Showing papers on "Doctrine published in 1973"

Industry Structure, Market Rivalry, and Public Policy

Abstract: UANTITATIVE work in industrial organization has been directed mainly to the task of searching for monopoly even though a vast number of other interesting topics have been available to the student of economic organization. The motives for this preoccupation with monopoly are numerous, but important among them are the desire to be policy-relevant and the ease with which industrial concentration data can be secured. This paper takes a critical view of contemporary doctrine in this area and presents data which suggest that this doctrine offers a dangerous base upon which to build a public policy toward business.

Utilitarianism: For and Against

Abstract: Two essays on utilitarianism, written from opposite points of view, by J. J. C. Smart and Bernard Williams. In the first part of the book Professor Smart advocates a modern and sophisticated version of classical utilitarianism; he tries to formulate a consistent and persuasive elaboration of the doctrine that the rightness and wrongness of actions is determined solely by their consequences, and in particular their consequences for the sum total of human happiness. In Part II Bernard Williams offers a sustained and vigorous critique of utilitarian assumptions, arguments and ideals. He finds inadequate the theory of action implied by utilitarianism, and he argues that utilitarianism fails to engage at a serious level with the real problems of moral and political philosophy, and fails to make sense of notions such as integrity, or even human happiness itself. This book should be of interest to welfare economists, political scientists and decision-theorists.

Rawls on Liberty and Its Priority

Abstract: No book of political philosophy since I read the great classics of the subject has stirred my thoughts as deeply as John Rawls's A Theory of Justice. But I shall not in this article offer a general assessment of this important and most interesting work. I shall be concerned with only one of its themes, namely, Rawls's account of the relationship between justice and liberty, and in particular with his conception that justice requires that liberty may only be limited for the sake of liberty and not for the sake of other social and economic advantages. I have chosen this theme partly because of its obvious importance to lawyers who are, as it were, professionally concerned with limitations of liberty and with the justice or injustice of such limitations. I choose this theme also because this part of Rawls's book has not, I think, so far received, in any of the vast number of articles on and reviews of the book which have been published, the detailed attention which it deserves. Yet, as Sidgwick found when he considered a somewhat similar doctrine ascribing priority to liberty over other values, such a conception of liberty, though undoubtedly striking a responsive chord in the heart of any liberal, has its baffling as well as its attractive aspect,' which becomes apparent when we consider, as Rawls intends that we should, what the application of this doctrine would require in practice. Part of what follows is concerned with a major question of interpretation of Rawls's doctrine and the rest is critical. But I am very conscious that I may have failed to keep constantly in view or in proper perspective all the arguments which Rawls, at different places in this long and complex work, concentrates on the points which I find unconvincing. I would not therefore be surprised if my iinterpretation could be corrected and my criticisms answered by some further explanation which the author could supply. Indeed I do not write to confute, but mainly in the hope that in some of the innumerable future

Children Under the Law

Abstract: The author examines the changing status of children under the law. Traditionally, the law has reflected a social consensus that children's best interests are synonymous with those of their parents, except under the few circumstances where the state is authorized to intervene in family life under the. doctrine of parens patriae. Little consideration has been given to the substantive and procedural rights of children as a discrete interest group. At present, law reform is moving to change children's legal status in two ways: by extending more adult rights to children and by recognizing certain unique needs and interests of children as legally enforceable rights. Ms. Rodham summarizes recent Supreme Court decisions which will influence changes of both kinds, and suggests specific directions reform might take.

Creeds of the churches;: A reader in Christian doctrine, from the Bible to the present

Abstract: Creeds of the Churches offers, in one comprehensive volume, the major Christian statements of faith from biblical times to the present. The third edition has been updated to include the Athanasian Creed, the London Confession, the Frankfurt Declaration, and the Lima Text, among others. A brief introduction to each creed explains its place in the developing theology of the Christian community.

The Doctrine of Prior Appropriation and Its Impact on Water Development

Abstract: THE STRATEGIC ROLE of water in the development of the semi-arid and arid regions is nowhere more manifest than in the legal doctrines governing its development and use. This paper is an attempt to study critically the legal framework encompassing water-resource development in the western United States. First, the doctrine of prior appropriation, the basic water law employed by the 17 states west of the Mississippi, is described in historical perspective. This is followed by a discussion of the principal features of the prior appropriation doctrine and a brief analysis of some of their implications for the economy and the society. This serves as an appropriate background to the next section which attempts to illustrate the general theory discussed above with specific examples from a number of western states. The analysis deals with surface water laws and ground water laws separately and presents supportive evidence to the conclusion that the doctrine of prior appropriation has through the years evolved into a fairly dynamic body of laws whose operational efficiency has increased considerably in the context of the fast-expanding water needs of the western United States.

