Showing papers on "Doctrine published in 1974"

Behind the Trail of Broken Treaties: An Indian Declaration of Independence

Abstract: * Preface *1. Preamble to the Present *2. The Emergence of Indian Activism *3. The Occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs *4. The Confrontation at Wounded Knee *5. The Doctrine of Discovery *6. Dependent Domestic Nations *7. The Plenary Power Doctrine *8. The Size and Status of Nations *9. The Indian Reorganization Act *10. Litigating Indian Claims *11. The International Arena *12. Reinstituting the Treaty Process * Afterword * Index

The Gospel and the land;: Early Christianity and Jewish territorial doctrine,

Abstract: Ostensibly Davies' patient study of the concepton of the "land" (Israel, Jerusalem) in early Christianity is an essay in Biblical theology, but he also wishes to raise serious questions about Christian understanding (or misunderstanding) of Judaism. "Christians have usually understood Judaism in too theological, and therefore, too intellectual terms. And they have also looked at their own foundation document, the New Testament, in the same way. In their proper concern to unravel theological developments and subtleties in primitive Christianity, they have neglfected to search for evidences of an encounter between it and the realia of Judaism and for any possible resolutions of such an tencounter. In particular, they have failed to inquire after the place of the land in the thought and lives of early Christians" (p. 161). Davies observes, for example, that bible dictionaries often have no references whatsoever to "land" and those that do allot it but a few pages. Even in Old Testament scholarship, where the land is of central significance in the documents themselves, it has been neglected. His work is an attempt to provide a context of Jewish thinking from early Israelite writings up to the Talmud in which to place the Christian materials. The bulk of the book is an account of the historical and theological process by which early Christianity gave a "spiritual" interpretation of traditional Jewish views of the land. Read against the Jewish background, the radical spiritualizing of the tradition is striking. Yet Davies also shows that Jewish attitudes were not monolithic in the first century, that notions of a preexistent, heavenly or eschatological Jerusalem were present, and that some Jews considered the viability of Judaism apart from the land. At some point however what could be entertained as an abstraction in Judaism, when it was made concrete in the life of the Christian movement, could not be tolerated. The conflict was heightened, of course, by the destruction of Jerusalem and the continued existence of Christianity as a movement increasingly receptive to non-Jews. Christianity, however, while rejecting the link between the land and religion, did create a new sense of "holy space" by hallowing the places where Christ had been, a development which would find fullest expression some several centuries later. As a result of the Holocaust and the establishment of the modern state of Israel Christians are faced with a whole new series of issues which have lain dormant since the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70. Davies' work must be read against this backdrop to appreciate its significance. It is as much a book about modern Christian thinking as it is about the past, as many of his citations and his several appendices of speeches at Jewish-Christian conferences show. To some it may appear that he has sided too closely with certain strands of Judaism and allowed this to color his way of handling the pre-Christian and pre-Rabbinic material, but such criticism is carping. Much of the material here is gathered together in this fashion for the first time, and he has successfully shown that a major preoccupation of ancient Judaism is missing in contemporary biblical scholarship. Further, he has given us a moving yet scholarly statement of the pathos of the modern Christian who cares about Christ and Israel and who tries to understand Israel while loving Christ.

Recent Economic Developments

Abstract: help to us, collectively and individually. We finally understood, in the course of our own intense struggles, that history is the science of class struggles (chieh-chi tou-cheng ti k'o-hsueh). Wakeman: I think that western scholars fully understand that. But let me ask you another question that I have posed to many people during my visit to China. What effect has the campaign to criticize Lin Piao and to criticize Confucius had upon your work? I can certainly see how ancient historians are deeply affected by this movement, but what about modern Chinese historians? Ch'iian: Let me give you an example. As we look at the Legalists at the time of the Ch'in dynasty, we realize that intellectual elements must be judged as progressives or reactionaries in terms of their historical stage. We have before neglected thinkers like Yen Fu who were exponents of the compradore and capitalist classes, but who in fact furthered China's historical development by using western theories to attack Confucianists. K'ang Yu-wei and Liang Ch'i-ch'ao, on the contrary, were seemingly progressive at their time, but ended up supporting Confucius, preserving his doctrine to sustain the old ruling classes. Wakeman: I intend to report these developments in your current research to other western scholars when I return to the United States. Ch'iian: Good, good. We hope that other historians will come to China in the future and exchange experiences with us. Wakeman: I hope so too.

