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Showing papers on "Doctrine published in 1972"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The insider doctrine as discussed by the authors is a sociological notion that the outsider has a structural or psychological incapacity for access to new knowledge in the context of social change and conflict, and it can be described as the doctrine of the insider, which includes complementary claims of access to knowledge grounded on the assumption of socially based detachment.
Abstract: The social relevance of perspective established in the sociology of knowledge becomes evident during times of great social change and conflict. Conflict makes for a total functionalizing of thought which is interpreted only in terms of its alleged social, economic, political, or psychological sources and functions. Deepened social conflict today renews the relevance of an old problem in the sociology of knowledge: socially patterned differentials in access to new knowledge. As groups and collectivities become more self-conscious and solidary under conditions of social polarization, their members tend to claim unique or privileged access to certain kinds of knowledge. This can be described as the doctrine of the Insider, which includes the correlative claim that the Outsider has a structurally imposed incapacity for access to such knowledge. Outsider doctrine involves complementary claims of access to knowledge grounded on the assumption of socially based detachment. The rationale of the Insider doctrine i...

1,336 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Corporate social responsibility is more than an expedient response to momentary social pressures, it is, instead, a manifestation of deep, farreaching social changes in our society as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Corporate social responsibility is more than an expedient response to momentary social pressures. It is, instead, a manifestation of deep, farreaching social changes in our society. If it is indeed akin to the Industrial Revolution, then the implications for business of the new social responsibility may be very different from those usually forecast.

220 citations


Book
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: The past as Prologue: The American Vision of the Postwar World as discussed by the authors, 1941-19443, and the United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1989.
Abstract: Preface to the New EditionPrefaceAbbreviations Used in the Footnotes1. The Past as Prologue: The American Vision of the Postwar World2. The Soviet Union and World Revolution: the American View, 1941-19443. Cooperating for Victory: Defeating Germany and Japan4. Repression versus Rehabilitation: The Problem of Germany5. Security versus Self-Determination: The Problem of Eastern Europe6. Economic Relations: Lend-Lease and the Russian Loan7. Victory and Transition: Harry S. Truman and the Russians8. The Impotence of Omnipotence: American Diplomacy, the Atomic Bomb, and the Postwar World9. Getting Tough with Russia: The Reorientation of American Policy, 194610. To the Truman Doctrine: Implementing the New Policy11. Conclusion: The United States and the Origins of the Cold WarBibliographyIndex

143 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: A discussion of the Levellers which concentrates solely on their proposals for a new parliamentary franchise calls for some justification, and not necessarily the most important part at that as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A discussion of the Levellers which concentrates solely on their proposals for a new parliamentary franchise calls for some justification. These proposals formed only one part of the Leveller programme, and not necessarily the most important part at that. In the history of political theory the Levellers are important for many other reasons. They proclaimed that men were born equal and that government could be founded only on consent. They stood for religious toleration and equality before the law. Their concern for civil liberties led them into making the first-known attempt at writing down a law paramount which not even the legislature could alter. Their successive manifestoes, the ‘Agreements of the People’, were the earliest English approximations to a written constitution. They also gave early expression to the doctrine of the separation of powers. If to these achievements we add their advocacy of numerous specific reforms, from the abolition of tithes to the reform of the law, we can recognise that the Levellers have an importance in the history of social and political thought which far transcends any plans they had for remodelling the franchise.

81 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of the Papal monarchy and its relationship with doctrine and diplomacy, focusing on three categories: conciliarism, doctrine, and diplomacy.
Abstract: Preface Abbreviations Historical Introduction 1. Conciliarism 2. Papal monarchy 3. Doctrine and diplomacy Conclusion Epilogue Appendices Bibliography Index.

60 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Blue Shirts movement became one of the most influential and feared political movements in China during the 1930s as mentioned in this paper, and the image that emerges is not simply a terrorist organization, but a political faction that reflected the concerns and ideals of many Chinese during the Nanking decade.
Abstract: The Blue Shirts during the 1930s became one of the most influential and feared political movements in China. To both contemporaries and historians, however, the Blue Shirt movement has been a shadowy force, known mostly through hearsay, with little solid information regarding its doctrine or its activities. Now, on the basis of memoirs, interviews, and especially Japanese intelligence reports of the 1930s, a rough picture of this secret organization can be pieced together. And the image that emerges is not simply a terrorist organization, but a political faction that reflected the concerns and ideals of many Chinese during the troubled Nanking decade. This study will, it is hoped, not only provide an insight into the nature of Kuomintang rule, but will shed light on a previously unexamined species of the political genus, fascism.