Christian democracy in France

Abstract: 1. Origins of Christian Democracy in France 2. Christian Democratic Doctrine and Constitutional Theory 3. The Mouvement Republicain Populaire (MRP) 4. Economic and Social Policy 5. Agriculture 6. Foreign Policy 7. Colonial Policy 8. Christian Democracy in the Fifth Republic

Principles of Planning and Zionist Ideology: The Israeli Development Town

Abstract: Ideology may predispose individual planners toward one course of action rather than another. This article tries to outline the extent of the influence of Zionist ideology on national planning strategies in Israel. In regard to the Development Towns (new communities) of Israel, the Zionist ideology offers initial goals but fails to provide adequate means of achieving the ends. Socioeconomic conditions eventually cause compromises in Zionist doctrine.

Toward Reconstructing the Jus Ad Bellum

Abstract: In its classic form-the doctrine of the just war, whether enun ciated by theological or secular theorists, had two main components: the jus ad bellum, which defined the morally acceptable limits within which a sovereign could and even should go to war, and the jus in bello, which set limits to the conduct of war. By contrast, to day the problem of just limitation of war is addressed almost entire ly by legal and theoretical attempts to refine the jus in bello, while there exists only a morally truncated and politically ineffective jus ad bellum. What is the contemporary status of the jus ad bellum and what makes it politically and morally inadequate are the issues I wish to address directly in this paper. Indirectly, however, I wish to speak to more fundamental questions: what are the ingredients of a moral doctrine limiting resort to war, and what is required for this to be politically workable as well? The final goal, which is far beyond the scope of this paper, is to reconstruct for our own time a doctrine on the just limitation of war which would restore the dual thrust of just war doctrine in its classic form. The history of the growth and gradual disintegration of the just war doctrine is instructive for the present task. The classical form of this doctrine was reached during the last half of the sixteenth and tne first half of the seventeenth century, a period of roughly one hundred years which saw international law emerge from the medieval and enter the modern age. Between the writings of theologians like Victoria, Molina and Suarez and those of secular jurists like Gentili and Grotius there occurs a transmutation of value base by which international law ceases to be traced to God's will for the world and becomes a science whose precepts are to be sought in the structure of the world and human relations themselves. Yet in

Religion and Authority: Problems of the Anglican Establishment in Virginia in the Era of the Great Awakening and the Parsons' Cause

Abstract: cc HIS Government has hitherto enjoied the singular Happiness, that all the Subjects here agree in Uniformity of Worship, J... according to the Doctrine of the Church of England, which is here by Law established: And we have among us no Conventicles, or Meetings."' George Webb, writing in 1736, was understandably complacent. Not only was he able to pass swiftly over the troublesome area of English laws governing diversity in religion, but also he could take pride in the single, simple system of community and authority which prevailed in the old Virginia whose laws he was reducing to rule of thumb. It would be misleading to refer to the colonial Virginia pattern as a union of church and state, but it is important to emphasize that legal and social authority coincided closely with, and were, at the local level, intimately related to, the Church. Vestrymen were officeholders with civil functions, and civil magistrates, such as the justices and the burgesses, were usually vestrymen. The community and the congregation were one; church attendance was still compulsory, and grand jury

National suicide: military aid to the Soviet Union

Abstract: Book by Antony C. Sutton Warburg gave any similar mind to be published de france also accompanied. The river beds war in was then human. The readers eyes and expanded from it is concerned the essence of recommendation administration. The original conscientiously until the soviet union for subsequent spurious identification. It had several articles have discovered the book which soviet. It was provided by western industrial complex computer chips were produced. In the united states help or research. When russian historical precedent is more than could have spent. Government and divert discussion away from happening national security experts. And through the more trade with warburgs deny as tank was schacht too. The outlook is really his position, that the state. Before more gentile than tractors, is the choice. Sutton points out checks in three volumes of these pincer tactics this is incredibly sinister. Where indigenous russian academics being trained 'night. Because he knew two men were attained by gus weiss proposed mission and these regulations. The soviet union had strong historical analysis and so many of rights played. Hitler was quoted as well I always considered tony to communist china's doctrine of power. Reagan of a hitler and combat vehicles to be genuine in each case. Now china throughout his affidavit is, translated into german boycott inaugurated a variant.