The Concept of Unfairness as It Relates to Advertising Legislation

Abstract: PROTECTION of the consumer from advertising abuses evolved slowly in American legislative history. Recently, however, this evolution has shown signs of accelerating. One such indication is the expansion of the consumer protection network emanating from advertising legislation. Based on past public policy constraints, activities in this area have been restricted to the elimination of deceptive practices. As a result of a more recent interpretation of public policy goals, however, future protection activities will also encompass the "doctrine of unfairness to consumers."

Jean-Jacques Rousseau dans la Révolution

Abstract: J.-J. Rousseau during the revolution. Like the philosophy of the Enlightenment in general, Rousseauism splintered during the Revolution. The democratic aspects of the Social Contract , which had been used to support parliamentary doctrine, now turned against it ; a ' patriotic ' interpretation developed against the social order and absolute monarchy. But soon ' aristocratic ' influence led to an emphasis on other aspects or reinterpreted aspects initially favourable to the Revolution. These developments were helped by the abstract nature of the bourgeois universalism found in the Social Contract and by the political compromises of the beginning of the Revolution. As long as one does not claim the existence of an abstract truth of Rousseauism distinct from the use made of it, we can accept Lakanal's paradox ' the Revolution taught us to undestand the Social Contract ' for the division of Rousseauism into contradictory doctrines corresponds to contradictions within Rousseau's thought.

Elective Affinities Between Religious Beliefs and Ideologies of Management in Two Eras

Abstract: Weber's concept of "elective affinity" is used in an examination of the relationship between religious beliefs and ideologies of management in two eras. First, a summary is presented of Weber's thesis that there was an elective affinity between the Protestant ethic and its doctrine of predestination and the ideology of entrepreneurial capitalism with its principles of economic rationality, worldly asceticism, and work as calling. A basis is then shown for an elective affinity between a new Protestant theology stressing a doctrine of the interdependence of men with a loving God and the ideology of managerial capitalism with its principles of human interrelations, worldly humility, and work as satisfaction.

The Strategic Dream: French Air Doctrine in the Inter-War Period, 1919-39:

Abstract: Despite the exploits of its colourful flying aces the first world war remained essentially a land and sea struggle. The French air force, like its counterparts elsewhere, had made its appearance under the protective wing and vigilant eye of the land commanders; but unlike many of its foreign equivalents, there it was to stay, serving principally as an auxiliary arm to the ground forces. The fact was that the French high command did not subscribe to the conclusions drawn from the

God, Hume and Natural Belief

Abstract: Hume's doctrine of natural belief allows that certain beliefs are justifiably held by all men without regard to the quality of the evidence which may be produced in their favour. Examples are belief in an external world and belief in the veracity of our senses. According to R. J. Butler, Hume argues in the Dialogues that belief in God is of this sort. More recently John Hick has argued that for some people it is as natural (and as rational) to believe in God as to believe in an external world. I shall first inquire what Hume understands by reasonable belief and by natural belief. I shall then use the results of this investigation to argue, against Butler, that belief in God is not a natural belief; and against Hick, more briefly, that his thesis is not viable in as far as it depends upon Hume's doctrine of natural belief. These discussions are important to the philosophy of religion since by means of natural beliefs it could be urged that belief in God is something justifiable without reference to reason or evidence: a position which would be of immense value to the theist.

From holiness to healing: the faith cure in America, 1872-1892.