45 citations






Book
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: In this article, the authors trace the relationship between pre-1948 Yugoslav deviant views and their full development after Tito's break with Stalin in 1948, concluding that the deviant Yugoslav "Titoist" doctrine grew out of local and immediate needs of the revolutionary Communist regime.
Abstract: This is the first book to trace in detail the relationship between pre-1948 Yugoslav deviant views and their full development after Tito's break with Stalin in 1948 The author, who speaks fluent Serbo-Croatian, has searched the pertinent literature to show how the deviant Yugoslav "Titoist" doctrine grew out of local and immediate needs of the revolutionary Communist regimePart I of the book treats the period between the end of World War II and the outbreak of open conflict with Stalin in 1948, examining the Yugoslav Communists and the nature of their revolution, their postwar program of developing socialism, and their analysis of the international situation The divergence of the Yugoslav notion of "people's democracy" from that prevailing in the Soviet Union and elsewhere in Eastern Europe is described In Part II the author analyzes the "Titoist" doctrine which emerged between 1948 and 1953, and remarks on the immediate Yugoslav reaction to the break with Stalin, the re-evaluation and critique of the Soviet system, and the reappraisal of the international situation Various elements of the doctrine of "socialist democracy" as well as the revised view of agricultural collectivization are also studied The book's third part characterizes the transformation of Yugoslav Communist ideology during the period 1945-1953, formulating conclusions about the process of ideological change

Book
01 May 1972
TL;DR: Finlay as mentioned in this paper investigated the origins of Social Credit in Canada and linked the movement to the wider currents of twentieth-century intellectual development, and suggested that a common thread of quasi anarchism has run through the movement and indicates that far from being reactionary, the doctrine may in fact be very up to date.
Abstract: Although the fortunes of Social Credit in Canada have been well researched, a gap has existed in that no study has been made of the English origins of the movement. John L. Finlay fills that gap and also relates the movement to the wider currents of twentieth-century intellectual development. His purpose is primarily to explain the appeal of Social Credit rather than to present its history, although he certainly provides a wealth of interesting information and references for the historian. Having established the background and traced the different but overlapping critiques of orthodoxy that eventually fed into the Social Credit case, the author establishes that case, seeking to defend it against some of the unfair attacks made upon it and linking it to the personality of its founder, Major C. H. Douglas. He analyses the responses to Social Credit of well-known intellectuals, politicians, and clergymen and presents in vivid biographical sketches many of the underground political thinkers of whom little has hitherto been written. He suggests that a common thread of quasi anarchism has run through the movement and indicates that, far from being reactionary, the doctrine may in fact be very up to date.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Whiskey Rebellion as discussed by the authors was a clear-cut case of the failure of law and the necessity for coercion, at least to the Federalist leaders who were responsible for executing the laws.
Abstract: ONE of the fundamental questions raised in the debates over the Constitution in 1787 and 1788 was on what foundation the ultimate authority of government rested. When they discussed the problem men who differed over the Constitution as much as James Madison and Richard Henry Lee agreed that government was based either on law or on force and that law was the only firm basis on which to build a healthy republican society. And they also agreed that once the law failed, either through individual disobedience or riot and rebellion, force would be necessary to restore order and compel citizens to fulfill their social obligations.' The first test of this doctrine came in 1794 with the Whiskey Rebellion, a clear-cut case of the failure of law and the necessity for coercion, at least to the Federalist leaders who were responsible for executing the laws. Yet a question which had been wholly neglected in the discussion six years earlier was how force should be applied and how physical coercion could restore respect for the law. Historians have also missed this problem. Prevailing interpretations of the rebellion, whether sympathetic to the rebels or to the Washington administration, have presented a picture of a federal executive dominated by the advice and philosophy of Alexander Hamilton moving quickly and eagerly to crush the insurrection with force. The only major historiographic controversy has been over whether Hamilton provoked the rebellion in order to enhance the government's stature with a show of military power.2



Book
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: A companion volume to "A New Eusebius" and "Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church" documents the history of the Church from AD 337 to 461.
Abstract: This companion volume to "A New Eusebius" and "Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church" documents the history of the Church from AD 337 to 461. This edition has been completely revised, updating the notes and bibliography and adding nearly 40 new documents.

