuitive cognition lies at the heart of his epistemology. As Philotheus Boehner and Sebastian Day have quite rightly observed, one of the central aims of this doctrine is to answer the question how the intellect can have certain knowledge of contingent states of affairs (including the existence or non-existence of material particulars). A number of scholars, including Etienne Gilson and Anton Pegis, have charged, however, that far from achieving this goal, Ockham's doctrine (and especially what he says about the logical possibility of intuitive cognition of non-existents) leads to scepticism. Coming to Ockham's defense, Boehner and Day have rejected these criticisms as resting on misinterpretations of Ockham. I believe Boehner and Day have done much to clarify what Ockham actually meant. I should like to reopen the discussion, however, because I believe not all the consequences of Oekham's doctrine have been accurately drawn.

Montesquieu and the philosophy of natural law

Abstract: In the last hundred years, the philosophy of natural law has suffered a fate that could hardly have been envisaged by the seventeenth and eighteenth century exponents of its universality and eternity: it has become old-fashioned. The positivists and the Marxists were happy to throw eternal moral ity out of the window, confident that some magic temporal harmony would eventually follow Progress in by the front door. Their hopes may not have been fully realized, but they did succeed in discrediting natural law. What is often not appreciated is the extent to which we have adopted the tenets of the philosophy they despised, borh in the field of politics, and in the field of personal and social ethics, which Barbeyrac called "la science des mreurs" and which the positivists re christened "social science." Consequently, though we live in a world whose freedom, such as it is, is largely a result of the popularization of the philosophy of natural law, and whose conscious and unconscious standards, such as they are, are a result of that philosophy as it became combined with Christianity, the doctrine of natural law is itself for gotten. In view of the oblivion into which it has fallen, natural law is a concept which means little to the average reader. All too often, Montesquieu scholars have traded on this oblivion in order to give an exaggerated picture of his originality."

Plato and Platonism: A Series of Lectures

Abstract: 1 Plato and the doctrine of motion 2 Plato and the doctrine of rest 3 Plato and the doctrine of number 4 Plato and Socrates 5 Plato and the Sophists 6 The genius of Plato 7 The doctrine of Plato 8 Lacedaemon 9 The Republic 10 Plato's aesthetics

The Unchangeable War

Abstract: : The Army's doctrine, its tactics, its organization, its weapons -- its entire repertoire of warfare was designed for conventional war in Europe. In Vietnam, the Army simply performed its repertoire even though it was frequently irrelevant to the situation. Changes were proposed, repeatedly, but few changes were made. Our Army seemed to be prevented by its won doctrinal and organizational rigidity from making any changes in the way in which it has fought this war. Among the institutional obstacles to change are the belief that the changes proposed might not work; the conviction that what we are doing now is working satisfactorily; the belief that what has been needed is simply more of the same, therefore changes are not necessary; the belief that organizational changes are impossible in the midst of a war; the view that the war in Vietnam is an aberration and does not represent the future demands that the Army might have to face; the bureaucratic rejection of new doctrines as exotic and of marginal importance; the unaltered career incenties to continue what we are doing now; the sense of institutional loyalty that rejects external pressure for change even when it coincides with private convictions; the twelve-month tour, which condemns us to repeat our errors; adn the lack of a single commander to impose his will on the entire system.

Viet Cong repression and its implications for the future

Abstract: : In the conduct of their fundamental strategy of revolutionary warfare, the Vietnamese Communists employ many and diverse instruments, both political and military. Designed to be mutually supporting, these are each focused on but one end: the seizure of political power in the South. The present study deals with one of the major instruments of this strategy, the systematic use of a variety of measures collectively called 'repression,' by which the Communists seek to eliminate, neutralize, and 'reform' their known enemies in the Government of South Vietnam as well as others whom they suspect of being hostile or unsympathetic to their movement. One aim of this Report is to provide a comprehensive account of both the Communist practice of repression in the South and the doctrine supporting it, as they are revealed in the enemy's own documents. A second purpose is to examine some of the implications of these repressive activities and theories for the denouement of the Vietnamese war.

Post-Joining Nonparticipation: An Exploratory Study of Convert Inactivity

Abstract: Changes in perceptions as conceptualized by Toch were utilized to study convert nonparticipation in organizational activities in the Mormon Church. The study's nonparticipants tended to (1) no longer perceive the doctrine, worship services, and organizational structure of the Church as attractive as formerly, (2) have difficulty adhering to the Church's financial and dietary demands, (3) possess dissimilar beliefs about central doctrinal tenets, and (4) have experienced economic problems since joining. Research on the post-joining behavior of converts to religious organizations within the United States (Salisbury, 1964; Stark and Glock, 1968; and others) indicates "leakage" problems. That is, these organizations have large numbers who meet the minimal requirements for membership, but then fall away or become inactive. For example, Starbuck (1903:353366) found from the case histories of 92 converts that 80-or 87 per centdropped out of organizational activity, 62 of them within the first six weeks. Fichter (1954:69) found that 36 per cent of the Catholics baptized into a New Orleans parish have since fallen away; from another study Fichter (1954:28) reports that not one of 278 converts qualified by activity criteria to be among the "nuclear parishoners." This paper explores some of the factors that may contribute to leakage.