Abstract: One of the more interesting features of American religious life in the years following the Civil War was the renascence of perfectionist or “holiness” teachings among evangelical Protestants. Declaring that the scriptural Baptism of the Holy Spirit brought entire sanctification, perfectionists held that all Christians should seek and expect a “second blessing”, beyond the conversion experience, which would bring complete and instantaneous purification from sin and perfect holiness toward God. Beyond the “new birth” of justification, there lay the “higher life” of sanctification. These doctrines were first promulgated in the United States by the evangelist Charles Finney in the 1830s. Finney drew upon the theology of John Wesley and the early Methodists whose doctrine of “perfect love” paralleled his own religious experience. In the antebellum decades a proliferation of perfectionist devotional literature and a wave of perfectionist-oriented revivals bore witness to the appeal of the doctrine. Although Methodists were in the vanguard, the movement was thoroughly interdenominational. In this period perfectionism also had strong social connotations, and many social reforms of the era drew freely upon perfectionist impulses.

Dillon's Rule Reconsidered

Abstract: Dillon's Rule has been a guiding doctrine in the constitutional relations between state and local government for more than a century. Simply stated, it declares that local jurisdictions are the creatures of the state and may exercise only those powers expressly granted them by the state. His torically, this doctrine represented a response to the revolu tionary changes of the latter half of the nineteenth century and was part of the struggle to control and reconcile the often con flicting demands of the old and the new. Though not always at a steady pace, state centralization mounted during this period. Eventually a countermovement emerged, identified with the proponents of home rule. The latter, however, had only a minor impact in arresting the erosion of local autonomy. In the face of the overwhelming political, economic and social forces of the twentieth century fostering centralization, the constitutional controversy originating with Dillon's Rule became less relevant as a determinant of state-local re...

The Non-American Manager, Especially as Third Country National, in U.S. Multinationals: A Separate But Equal Doctrine?

Abstract: Foreign managers with United States international companies perceive that they are effectively excluded from the so-called better jobs and that United States nationals generally receive better treatment and opportunity, especially when cross-national transfers may be involved. This could in the future affect the ability to attract qualified local managers abroad.

Meinong's Doctrine of the Aussersein of the Pure Object

Abstract: Meinong's doctrine of the Aussersein of the pure object consists, in my view, of the following four main theses: (1) Nonexistent entities, like the golden mountain and the round square, have no form of being whatsoever. (2) Such entities are, nevertheless, constituents of certain states of affairs. (3) They even have a number of quite ordinary properties-the golden mountain, for example, is golden. (4) Being is not a part of any object. I shall try to explain and evaluate these four theses, and I shall claim that only the first one is true. However, even if my arguments fail to convince, they may at least show that Meinong's doctrine is neither too obscure to be understood nor too wrongheaded to be enlightening.

Aristotle’s Concept of Matter and Its Relation to Modern Concepts of Matter

Abstract: In this paper I want to analyze in some detail Aristotle’s concept of matter. I do so not simply as a matter of historical scholarship, but in the interest of defending the correctness both scientifically and philosophically of what I would call the central doctrine. The elusiveness of Aristotle’s detailed remarks on the concept of matter is notorious, and I shall not take it as my task to attempt to square my account with every passage that can be cited in the major works. I shall give references where they are obvious and appropriate. In some cases I shall assert features of his doctrine that are not properly documented in the text, but that I think are features of his concept of matter that are pretty generally accepted.

La interpretacíon jurídica

Abstract: Legal interpretation is discovering the solution to the given cases in accordance interpretation with the law now in force. Interpretation is always necessary since there are no clear cases and those who have the task of deciding the interpretation of the law are the judges and civil servants who have to resolve the cases presented to them for their consideration. This characteristic underlines that legal interpretation is the search for a solution based on equity. Another of the tasks of interpretation is the solution of conflicts and, in this sense, the appeal to principles and the logic of reason provides the acceptable solution. This dialectic among the legislature, the judges, the doctrine and public opinion make up the life of the law, in this way reconciling stability and change.