Book
01 Jan 1972


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: In the major religions of the world, doctrines of these types are interconnected and organised, more or less, in their schemes of doctrines as mentioned in this paper, which is to say, an utterance of the doctrine in standard conditions has the force of recommending to someone that he undertake the course of action.
Abstract: Some religious doctrines recommend courses of action: inward or overt, ritual or moral, by oneself alone or together with others. That is to say, an utterance of the doctrine in standard conditions has the force of recommending to someone that he undertake the course of action. Other doctrines propose valuations; others again propose beliefs. In the major religions of the world, doctrines of these types are interconnected and organised, more or less, in their schemes of doctrines.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article explored a part of that developing apologia, a reasoning chain frequently employed between 1889 and 1900 in the ceremonial oratory of Confederate veterans, which would satisfactorily explain the sharp variance between antebellum expectations and postbellum realities.
Abstract: Confederate defeat, in 1865, left the South in search of an apologia which would satisfactorily explain the sharp variance between ante‐bellum expectations and post‐bellum realities. The following essay explores a part of that developing apologia, a reasoning chain frequently employed between 1889 and 1900 in the ceremonial oratory of Confederate veterans.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Pelikan's "The Christian Tradition" as discussed by the authors is the first volume in a five-volume series, The Christian Tradition, which covers the evolution of Christian doctrine from the second century to 600 A.D. by which time, he claims, an "orthodox consensus had been achieved in what the Church believed, taught and confessed".
Abstract: The Yale professor of ecclesiastical history inaugurated his projected fivevolume series, The Christian Tradition, with this volume. Here he relates the evolution of Christian doctrine from the second century to 600 A.D. by which time, he claims, an \"orthodox consensus\" had been achieved in what the Church \"believed, taught and confessed.\" The second volume will deal with \"The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600-1700)\"; the third with \"The Growth of Medieval Theology (600-1300)\"; the fourth with \"Reformation of Church and Dogma (1300-1700)\"; and the fifth with \"Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture (since 1700)\". According to the author's plans, the full set will be finished within the next ten years. This, the first of the five volumes, begins with the year 100 A.D. Valid arguments can be brought forth in favor of starting a history of doctrine at this date, but the objections will be equally weighty. By omitting the first century, Pelikan avoids the earliest and a most critical period of Christianity where the Jewish beginnings on one side and the Graeco-Roman influence on the other had formative impact on Christian thought. That he could have dealt with this facet of history adequately is shown by his fine, but tantalizingly brief, treatment of Vergil's Fourth Eclogue and some short remarks about the Aeneid (pp. 63-64 and 37). However, that is the author's decision and from this date on he proceeds more or less on the lines laid down by his distinguished predecessors in the field. After considering the basic disputes with Jewish and classical thought, he explores the early heretical trends such as Gnosticism and Montanism and then the emerging \"ecclesiastical\" or \"official\" Christian faith about the fundamental tenets of the new religion. The rest of the book is devoted to the trinitarian, christological and soteriological controversies which were finally resolved in the \"orthodox consensus\" by 600 A.D. Here again Pelikan with admirable clarity presents the mainstream and avoids lesser tributaries or mentions them only briefly. The treatment of Mariology, for example, is spotty, in spite of the fact that without a proper understanding of this phenomenon what the Christians \"believed, taught and confessed\" concerning the christological and soteriological issues will remain hazy. The book may be compared to the Aegean Sea where the thousands of islands are only the peaks of volcanoes and mountains sticking out of the water. Like a giant, Pelikan walks on the islands stepping first on one and then on the other. He never tarries on any of them and stays only long enough to give us an unhurried and vivid description of the nature and appearance of the land. He has no time to explore the depths and when he has examined what is above the water, he moves on quietly and with the confident security and dignity of one who knows what he is doing and where he is going. Consequently, his book will not make the works of Harnack, Seeberg and Kelly superflous, but it will be a most welcome addition to the library of anyone interested in a systematic survey of the doctrinal history of the Christian movement, and it may replace other textbooks used in theological schools. The University of Chicago Press released this volume on July 20, 1971, and within six weeks it was reviewed twice in the New York Times (once in the regular daily edition, and once in the Sunday Book Review); in the Saturday Review?; Newsweek and other publications. This quick reaction is indicative not only of excellent promotion by the publisher, but also of the sensitivity of magazine editors who detected in this book a major contribution to American intellectual life. These expectations will be fully satisfied. In spite of its self-imposed limitations, the book is undiluted scholarship, but it is free of that intellectual arrogance that often accompanies books of this nature which expects too much