The later Christian fathers;: A selection from the writings of the fathers from St. Cyril of Jerusalem to St. Leo the Great

Abstract: The century and a quarter following the Council of Nicaea (AD325) has been called the 'Golden Age of Patristic Literature'. It is this period that Henry Bettenson covers in this companion volume to The Early Christian Fathers, selecting from the writings of Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa, Jerome, Augustine of Hippo, Cyril of Alexandria, and other Fathers of the Christian Chruch. Their central concerns were to formulate the doctrine of the Trinity after the Nicene conclusions, and to enunciate the doctrine of the divinity ahd humanity of Christ. The writings served to clarify if not to solve the issues and they continue to be value and relevant for all who wish to understand Christian doctrine. As in The Early Christian Fathers, Bettenson translated everything afresh and provided some annotation and brief sketches of the lives of each of the Fathers represented in the selection.

The July Monarchy

Abstract: With the acquisition of Le Globe, the need arose for the Saint-Simonians to evaluate daily political events in accordance with the Doctrine. The criteria were the same as in their appraisal of political theories and institutions, a deep concern for the welfare of the working class subordinated to an even deeper concern for the preservation of order.

Watchtower influences on black muslim eschatology: an exploratory story

Abstract: INTRODUCTION. This study explores the possibility that Black Muslim leaders were influenced in the early 1930s by certain eschatological teachings of the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society (Jehovah's Witnesses). The paper first presents several similarities of doctrine which appear to be too close in specific detail not to suggest direct influence. Then, evidence is presented suggesting contact between the Watchtower Society and the Nation of Islam sect and the possibility of influence of the former on the latter. Finally, an interpretation is offered as to why Black Muslim leaders may have been influenced by Watchtower teaching.

Doctrine and dilemmas of the latin american "new left"

Abstract: IN a broadcast from Havana on October i5, i967, Cuba's lider maximo told his audience, "Who could deny the significance to the revolutionary movement of the blow of Che's death? It is a fierce blow, a very hard one."' One week earlier the near-legendary ideologue of the Cuban Revolution had been captured and shot by Bolivian authorities in a tiny Andean village named Higueras. Troops had also taken into custody the French Marxist Regis Debray, who had gained attention with his interpretation of the Cuban revolution before joining the Guevara-led band of rebels in Bolivia. These dramatic events reverberated across Latin America; the traditional elite responded with joy, while pro-fidelista revolutionaries were deeply saddened. The depth of reaction gave some small measure of the extent to which Cuban events and the writings of Guevara and others had seized the imaginations of a discontented generation seeking somehow to alter basically the traditions and institutions of over i50 years. The response also dramatized the importance of ideological writings;2 a body of literature had emerged that challenged not only the views of the establishment but also the doctrinal writings of orthodox Marxism in the hemisphere. It is with an examination of this "New Left" doctrine that we are concerned. Whatever our normative judgments, there can be little question as to the strength of the political and ideological elements of the Cuban experience. Thus an understanding of the New Left doctrine is virtually obligatory for insights into the dynamics of present-day Latin American politics and society. Full comprehension of New Left formulations requires an apprecia* Special appreciation is due to my colleagues Charles B. Robson and Federico G.

A Critique of the Doctrine of Universal Salvation

Abstract: Three basic attitudes toward human destiny have precipitated out of the modern theological mentality: double predestination, Arminianism, and universalism. Of the three, Arminianism and double predestination have been unacceptable to a large segment of modern protestantism. The result is that universalism, in one form or another, has assumed wide popularity in recent years. The doctrine has become what might be called an article in the popular creed. But since the influence of universalism has come about largely through default, its explicit formulation has remained incommensurate with its popularity and importance.

The Corporative State

Abstract: Mussolini’s essay of 1932 on the doctrine of Fascism had almost nothing to say about either the corporative state or economic autarky. Yet in the period since the war he had become intrigued with the possibility of harmonizing the interests of capital and labor with the overarching interests of the state, and instituting a system of representation that would rest on functional groupings organized in various kinds of national syndicates instead of the old parliamentary system based on geographical and numerical constituencies.

Koncepcja satanizmu w drugiej fali black metalu

Abstract: The article focuses on the issue of Satanism of the so-called second wave of black metal, which emerged in the 1990s. Its major goal is the analysis of this phenomenon, on the basis of source materials, such as interviews with musicians or lyrics, which leads to the formulation of answers to the main research questions: what were the distinctive features of black metal Satanism on the level of doctrine, and how this doctrine influenced the practice of life; was this version of Satanism internally coherent, what was the attitude of black metal Satanists to other contemporary concepts of Satanism, and what were the main sources of their inspiration.