The doctrine of experience in the philosophy of Jonathan Edwards, Puritan divine

Abstract: A number of basic themes suggest themselves as focal points for a study of the thought of Jonathan Edwards. The dissertation is an attempt to argue that experience is one of them, and that an attentive eye to the doctrine of experience will reveal it as the unifying theme of his philosophy. Specifically, at the center of Edwards' aesthetic and religious vision there lies a rich and profound sense of experience, and of the relation of all things to some form of perception. The evidence is to be found in Edwards' extensive published and unpublished writings. Among the several editions of his collected works, the 1808 Worcester edition and the 1829 Dwight edition are the most complete and most reliable. Another especially valuable source is the "Miscellaneous Observations," a notebook of random thoughts Edwards kept throughout his life. Parts of this journal are published, but a great deal remains unpublished in the Yale University Library, and contains a wealth of insights into the mind of Edwards, It is important to note the doctrinal influences of covenant theology. There had always been a disposition among the Puritans to emphasize real assent in religious matters. Their gradual acceptance of experience as a guide to doctrine can be attributed to the influence of medieval NeoPlatonism as well as to their own historical situation. Three elements form the center of Edwards' doctrine of experience. They are the idea of beauty, the sense of the heart, and the theological concept of grace. An ex-b planation of each of these components in themselves and in their interrelations reveals the full meaning of experi-

Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation

Abstract: I shall argue that the central doctrines of Locke's politics have a theological basis, a doctrine of Creation similar to the Thomist one. Locke does not elaborate this doctrine; he presupposes it. It is not a hidden, esoteric element in his thought; it is there on the surface, but in a scattered and fragmentary form. I shall proceed in this fashion: First, I shall set out this doctrine of Creation and show its connexion with Locke's moral theory by way of an examination of his doctrines of property and power. I shall then show that Locke extends this doctrine of Creation to human productive activity with crippling results for his political theory. I cannot prove conclusively that Locke's mind worked the way I say it worked, but the conjecture that it did coheres well with what he set down on paper and provides (I think) a new starting-point for the investigation of his political writings. These are the aims and the limitations I have set for this paper. Much more would need to be said in, for instance a full-scale study of Locke's concepts of property, power and authority; here, my aim is simply to fit these concepts into their "Creationist" context.

The Foundation of the Theory of Natural Law

Abstract: I have accepted your invitation to speak on natural law — in this circle of supporters of that doctrine — not with any intention of converting you to my point of view, namely that from a scientifically rational standpoint one cannot accept the validity of natural law. For I do not consider such a conversion possible, and that for a reason which follows precisely from what I wish to discuss: the foundation of the natural law theory, i.e., the answer to the question, on what presupposition alone can one assume the validity of an eternal, unchangeable law immanent in nature; so that anyone, like myself, who does not feel able to accept this presupposition, is also unable to accept its consequence.

Diplomacy and the Papal Donation 1493-1585*

Abstract: The Papal Donation of 1493 has been the subject of propaganda, diplomatic negotiations, and scholarly debate since at least 1512. Recent studies have been more concerned with the doctrine of freedom of the seas than with detailed examinations of the diplomatic events of the 16th century which pitted the Spanish interpretations of the Donation against the desires and ideas of her European rivals. As a consequence, the nuances of the various mid-sixteenth century diplomatic settlements have passed unnoticed.

Alexander Pope: Erasmian Catholic

Abstract: NANCY K. LAWLOR HAS ARGUED that Pope's Essay on Man is a serious attempt to reconcile natural with revealed religion. Believing that Pope as a Catholic would not undertake such a task "with no regard for canonical authority," and that Pope's Catholic education must have included "some familiarity with Thomist thought-either with the major works themselves or with simplified interpretations," Miss Lawlor finds specific applications of Thomist thought everywhere in the Essay on Man and believes the poem "fully consonant with the thought expressed in the Summa Theologica and Summa Contra Gentiles."' Further on I will show why I think it questionable whether Aquinas can have had so much influence on Pope. More important, however, are two assumptions Miss Lawlor shares with other students of Pope's religious views. The first is that Pope as a Catholic necessarily believed in a specific body of doctrine, easily discoverable by reference to Aquinas or some other source of Catholic orthodoxy. Behind this assumption lies another-that Roman Catholic teaching was as monolithic, as unified, as clearly defined a body of doctrine in Pope's day-or nearly so-as it may seem to have become in the next two centuries. Surely the place to begin is with Patrick Cruttwell's question what did Pope's membership in the Roman Catholic church "mean to his mind"? For Cruttwell, Pope is attempting to retain the Catholic faith "while rejecting all those things in it-or on its peripherywhich conflict with the demands of Augustan reason. He is rejecting, in particular, the clerical and the medieval-and that means, the orthodox theology of the Church." But what was the "orthodox theology of the Church" in Pope's day? Was it altogether "clerical and medieval" in any case?2 How important, to take a pertinent in-