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: Nicole is as Augustinian in this respect as Pascal or St Francois de Sales as mentioned in this paper, and the Essais are full of the same doctrine and are similarly concerned to descry the dangers and permitted limits of love for creatures.
Abstract: E. Gilson has said that a doctrine is Augustinian insofar as it tends the more completely to organise itself about charity as its centre.1 Nicole is as Augustinian in this respect as Pascal or St Francois de Sales, and while we find in Nicole no treatise on the love of God such as we find in the saint, the Essais are full of the same doctrine and are similarly concerned to descry the dangers and permitted limits of love for creatures. Nicole’s discussions have a particular interest as throwing light on the extent to which Jansenism is to be equated with puritanical rigour.

01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: A case study of tactical air interdiction was done under the Rand Tactical Studies Program, which is part of a USAF-sponsored inquiry into the conceptual, operational, and technical aspects of major Air Force missions as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: : This case study of tactical air interdiction was done under the Rand Tactical Studies Program, which is part of a USAF-sponsored inquiry into the conceptual, operational, and technical aspects of major Air Force missions. The World War II Allied air campaign in Italy, Operation STRANGLE, was chosen because it was an important milestone in the evolution of interdiction doctrine and therefore might explain the origin of concepts that have been retained as part of current doctrine. The purpose of the study was to yield insights into the validity of those concepts; historical material was included only as needed to provide a concrete setting in which to explore them. It was not the author's intent to write another history of the campaign. The prevailing concepts of the role airpower should play, and of the manner in which it should be employed and controlled, largely governed its effectiveness in World War II, as they will in future conflicts. The tools available to a field commander and the approved concepts for their use are the result of long-range planning for force procurement and employment. The planning reflects official doctrine which, in turn, rests on past experience that must be periodically reexamined to test its validity in a changing environment. The present inquiry into the origin of the concepts for tactical air interdiction may therefore prove useful to force-structure planners in DCS/Plans and Operations, as well as to tactical field commanders and their staffs. A preliminary version of this Report was given limited distribution within the United States Air Force. The present, slightly amended version is the final report on the study.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For instance, the authors argues that the focus of anthropologists studying religion should be on the ideas themselves and not on how religious practice and practitioners, lay and clerical, are ordered with respect to those ideas.
Abstract: JT is now customary for anthropologists studying religion to pay at most lip service to formalized religious doctrine. Such works, in a functionalist tradition, tell us a great deal about the social and economic organization of religious action and about the postulated social background of religious ideas. But they pay less attention to the ideas themselves or to the question of how religious practice and practitioners, lay and clerical, are ordered with respect to those ideas. It seems tacitly held that doctrine as a system of ideas is the proper domain of theology or philosophy, and that in as much as anthropology and these other disciplines have different premises, a concern with their domains might involve anthropology in a counter-empiricist stance. There remain several distinguished exceptions to this tendency, e.g., such German theological ethnologists as Schirer,l and also exceptions to the general tendency to play down scholarly apparatus for dealing with literate traditions and ideologies. One thinks in this connection especially of the pronouncements of Dumont and Pocock and Dumont's own work2 at the interface between anthropology and Indology, and of the growing school of Levi-Straussian structuralism. But this school is often held open, e.g. by Spiro, to the criticism that in devoting attention to systems of ideas it subordinates a needed consideration of the relation between ideas and behavior, thereby losing touch to some degree with the very empirical controls that distinguish scientifically oriented work from brilliant and suggestive idealist speculation. At least in the British and American anthroplogical traditions we have generally tried to focus upon the relation between ideology and practice, and on the whole we seem to have bound ourselves to a proposition that religious ideas arose as a superstructure on ritual practice.3 This of course is good pseudo-Marxism and good Durkheimian positivism. Ideas are supposed to reflect the irreducible collective, society in action.4 It is finally sound behaviorism, and while British social anthropology may come to its position via the positivist tradition, American anthropology has long been associated with psychological behaviorism. Within this general tradition there have been countertendencies. Forde5 constituted a forceful plea within British anthropology for the study of religious ideologies

Book
01 Jan 1972