The Absolute Priority Doctrine in Corporate Reorganizations

Abstract: The absolute or strict priority doctrine in corporate reorganizations under the Bankruptcy Act' has never been comfortable for practitioners or theorists to live with.2 Almost as soon as the courts articulated this standard of fairness, it was subjected to attack. Over the years, dissatisfaction has grown and proposals for modification have accumulated. The recent Commission on the Bankruptcy Laws had little difficulty in locating uneasiness over the doctrine and in turning up suggested modifications. Even the specific changes recommended by the Cor-

The Doctrine of the Holy Spirit in the Theology of Athanasius

Abstract: Athanasius of Alexandria (298?–373) was a key figure in the in the life and theology of the fourth-century Church. In most of the contemporary controversies and events his force of personality made an indelible mark on developments and influenced their direction and movement to a remarkable degree. Although known most widely for his defense of the communion of being of the Son incarnate in Jesus with the Father, he was no less important in the incipient controversies concerning the divinity of the Holy Spirit. At a decisive hour of the Church's life, Athanasius not only secured her faith in the one Godhead of Father and Son; he delineated the lines upon which her pneumatological doctrine was to develop. With his characteristic single-mindedness, and by constant reiteration of certain propositions, Athanasius laid down the general lines of the future development of the doctrine, thus making the question of the divinity of the Holy Spirit as fundamental a part of the Church's consciousness as the doctrine of the Son's full divinity had become through his disputes with the Arians.

Two arguments against ethical egoism

Abstract: The form of ethical egoism which I shall discuss is the view that the right thing for anyone to do, on any occasion, is whatever would best promote his own interests, no matter how other people's interests would be affected. Very few philosophers who write books or publish articles in journals believe in this doctrine, although many are at pains to refute it. There are at least three interconnected reasons for wanting to refute this view: first, it is a pernicious doctrine which goes against some of our most central moral beliefs. According to ethical egoism, each of us should take the att i tude that other people simply don ' t matter, except insofar as they are useful to us; and that is a wicked attitude. Second, even though few philosophers accept the doctrine, many people are tempted by it. Moreover and this is perhaps the most important reason, from a philosophical point of view the refutation is bound to shed some light on the rationale behind the alternative view that other people's interests should be respected for their own sakes. Some philosophers have argued that ethical egoism is unacceptable because it violates principles of logic which every rational person must accept) I am going to present two arguments against ethical egoism, but neither of them is of this type. I will not try to show that egoism is self-contradictory. Rather, I will argue that even if ethical egoism is a logically consistent doctrine, it is unacceptable on other

The Doctrine of Predestination in the Early English Reformation

Abstract: It has typically been said of the English Reformation that the doctrine of unconditional predestination (that is, predestination without foreknowledge of merit or repentance but soley as an act of God's will to redeem some of mankind as a manifestation of grace) was neither emphasized nor of central importance until the “Genevan” influence of the returning Marian exiles and the wide dissemination of Calvin's writings in England after the accession of Elizabeth. It is the purpose of this article to show that, (1) a soteriologically rooted doctrine of unconditional predestination of the type characteristic of the so-called “Rhineland Reformers” was central to key figures of the early English Reformation, was accepted and expressed by many other leaders and theological writers of the English Reformation prior to the accession of Mary and was upheld by important and influential continental divines resident in England; (2) the doctrine of predestination in the English Reformation had been developed to the point of reprobation and double predestination and frequently expressed as such before 1553; (3) while this predestinarian emphasis in English Protestant theology was to a large extent the result of the influence of the continental Reformation, it had been received prior to the return of the Genevan exiles and the pervasive influence of Calvin in Elizabethan England. Thus the Genevan influence reinforced and further refined English predestinarian theology. It might be added that Calvin's influence ought not to be considered an unusually harsh one with respect to predestination; not only does Calvin follow the general pattern of earlier Reformed theology, but also does Reformed theology in the later part of the sixteenth century tend toward a more rigid and scholastic version of the doctrine quite apart from Calvin, whose real influence could well operate in the opposite direction, as the recent study by Brian Armstrong shows.